By: Wilmer Arellano

ReferencesSuccessful DesignTrade Impact of StandardsWorld Trade Organization (WTO)StandardsTypes of StandardsStandardizing BodiesWhy Getting Involved?Assignments

Excerpts from: The WTO In brief:

▪ http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/inbrief_e/inbr00_e.htm

UNDERSTANDING THE WTO▪ http://wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/what_stand_for_e.htm

Standards Education▪ http://www.ieee.org/education_careers/education/standards/index.ht

ml

IEC Lecture series I (2005)▪ http://www.iec.ch/about/globalreach/academia/lecture_2005.htm

UNIDO Role of Standards▪ http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/tcb_role_stand

ards.pdf

Designing a successful product involves more than providing the best technical solution, it involves: Meeting the needs of the Client Meeting the needs of the Market Having global acceptance Minimizing the barriers to trade

When selling products to a foreign country, if the goods do not comply with required standards, they might not be able to enter that country. Starting on the 1st of August 2003, exported

products to the People's Republic of China without CCC mark may be held at the border by Chinese Customs and subject to other penalties. ▪ China Compulsory Certification mark ▪ products related to human life and health, animals, plants,

environmental protection and national security.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.

Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

It’s an organization for liberalizing trade.

It’s a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements.

It’s a place for them to settle trade disputes.

It operates a system of trade rules. http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/

whatis_e/tif_e/fact1_e.htm

Most-favored-nation (MFN): treating other people equally Under the WTO agreements, countries

cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favor (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.

National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally Imported and locally-produced goods

should be treated equally, at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.

The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents.

Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation Lowering trade barriers is one of the

most obvious means of encouraging trade.

The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas that restrict quantities selectively.

Predictability: through binding and transparency Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade

barrier can be as important as lowering one, because the promise gives businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities.

With stability and predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competition

In the WTO, when countries agree to open their markets for goods or services, they “bind” their commitments. For goods, these bindings amount to ceilings on customs tariff rates.

What Are Standards? Informally, any agreement on how something is

done, made, or used can be considered a standard. Standards are so much a part of our daily routine

that we use them without even being aware of doing so.

Next time you make a telephone call, listen to the tones on the handset: the dial tone, the dialing tones (multi-frequency/MF signaling) and the ring-back signals. These are all realized in compliance with existing

standards

Standards have existed for thousands of years,

for example, the first long distance roads in Europe were built by Imperial Rome for the benefit of their legions.

The ruts created by the Roman chariots were then used by all other wagons and later became a gauge for laying the first railroad lines (1.44m)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road

“Integration…requires a blueprint. In nature, DNA provides such a blueprint, instructing each cell on how to function to stay in concert with all others.

In business, successful organizations have their own blueprints for technology...

In an age of interconnectivity, businesses need an architecture that extends outward to partners and customers…

The successful companies select a few standards and enforce them strictly.” [“Business@The Speed of Thought,” Bill Gates (1999) at 420, 431]

Benefits of standardization and standards The impact of standards can be felt around the globe as

they affect world trade, ensure public safety and drive market developments. Worldwide, there are well over half a million published standards. Further, approximately, $1.5 (US) billion is invested globally each year in the creation and management of standards http://www.thinkstandards.net/benefits.html

In 1999, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development published a report which estimated that: more than 80 percent of global product trade

equivalent to at least $4 trillion and at least $200 billion in transatlantic trade is affected

by standards and technical regulations.

Properties of products specific to their manufacturer.

i.e. Tire size and shapeEducation and Business.

i.e. Different levels of progress

International Trade.i.e. Freight container

dimensions

Standards provide benefits such as: defining accurate and necessary measurements, lowering product costs; improving product

performance, quality, uniformity, interoperability and functionality; and

providing a method to improve health, safety, the environment, communications, competition, international trade, and improving the quality of life

Proprietary Standards: Documentation by a commercial entity specifying equipment, practices, or operations unique to that commercial entity. Proprietary standards are developed behind

"closed doors" by a supplier or suppliers that believe they will have sufficient market acceptance to achieve higher financial gains than would be the case if they collaborated in a consensus standard development.▪ IBM’s SNA (Systems Network Architecture ), PS/2

and MCA

Non Proprietary StandardsThere are three basic types:

De Facto Standards De Jure (Mandatory) Standards Voluntary Consensus Standard (Open)

Standards

De Facto. Standards that have come into use by general acceptance, custom or convention but have no formal recognition. Not approved by a standardizing body Widely used procedure Dominant use

i.e. The alphabet, PFD format, QWERTY keyboard layout

Adobe has announced plans to submit its Portable Document Format specification to the Enterprise Content Management Association (AIIM) with the intent of having the PDF format approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an open standard.

