By

Dr Abdulaziz SaeedanPh.D.Department of Pharmacology E mail: a.binsaeedan@sau.edu.sa

Pharmacology – IVPHL-425

Chapter 1:

CANCER: An Introduction

Oncology:Oncology: Branch of medicine that deals with the study, detection, Branch of medicine that deals with the study, detection,

treatment and management of cancer and neoplasia treatment and management of cancer and neoplasia

Cancer:Cancer: Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200) characterized Cancer is a large group of diseases (over 200) characterized

by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.*by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.*

**American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures 20052005

Normal Cells Vs. Cancer Normal Cells Vs. Cancer CellsCells Cancer cells:Cancer cells:

Lose control over growth Lose control over growth and multiplicationand multiplication

Do not self-destruct Do not self-destruct when they become worn when they become worn out or damagedout or damaged

Crowd out healthy cellsCrowd out healthy cells

Figure 1 Figure 1

CellCell 2011 144, 646-674DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013)  2011 144, 646-674DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013) Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Growth of Cancer CellsGrowth of Cancer Cells

Size of cancer cells: Size of cancer cells: One million cancer One million cancer

cells = head of a cells = head of a pinpin

One billion cancer One billion cancer cells = a small cells = a small grapegrape

230 = 1,073,741,824 = 1 billion cells

2-6 weeks

Cancer cells reproduce every 2-6 weeks.

2-6 weeks

2-6 weeks

Signs and Symptoms of Signs and Symptoms of CancerCancer

Change in bowel habits or bladder functionsChange in bowel habits or bladder functions Sores that do not healSores that do not heal Unusual bleeding or dischargeUnusual bleeding or discharge Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts

of the bodyof the body Indigestion or difficulty swallowingIndigestion or difficulty swallowing Recent change in wart or moleRecent change in wart or mole Persistent coughing or hoarsenessPersistent coughing or hoarseness

Root Words:Root Words:

Neo- new Neo- new Plasia- growth Plasia- growth Plasm- substance Plasm- substance Trophy- size Trophy- size +Oma- tumor +Oma- tumor Statis- locationStatis- location

A- none A- none Ana- lack Ana- lack Hyper- excessiveHyper- excessive Meta - change Meta - change Dys- bad, Dys- bad,

derangedderanged

Characteristics of Neoplasia Characteristics of Neoplasia

Uncontrolled growth of Abnormal Uncontrolled growth of Abnormal cells:cells:1. Benign 1. Benign 2. Malignant 2. Malignant 3. Borderline3. Borderline

1. Benign 1. Benign Well-differentiatedWell-differentiatedSlow growthSlow growthEncapsulatedEncapsulatedNon-invasive Non-invasive Does NOT Does NOT metastasize metastasize

2. Malignant 2. Malignant UndifferentiatedUndifferentiatedErratic and Uncontrolled Erratic and Uncontrolled GrowthGrowthExpansive and InvasiveExpansive and InvasiveSecretes abnormal proteinsSecretes abnormal proteinsMETASTASIZES METASTASIZES

Nomenclature of NeoplasiaNomenclature of NeoplasiaTumor is named according to:Tumor is named according to:1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell1. Parenchyma, Organ or Cell

Hepatoma- liver Hepatoma- liver Osteoma- bone Osteoma- bone Myoma- muscleMyoma- muscle

2. Pattern and Structure, either Gross or Microscopic2. Pattern and Structure, either Gross or Microscopic Fluid-filled - CYST Fluid-filled - CYST Glandular - ADENO Glandular - ADENO Finger-like - PAPILLO Finger-like - PAPILLO Stalk - POLYP Stalk - POLYP

Nomenclature of NeoplasiaNomenclature of Neoplasia

Tumor is named according to:Tumor is named according to:3. Embryonic origin3. Embryonic origin

Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to epithelium) Ectoderm ( usually gives rise to epithelium) Endoderm (usually gives rise to glands) Endoderm (usually gives rise to glands) Mesoderm (usually gives rise to Connective tissues) Mesoderm (usually gives rise to Connective tissues)

