Buoyage Lecture Slideshow

Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage

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Buoyage


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Range

During this lesson we will cover the following:

– The IALA buoyage system Region A & B.

– The general & local direction of buoyage.

– The characteristics of the different buoys & lights used in this system.


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Objectives

By the end of this lesson you will be able to:– Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA

Buoyage System (Region A & B) by day and night.

– State the meaning of and identify general light characteristics

– Determine the meaning of and be able to pass the safe side of IALA Buoyage (Region A & B)


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IALA International Association of Lighthouse

Authorities

– Founded 1957 based in France

– Non-governmental body

– Recommends improvements to navigational aids based on the latest technology


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History January 11th 1971: the cargo ship Paracas collided with the tanker Texaco

Caribbean which blew in two and sank close west of the Varne Bank off Folkestone, in the south west traffic lane of the TSS. Trinity House vessel Siren anchored close to the wreck's position with the appropriate wreck-marking signals and lights hoisted.

Appropriate information broadcasts were made by the coast guard station, and by the coastal radio stations at North Foreland and Niton.

January 12th: the cargo vessel Brandenburg swept past Siren at full speed, ripped her bottom open on the Texaco Caribbean and sank rapidly. In the ensuing few days Siren was joined by other vessels and the wreck area was surveyed and marked by seven wreck buoys.

January 27th: the Niki steamed right through the area and, opening her bottom like a tin can, sank on top of the two previous vessels.

More than fifty lives were lost overall.

Clearly the existing system of buoyage was not working, IALA decided to standardise the national buoyage systems into an international system.


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B

B

B

B

B

B

A AA

A

A

A

A

A

A

IALA BUOYAGE REGIONS “A” & “B”

1973 IALA met and divided the World into two Buoyage regions - A & B


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The IALA System The system applies to all fixed and

floating marks, other than lighthouses and sector lights

It serves to indicate the following: Sides and centrelines of navigational channels Navigational channels under fixed bridges Natural dangers and other obstructions such as

dangerous wrecks. Areas in which navigation may be subject to

regulation Other features of importance to the Mariner


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IALA Buoyage system A

To meet the requirements of the system five different types of mark are provided.

Lateral Cardinal Isolated danger Safe water Special marks


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Lateral Marks Lateral marks are generally used for well defined channels

in conjunction with direction of buoyage. They indicate the limits of channels on the port and

starboard sides

Channel

DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE


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Direction of Buoyage

Channel

DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE

Local Direction of Buoyage - The direction taken by the Mariner when approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward.

IALA A - entering harbour, port hand buoys on the port side and starboard in the starboard side.


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Direction of Buoyage

Channel

DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE

Local Direction of Buoyage - The direction taken by the Mariner when approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward.

IALA B - entering harbour, port hand buoys on the port side and starboard in the starboard side. But the colours are reversed.


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General Direction of Buoyage - The direction determined by the Buoyage authorities, based whenever possible on the principle of following a clockwise direction around continents.

At sea around the British Isles its general direction is SW to NE


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Starboard Lateral Marks (Region A)

Colour - Green Shape - Cone, pillar or sparTopmark - Single green coneRetroreflector - Green band or triangleLight - (When fitted) May have any Rhythm except 2+1 some examples are given below:

Q.G

Fl.G

LFl.G

Fl(2)G

Continuous-quick light

Single-flashing light

Long-flashing light

Group-flashing light


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Port Lateral Marks (Region A)

Colour - RedShape - Can, pillar or sparTopmark - Single Red canRetroreflector - Red band or squareLight - May have any Rhythm except (2+1) some examples are given below:

Q.R

Fl.R

LFl.R

Fl(2)R

Continuous-quick lightSingle-flashing light

Long-flashing light



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Lateral Marks REGION B

Same shape but the colours are reversed

Can-shape always indicates a port hand lateral mark, in Region A or BConical-shape always indicates a starboard hand lateral mark, in Region A or B


