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Intellectual Intellectual Property in the Property in the University SettingUniversity Setting

Rebecca P. ButlerRebecca P. ButlerNorthern Illinois UniversityNorthern Illinois University

Copyright 2004 Rebecca P. Butler: rbutler@niu.edu

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Copyright StatementCopyright Statement

This presentation can be used for Spring This presentation can be used for Spring 2004 PT3 Technology Workshop 2004 PT3 Technology Workshop information only. For permission to use information only. For permission to use this in another manner, please contact this in another manner, please contact Dr. Rebecca P. Butler.Dr. Rebecca P. Butler.

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Focus on Focus on

Fair UseFair Use

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Media We Will CoverMedia We Will Cover

InternetInternet Computer SoftwareComputer Software CDs and DVDsCDs and DVDs AudioAudio VideosVideos Print (time permitting)Print (time permitting) OtherOther

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The Ultimate Gray AreaThe Ultimate Gray Area controversial subjectcontroversial subject many interpretationsmany interpretations individuals liable for own actionsindividuals liable for own actions final decision = the courtfinal decision = the court don’t shoot the messenger!don’t shoot the messenger!

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DefinitionsDefinitions

copyrightcopyright right to reproduce or copy right to reproduce or copy right to prepare derivative worksright to prepare derivative works right to distributeright to distribute right to perform/display publiclyright to perform/display publicly

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HistoryHistory

1790: US Constitution1790: US Constitution revisions: 1831, 1879, revisions: 1831, 1879,

1909, 19761909, 1976Sonny Bono Copyright Sonny Bono Copyright

Extension Act (1998)Extension Act (1998)

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Digital Millennium Digital Millennium Copyright Act [DMCA] Copyright Act [DMCA] (1998)(1998)

TEACH ActTEACH Act other bills and actsother bills and acts

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What Usually HappensWhat Usually Happens

users think guidelines over-users think guidelines over-restrictiverestrictive

copyright owners think they are copyright owners think they are giving away too muchgiving away too much

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Fair UseFair Use

fair use factorsfair use factorscharacter of usecharacter of usenature of the worknature of the workhow much?how much?affect of the marketaffect of the market

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Fair Use Guidelines forFair Use Guidelines for Educational MultimediaEducational Multimedia motion media: 10% or 3 min.motion media: 10% or 3 min. text: 10% or 1000 wordstext: 10% or 1000 words music/lyrics: 10% or 30 secondsmusic/lyrics: 10% or 30 seconds illustrations/photos: 5 or 10%illustrations/photos: 5 or 10% database: 10% or 2500 cellsdatabase: 10% or 2500 cells

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Guidelines SummaryGuidelines Summary

Student assignmentsStudent assignments Faculty creationsFaculty creations Student and faculty portfoliosStudent and faculty portfolios Employment reviewEmployment review

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Public DomainPublic Domain

Materials no longer under or have never Materials no longer under or have never been under copyright protectionbeen under copyright protection

examples of public domain materials:examples of public domain materials: works never copyrightedworks never copyrighted works that cannot be copyrightedworks that cannot be copyrighted works with expired copyrightsworks with expired copyrights works for which no one claims ownershipworks for which no one claims ownership

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Anyone can copy any amountAnyone can copy any amount 1/1/78 or after: life +70 years or (corporate 1/1/78 or after: life +70 years or (corporate

authorship) 120 years from creationauthorship) 120 years from creation before 1923: in public domainbefore 1923: in public domain 1923-1963: can be renewed for a total of 1923-1963: can be renewed for a total of

67 years67 years 1964-1977: 28 years (first term) with 1964-1977: 28 years (first term) with

automatic extension of 67 years automatic extension of 67 years

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InternetInternet ““You create it; you own it.”You create it; you own it.” fair usefair use acknowledge copyrightsacknowledge copyrights public domainpublic domain

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Can I Link to Any Page?Can I Link to Any Page?

yes, but.....yes, but..... case in court: Ticketmaster vs Microsoftcase in court: Ticketmaster vs Microsoft

implied public accessimplied public access netiquettenetiquette acceptable use policiesacceptable use policies

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File Swapping SoftwareFile Swapping Software

search and download from other users’ search and download from other users’ computers world-widecomputers world-wide

concerns from the recording industry -- concerns from the recording industry -- CD and other recording sales downCD and other recording sales down

Where do things stand?Where do things stand?