First launched in 1993, the PDF has since become a de facto standard for cross-platform document exchange.

http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070129-8724.html Published: January 29, 2007

DE JURE (Mandatory) Standards: Incorporated into laws or technical regulations for the protection of public health, safety, and the environment; or when incorporated into contractual agreements, between buyers and sellers.

Approved by a standardizing body. Are compulsory.

i.e. FCC Rules.

Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards: The term "voluntary" distinguishes the standards development process from governmental or regulatory processes. All interested stakeholders participate, including producers, users, consumers, and representatives of government and academia. Global System for Mobile communications

(GSM ) 802.11

Key Elements of Voluntary Consensus (Open) Standards Consensus Openness Transparency Balance Due Process Rights to Appeal

Consensus: All agreements are reached by agreement by all participants.

Openness: All meetings and decision are carried out in the open.

Transparency: (a) providing advance public notice of a

proposed standards development activity; (b) identifying the scope of work to be

undertaken; (c) providing information on conditions for

participation; (d) and providing an opportunity for all

interested parties to comment prior to final approval and adoption.

Balance: All sectors may participate, manufacturers, providers and end users.

Due Process: Due process means that any person (organization, company, government agency, individual, etc.) with a direct and material interest has a right to: (a) express a position and the basis for it; (b) have that position considered; and (c) appeal if adversely affected. Due process

ensures equity and fair play in the standards development process.

National standard: A standard developed primarily for domestic use. U.S. national standards may be adopted as international standards and international standards may be adopted as U.S. national standards.

Regional standard: A standard developed by a specific region of the world, such as Latin America, that may be adopted as an international standard.

International standard (IS): A standard adopted or developed for global use.

Patented Standards Problems arise if the payment of

royalties is necessary to use a particular formal standard, and many standardizing bodies do not adopt patented technology unless the patent holders agree to certain terms with regard to licensing those who wish to implement the standards.

http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/crisis/M.txt Accessed 10/10/2006

Organizations that: Develop new standards. Maintain existing standards. Influence locally and internationally.

▪ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)▪ (IEC) International Electro technical Commission▪ Federal Communications Commission. (FCC)▪ Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)▪ International Organization for Standardization.

(ISO)▪ The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

The international organizations that produce International Standards are: The International Electro technical

Commission (IEC), The International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) and The International Telecommunication

Union (ITU) These organizations have a strategic

partnership with WTO.

IEC covers electro technology and related conformity assessment,

ITU covers telecommunications and ISO covers nearly all other technical

fields, a number of service sectors, management systems and conformity assessment.

When appropriate, IEC cooperates with ISO or ITU to ensure that International Standards fit together seamlessly and complement each other.

Joint committees ensure that International Standards combine all relevant knowledge of experts working in related areas.

ISO is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards.

ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 160 countries, one member per country,

Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.

Well known for ISO 9000 and ISO14000 standards. ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms

a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes

are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government.

On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations.

Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society.

ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies – ICTs “We allocate global radio spectrum and

satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.”

http://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx

Ambassador Philip L. Verveer, U.S. Coordinator for International Communications and Information Policy, is leading the U.S. delegation to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 2010 Plenipotentiary Conference, which takes place from October 4-22 in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Other members of the U.S. delegation include Federal Communications Commission Chairman Julius

Genachowski, Special Assistant to the President and White House

Cybersecurity Coordinator Howard A. Schmidt, and senior representatives from the National

Telecommunications and Information Administration, the Department of Defense, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

The Plenipotentiary Conference is a three week, high-level policy conference held every four years

With the goal of setting the ITU general policies, adopting four-year strategic and financial

plans, and electing the ITU senior management

team, members of Council, and members of the Radio Regulations Board.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the voice of the U.S. standards and conformity assessment system,

ANSI empowers its members and constituents to strengthen the U.S. marketplace position in the global economy while

helping to assure the safety and health of consumers and the protection of the environment.

ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). e.g., (Accreditation meaning meeting the Institute’s essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus and due process) IEEE, INCITS (International Committee for Information

Technology ), TIA Telecommunication Industry Association), and ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry

Solutions ).

ANSI is the sole U.S. representative and dues-paying member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and as a founding member of the ISO, ANSI plays an active role in its governance.

Federal Communications Commission. (FCC) Rules for radios, TV’s, telephones. Six bureaus:

Consumer & Governmental Affairs Enforcement International Media Wireless Telecommunications Wireline Competition

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) Provide Safety Standards More than 800 Standards of Safety Authorized by ANSI

To facilitate trade organizations as IEC and others have implemented worldwide certification schemes for electrical equipment, primarily intended for use in homes, offices, workshops, healthcare facilities and similar locations. An international Scheme is operated by the IECEE (IEC

System for Conformity testing and Certification of Electrical Equipment), known as the CB Scheme.