BENIGN TUMORS (Suffix- “OMA” is used)BENIGN TUMORS (Suffix- “OMA” is used) Adipose tissue- LipOMA Adipose tissue- LipOMA Bone- osteOMA Bone- osteOMA Muscle- myOMA Muscle- myOMA Blood vessels- angiOMA Blood vessels- angiOMA Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA Fibrous tissue- fibrOMA

Nomenclature of NeoplasiaNomenclature of Neoplasia MALIGNANT TUMORS MALIGNANT TUMORS

Named according to embryonic cell originNamed according to embryonic cell origin

1. Ectodermal, Endodermal, Glandular, Epithelial 1. Ectodermal, Endodermal, Glandular, Epithelial originorigin Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA” Use the suffix- “CARCINOMA” Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma Pancreatic AdenoCarcinoma Squamos cell CarcinomaSquamos cell Carcinoma

2. Mesodermal, connective tissue origin2. Mesodermal, connective tissue origin Use the suffix “SARCOMA ” Use the suffix “SARCOMA ” FibroSarcoma FibroSarcoma Myosarcoma Myosarcoma AngioSarcomaAngioSarcomaExceptions:Exceptions:

““OMA” but Malignant - HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, melanOMA OMA” but Malignant - HepatOMA, lymphOMA, gliOMA, melanOMA Non-neoplastic but “OMA” Choristoma, Hamatoma Non-neoplastic but “OMA” Choristoma, Hamatoma

Carcinomas (cells that cover internal and external body surfaces)

Types of CancersTypes of Cancers

Lung

Breast

ColonColon

BladderBladderProstate Prostate (Men)(Men)

LeukemiaLeukemia(Blood Cells)(Blood Cells)LymphomasLymphomas(Lymph nodes (Lymph nodes &tissues)&tissues)

SarcomasSarcomas

Cells in supportive tissues – bones & muscles

What Causes Cancer?What Causes Cancer?

LifestyleLifestyle

EnvironmentEnvironment

Family Family HistoryHistory

VirusesViruses

Lifestyle RisksLifestyle Risks SmokingSmoking

Diet high fat and low Diet high fat and low in fruits and in fruits and vegetablesvegetables

Lack of exercise Lack of exercise

Unprotected exposure Unprotected exposure to the sun, (UV) raysto the sun, (UV) rays

ObesityObesity

Environmental RisksEnvironmental Risks

Second hand smokeSecond hand smoke

Air pollutionAir pollution

Industrial pollutionIndustrial pollution

Chemical exposuresChemical exposures

Fruits and Vegetables Fruits and Vegetables Decrease Cancer RisksDecrease Cancer Risks

Cancer rates could Cancer rates could declinedecline by up to by up to 20%20% if everyone consumed 5 fruits and if everyone consumed 5 fruits and vegetables a day!*vegetables a day!*

Cancer fighting substances:Cancer fighting substances: AntioxidantsAntioxidants Dietary fiberDietary fiber CarotenoidsCarotenoids FlavenoidsFlavenoids

*American Institute for Cancer Research, 1998.

Reduce Your Skin Reduce Your Skin Exposure to the SunExposure to the Sun

Limit time outside, Limit time outside, between 10 a.m. & 4 between 10 a.m. & 4 p.m.p.m.

Wear protective Wear protective clothing. Use wide-clothing. Use wide-brimmed hats and brimmed hats and sunglasses.sunglasses.

Prevent sunburns, Prevent sunburns, especially for children especially for children under 18. Use under 18. Use waterproof sunscreen waterproof sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher. of SPF 15 or higher.

American Cancer SocietyAmerican Cancer Society

186,550186,550The number of lives that could be The number of lives that could be

saved each year if we ate a healthy saved each year if we ate a healthy diet and exercised regularlydiet and exercised regularly186,55186,55

00The number of lives that could be The number of lives that could be saved each year with no tobaccosaved each year with no tobacco

THANK THANK YOUYOU