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VideoVideo

““It’s Illegal to Violate It’s Illegal to Violate Copyright Law”Copyright Law”

public performance rightspublic performance rightshome use onlyhome use onlyvideotaping rightsvideotaping rights

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Video RestrictionsVideo Restrictions

pirated copies (also CDs, etc.)pirated copies (also CDs, etc.) copying the audio track onlycopying the audio track only changing formatschanging formats copying segments to create one copying segments to create one

new tape new tape

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Distance LearningDistance Learning

Digital Millennium Copyright ActDigital Millennium Copyright Act rules of thumbrules of thumb

obtain licensesobtain licenses include copyright noticesinclude copyright notices limit accesslimit access terminate at end of class termterminate at end of class term

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TEACH ActTEACH Act

The parameters……The parameters…… Technology, Education and Copyright Technology, Education and Copyright

Harmonization ActHarmonization Act redefines the terms and conditions under redefines the terms and conditions under

which nonprofit educational institutions can which nonprofit educational institutions can use copyright protected materials in distance use copyright protected materials in distance educationeducation

signed into law: 11/2/02signed into law: 11/2/02

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Institutional Duties Under Institutional Duties Under TEACH ActTEACH Act

Applies only to accredited nonprofit Applies only to accredited nonprofit institutionsinstitutions

institution MUST have a copyright policyinstitution MUST have a copyright policy institution must provide copyright institution must provide copyright

information to “faculty, students, and information to “faculty, students, and relevant staff members”relevant staff members”

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students must be notified that materials students must be notified that materials in a distance ed. course may be subject in a distance ed. course may be subject to copyright protectionto copyright protection

Transmission of content must be made Transmission of content must be made “solely for … students officially enrolled in “solely for … students officially enrolled in the course for which the transmission is the course for which the transmission is mademade

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Information Technology Information Technology Duties Under the TEACH Duties Under the TEACH ActAct

Institution must limit access to enrolled Institution must limit access to enrolled studentsstudents

institution must place technological institution must place technological controls on storage and disseminationcontrols on storage and dissemination

Institution may not interfere with Institution may not interfere with technological measures which regulate technological measures which regulate storage or dissemination of the worksstorage or dissemination of the works

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Institution may only store temporarily Institution may only store temporarily copies of works for a classcopies of works for a class

HOWEVER, institution may store long-HOWEVER, institution may store long-term a copy of their digital transmission term a copy of their digital transmission that include copyrighted materials, that include copyrighted materials, provided that no further copies are made provided that no further copies are made from these worksfrom these works

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Instructor Duties Under Instructor Duties Under the TEACH Actthe TEACH Act

Works now allowed:Works now allowed: performances of nondramatic literary worksperformances of nondramatic literary works performances of nondramatic musical worksperformances of nondramatic musical works other performances in “reasonable and other performances in “reasonable and

limited portions”limited portions”

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Works ExcludedWorks Excluded Works that are marketed “primarily for Works that are marketed “primarily for

performance or display as part of mediated performance or display as part of mediated instructional activities transmitted via digital instructional activities transmitted via digital networks”networks”

copies “not lawfully made and acquired” copies “not lawfully made and acquired” under the U.S. Copyright Actunder the U.S. Copyright Act

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Instructor OversightInstructor Oversight copy is made at direction or under the copy is made at direction or under the

supervision of the instructorsupervision of the instructor materials are an integral part of instructionmaterials are an integral part of instruction materials assist the teaching content of the materials assist the teaching content of the

transmissiontransmission

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All digital transmission must be in the All digital transmission must be in the context of “mediated instructional activities”context of “mediated instructional activities”

Analog materials can only be converted to Analog materials can only be converted to digital formats under the following digital formats under the following circumstances:circumstances: amount converted is appropriate to copyright amount converted is appropriate to copyright

lawlaw a digital version is unavailablea digital version is unavailable

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NIUNIU access limitationsaccess limitations

students registered for coursestudents registered for course closed,secure systemclosed,secure system password, pin #, etc.password, pin #, etc. students advised they are not permitted to make students advised they are not permitted to make

copies of or distribute class materialscopies of or distribute class materials

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Duration limitations: materials accessible no Duration limitations: materials accessible no longer than course durationlonger than course duration

reproduced work size limitations: portions of reproduced work size limitations: portions of copyrighted works should be used sparinglycopyrighted works should be used sparingly

fair use: apply fair use guidelinesfair use: apply fair use guidelines

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Computer SoftwareComputer Software compliance procedurescompliance procedures

available documentationavailable documentation archival copies, locked/securedarchival copies, locked/secured software policy and ethics codesoftware policy and ethics code log of licenses, sites, etc.log of licenses, sites, etc. warning noticeswarning notices