The Scheme is intended to reduce obstacles to international trade which arise from having to meet different national certification or approval criteria. 

Participation of the various NCBs (National Certification Bodies) within the Scheme is intended to facilitate certification or approval according to IEC standards. 

The CB Scheme is based on the use of CB Test Certificates which provide evidence that representative specimens of the product have successfully passed tests to show compliance with the requirements of the relevant IEC standard.

UL has gained full acceptance by the IECEE as a National Certification Body for the following Standards: IEC 65 for Household Audio/Video Equipment IEC 601 for Medical Electrical Equipment IEC 730 for Automatic Electrical Controls IEC 745 for Hand-Held Electric Tools IEC 950 for information Technology and Business

Equipment IEC 1010 for Electrical Equipment for Measurement,

Control and Laboratory Use

Q: How much does it cost and how long does it take to have a product tested?

A: Cost varies depending on the product and complexity of test requirements. Once UL's engineering staff review your product information to determine the scope and time involved in the testing process, they will provide you with a cost estimate. UL will work with you in determining the time frame for testing, depending on when you need the project completed. http://www.ul.com/faq/submitting.html

“Without IEC standards, we cannot work.” (Kamal Gad, Chairman, ABB (Egypt))

“Standards today are a powerful tool both to promote and potentially to inhibit trade amongst nations, and companies that wish to survive must actively participate at all levels in the standards development process.” (Circuit Breakers Industries (South Africa))

“It ‘would be a catastrophe’ if Imetec were not involved directly in helping to develop standards because we would be operating without knowledge of the future.” (Arturo Morgandi, R&D Manager, Imetec (Italy))

“If you control an industry’s standards, you control that industry lock, stock, and ledger” [“Out of the Crisis,” W. Edwards Deming, Published by the Center for Advanced Engineering Study, MIT (1986)]

Although a standard’s structure may vary according to circumstances, the following contents are typical:

Scope Normative References Definitions Symbols and Units Test procedures Acceptance Criteria Effective Date

International standards are typically supported by a Conformity Assessment Program.

The scope of a standard specifies which products or issues the standard will apply to.

It is common for international consensus standards to incorporate by reference other standards

Definitions are intended to describe all words or terms unique to the standard.

The use of symbols and units is common to virtually all standards

Test procedures set forth the manner in which a technology will be evaluated.

Acceptance criteria determine a product’s acceptable level of performance

Technical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country. Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and exporters.

If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism.

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.

X. GLOBALIZATION

In this section you need to talk about globalization from the points of view of the industry and of academia.

□ 1. Make sure to have a good opening paragraph. □ 2. Talk about the WTO (Standards Lecture and www.wto.org) □ 3. Talk about the importance of eliminating the barriers to trade and how the

correct selection of standards will allow your product to compete in the Global Market.

□ 4. Explain how your team has used collaboration tools that allow the team members to collaborate even when they are travelling.

□ 5. Establish contact with students and faculties from universities in other countries (at least two contacts) and find out about their perspective of your product in their countries, will it be accepted in their different cultures? Could it be successful?

ISO 18000 This is a series of international standards that are used for air interface protocol in

RFID systems. This standard is not concerned with the actual data being transmitted or the physical structure of the tags and readers.

We will be incorporating ISO 18000-3 which corresponds to communication at a frequency13.56 MHz. The scope of this standard is to provide Physical Layer, Anti-Collision and Protocol Values for RFID Systems operating at this frequency. There are two MODES to operate in, both which require a license from the owner of the intellectual property. Mode 1 is based on ISO 15693, vicinity cards standard, but with some variations. It requires that the interrogator to tag data rate be 1.65 kbps or 26.48 kbps. Mode 2 is for high speed interface which allows the data rate to be 423.75 kbps. For this project Mode 1 will be used.

FIU Senior Design I Spring 2005 S Farid Hosseini, Silfredo Ciprian, Mahmoud Abu-Hantash,

See Standard Reference 1 and 2 for more examples

IEC 417, No. 5019

Symbol is used where the equipment is grounded; it is placed at the equipment earthing point.

ISO 3864, No. B.3.6

Symbol used to highlight the risk of electric shock if and when the device is opened up.

Some standards require symbols to be attached to the products.

Depending on the particular industry sector, symbols to indicate the same idea, may differ. Please look in industry related sources.

Please do not limit your project to this two examples.

FCC Rules, Section 15.5 (b) Operation of an intentional, unintentional, or

incidental radiator is subject to the conditions that no harmful interference is caused and that interference must be accepted that may be caused by the operation of an authorized radio station, by another intentional or unintentional radiator, by industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) equipment, or by an incidental radiator.

ISO 690-2 standard refers how to write electronic references and basically it is what IEEE uses and also what we use.