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Preferred Channel Marks (Region A)


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Same shape and colour but with a green or red band

Preferred Channel Marks (Region A)

Light: Group Flash 2+1


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Preferred Channel Marks (Region B)

Light: Group Flash 2+1


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

NE

NW

SW

SE

Cardinal Marks

Note. Topmarks always point towards black band


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Pass to the west of the cardinal

Cardinal marks are used are used in conjunction with a compassto indicate where the Mariner may find navigable water


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

NE

NW

SW

SE

North Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - BlackBottom - Yellow

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conespoints upwards

RetroreflectorBlue over Yellow band

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q or VQ


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

East Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - BlackMiddle - YellowBottom - Black

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conesbases together

RetroreflectorTwo Blue bands

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(3) or VQ(3)

NE

NW

SW

SE


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

South Cardinal Mark

ColourTop - YellowBottom - Black

ShapePillar or spar

TopmarkTwo black conespoints downwards

RetroreflectorYellow over Blue band

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(6)+LF or VQ(6)+LF

NE

NW

SW

SE


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POINT OFINTEREST

N

E

S

W

West Cardinal Mark TopmarkTwo black conespoints together(W for wineglass) Colour

Top - YellowMiddle - BlackBottom - Yellow

ShapePillar or spar

RetroreflectorTwo Yellow bands

LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(9) or VQ(9)

NE

NW

SW

SE


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9 3

6

12

W

S

N

E

Q(6)+LFl. or VQ(6)+LFl.

Q or VQ

Q(9) or VQ(9) Q(3) or VQ(3)

To remember the light sequences think of a clock face. The long flash immediately after the group of flashes of a South Cardinal mark ensures that 6 flashes cannot be mistaken for 3 or 9.


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Isolated Danger Marks

Colour - Black & RedShape - Pillar or sparTopmark - Two black spheres Retroreflector - Blue & Red bandLight - White, Group-flashing (2)Use - Erected on or moored above isolated dangers which have navigable water all around them Fl(2)Group-flashing light


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Safe Water MarkColour - Red & WhiteShape - Spherical, Pillar or sparTopmark - One Red sphere Retroreflector - Red & White bands or StripesLight - White with the rhythms belowUse - To indicate navigable water all round the mark. May be used as a centreline, mid-channel or landfall buoy or the best point to pass under a bridge

Iso

Occ

LFl. 10sMo(A)

Isophase

Occulting

Long Flash every 10 secs

Morse Code A


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Special MarksColour - YellowShape - Can be any shapeTopmark - Yellow crossRetroreflector - Yellow band or crossLight - Yellow, may have any rhythm not used for white lights, some examples belowUse - Indicates a special area or feature the nature of which is apparent from reference to the chart. Fl. Y

Fl(4)Y

Yellow Flashing light



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SS RICHARD MONTGOMERY

Anchored in the Thames Estuary, August 1944, to wait for her convoy to Cherbourg but dragged anchor and grounded. Much of her cargo of munitions was recovered before the hull cracked and she flooded but there are still approximately 1,400 tons of explosives contained within the forward holds.


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SS RICHARD MONTGOMERY


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Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy

1st January 2003: Cargo ship Vicky runs onto the Tricolor

14th December 2002: Tricolor collides with Kariba and sinks

16th December 2002: The Nicola hits the submerged Tricolor

Sounds Familiar?!?!?!?!?


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Emergency Wreck Marking Buoy

On trial 2006-2010

Temporary response, first 24-72 hours, or until wreck known, surveyed and permanently marked

May have Racon D and/or AIS fitted

Alternating yellow and blue flashing light:

1 sec ½s 1 sec ½s 1 sec ½s 1 sec ½s 1 sec


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Summary

During this lesson we have covered the following:

The IALA buoyage system Region A & B.

The general & local direction of buoyage.

The characteristics of the different buoys & lights used in this system.


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THE END

Buoyage Lecture Slideshow

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