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Interlibrary LoanInterlibrary Loan

Transmitting scanned copiesTransmitting scanned copies Requester could be liableRequester could be liable Supplier can refuse to copySupplier can refuse to copy Electronic reservesElectronic reserves

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OtherOther

international copyright protectioninternational copyright protection printprint

Kinko’sKinko’s Michigan Document ServicesMichigan Document Services purchaser of a work owns ONLY purchaser of a work owns ONLY

that particular copy of the workthat particular copy of the work

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Print CopyingPrint Copying

single copy may be made of the single copy may be made of the followingfollowing book chapterbook chapter magazine or newspaper articlemagazine or newspaper article short story, poem, chart, graph, short story, poem, chart, graph,

cartoon (debatable)cartoon (debatable)

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multiplemultiple copiescopies must meet three print testsmust meet three print tests must include copyright noticemust include copyright notice educators must also abide byeducators must also abide by

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The Three Print TestsThe Three Print Tests

brevitybrevity spontaneityspontaneity cumulative effectcumulative effect

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And.....And..... copyright violationcopyright violation works in public domainworks in public domain music/audiomusic/audio

““My Sweet Lord” (George My Sweet Lord” (George Harrison)Harrison)

““He’s So Fine” (Chiffons)He’s So Fine” (Chiffons)

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purchase orderspurchase orders getting permissiongetting permission court can order impounding or court can order impounding or

destruction of all copies as it destruction of all copies as it deems reasonabledeems reasonable

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Obtaining PermissionObtaining Permission

Ask owner of workAsk owner of work Purchase licensePurchase license Use a clearinghouseUse a clearinghouse Give credit where credit is dueGive credit where credit is due

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Permission LetterPermission Letter

Identify Identify selfself your address, phone #, etc.your address, phone #, etc. what you want to usewhat you want to use how you plan to use (copy, reprint, quote, etc.)how you plan to use (copy, reprint, quote, etc.) how material will be distributedhow material will be distributed who you should ask, if you have contacted wrong who you should ask, if you have contacted wrong

individualindividual otherother

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Ways to Avoid Copyright Ways to Avoid Copyright ProblemsProblems

Obtain permissionObtain permission retain attorneyretain attorney encourage users to read encourage users to read

documentationdocumentation consult current articles, etc.consult current articles, etc. cite what you quotecite what you quote DON’T copy!DON’T copy!

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Bottom LineBottom Line

We are liable for our own actions!We are liable for our own actions!

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For More Copyright For More Copyright InformationInformation

Association for Information Media and Association for Information Media and EquipmentEquipment www.aime.orgwww.aime.org

Cyberspace Law for Non-LawyersCyberspace Law for Non-Lawyers www.ssrn.com/update/lsn/cyberspace/www.ssrn.com/update/lsn/cyberspace/

csl_lessons.htmlcsl_lessons.html

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Copyright Clearance CenterCopyright Clearance Center http://copyright.comhttp://copyright.com

CNI-Copyright ForumCNI-Copyright Forum send the command: subscribe CNI-send the command: subscribe CNI-

COPYRIGHT <your name> to COPYRIGHT <your name> to LISTPROC@CNI.ORGLISTPROC@CNI.ORG

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Carol Simpson/Copyright HandoutsCarol Simpson/Copyright Handouts http://courses.unt.edu/csimpson/handouts/http://courses.unt.edu/csimpson/handouts/

mancrit.htmmancrit.htm ““reprinted with permission of reprinted with permission of

csimpson@directlink.net”csimpson@directlink.net” which handouts, how many, and wherewhich handouts, how many, and where

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Movie Licensing USA www.movlic.comMovie Licensing USA www.movlic.com Copyright Kiosk Copyright Kiosk

http://www.medford.k12.wi.ushttp://www.medford.k12.wi.us

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QuestionsQuestions

InternetInternet CD-ROMs and other CD-ROMs and other

computer softwarecomputer software videosvideos otherother