FCC and ISO example if they apply to your project

Two or three standards relating directly to your project from industry related sources. Graphic symbols alone are not enough, we are looking for standards that impose design constraints.

Don’t forget to include any common standards as TCPIP, RS232, VGA, Symbols, etc.

Some people consider that the WTO causes more harms than benefits.

Our point of view is to create successful design with no barriers to trade an that requires complying with standards. WTO has influence in the world of standards and that is why me need to know about it.

The WTO as any other international organization can be perfected but that requires involvements and dedication.

Next slides will present some points of opposition by protesters found at:

http://www.afn.org/~iguana/archives/2000_01/20000101.html

The bottom line is that the 134 member countries of the WTO are under incredible pressure from companies whose operations span the globe. Their goal is to ensure that the WTO toes the corporate bottom line: profit.

In the Third World, the accelerating global economy and "free trade" schemes like WTO and NAFTA have meant the destruction of traditional ways of life and the rape of natural resources, and multinational companies and tiny local elites enrich themselves at the expense of the great masses of the displaced poor. As these former peasants and artisans flock in desperation to the filthy slums and sweatshops of urban "free trade zones" such as the Maquiladora in Mexico, the fat cats have the gall to tout the "opportunities" they are "offering" to the people.

In the industrialized nations, the reduction of domestic trade barriers and the "free trade" assault on unions, the environment, agriculture, and consumer standards has meant loss of jobs and falling living standards for working people. On both sides of the fence, the global market is generally characterized by a flood of cheap, pacifying consumer goods and services, and the concentration of economic power in the hands of fewer and fewer people as the corporations merge and increase their power.

The WTO's policies discourage or overrule local legislation that supports local business and measures to protect people, animals, and ecosystems. Not even health care and education have guaranteed protection from these profit-motivated attacks. The nameless, faceless three-person tribunal of unelected bureaucrats who make the final call on trade disputes has so far ensured that the corporate agenda is upheld in every case. Here is a sample of some of the WTO tribunal's rulings:

The WTO ruled that Venezuelan oil companies could force gasoline that contains ingredients banned by the U.S.'s Clean Air Act into U.S. markets, costing U.S. citizens a piece of hard-won environmental legislation and lowering the quality of our air.

When the U.S. challenged a European Union bad on hormone-treated beef, the WTO ruled in favor of the American beef industry, despite European concerns about the health risks of the meat.

In other rulings, the WTO has struck down a U.S. law protecting endangered sea turtles (part of our Endangered Species Act); a British rule that favored small-scale banana farmers in the Caribbean, challenged by American giant Chiquita; and a request for union organizing rights from Canadian mail workers.

The WTO's policies discourage or overrule local legislation that supports local business and measures to protect people, animals, and ecosystems. Not even health care and education have guaranteed protection from these profit-motivated attacks. The nameless, faceless three-person tribunal of unelected bureaucrats who make the final call on trade disputes has so far ensured that the corporate agenda is upheld in every case. Here is a sample of some of the WTO tribunal's rulings:

The WTO ruled that Venezuelan oil companies could force gasoline that contains ingredients banned by the U.S.'s Clean Air Act into U.S. markets, costing U.S. citizens a piece of hard-won environmental legislation and lowering the quality of our air.

When the U.S. challenged a European Union bad on hormone-treated beef, the WTO ruled in favor of the American beef industry, despite European concerns about the health risks of the meat.

In other rulings, the WTO has struck down a U.S. law protecting endangered sea turtles (part of our Endangered Species Act); a British rule that favored small-scale banana farmers in the Caribbean, challenged by American giant Chiquita; and a request for union organizing rights from Canadian mail workers.

Why should we stand together to oppose the expanding power of the World Trade Organization? Because with its sweeping power to knock down the laws of sovereign nations and force radical changes that threaten the lives and livelihood of people all over the planet, the WTO has become the closes this to a de facto world government that we have yet seen. And it is far from being a government of, by and for "we the people" unless "we" happen to be ultra-rich corporate CEOs, board members and high-stakes shareholders who benefit the most from the profits made by its policies.

The WTO is one-world government of, by and for the multinational corporate elite, and any expansion of its powers can only mean the loss of more of the democratic rights that we, the people, have struggled for and won. With the aid of the high technology that has helped to build the global economy, people around the world are organizing to establish networks of "fair trade" that promote economic cooperation and environmental harmony while preserving traditional ways of life. The choice is there for all of us: a global corporate mono-culture that is destroying the earth and keeping millions economically enslaved, or a sustainable, democratically determined future based on freedom and human dignity.

ReferencesSuccessful DesignTrade Impact of StandardsWorld Trade Organization (WTO)StandardsTypes of StandardsStandardizing BodiesWhy Getting Involved?Assignments

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