BUNKERS GO “GREEN”
Transcript of BUNKERS GO “GREEN”
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BUNKERS GO “GREEN”Alternative Marine Fuels
Cathie Johnston
Intertek Oil , Chemical and Agri
total customer focus
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Alternative Fuels for Ships
• Innovative and emerging energy alternatives for the marine industry
• There have been significant changes in the complexity and chemical composition of diesel fuel and HFO over the last two decades due to environmental regulations and economics of fuel.
“The use of Vegetable oils (Bio Diesel) for engines may seem insignificant today but such oils may become in the course of time as important as Petroleum and Coal tar products of the present time" - Rudolf Diesel , 1912
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BUNKERS: “Motion Lotion for the Ocean”
• For any alternative fuel to find a place in the marine market ships will have to ADAPT it’s STORAGE, HANDLING and COMBUSTION requirements
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Earthrace – New Zealand Powerboatpowered by B100Circumvented the globe in 75 days( only 12 refueling stops)
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BIOFUELS and NATURAL GAS
• Bio-fuels and Natural Gas are being established
as the preferred alternative fuels for large ships.
• Pleasure craft and small commercial craft ( such as ferries) are utilizing bio-diesel as B100 but more likely to use blends from 2% to 80%.
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Biodiesel: What is it?
A clean burning, oxygenated diesel fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats
Biodiesel: How is it made?
By reacting alcohol with natural fats, oils or greases through a conventional chemical process known as transesterification.
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Raw MaterialsNatural Fats & OilsSoybeanRapeseedCottonseedTallow / Poultry Yellow Grease
+ AlcoholMethanolEthanol
+ CatalystSodium hydroxidePotassium hydroxideSodium Methoxide
End Products
Methyl Ester (a.k.a. biodiesel)Glycerine
=
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Commercial Refining and Delivery
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Biodiesel Plants Under Construction and ExpansionBiodiesel Plants Under Construction and Expansion
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Bio-Diesel “HomeBrew”FROM THE FRYER TO THE FUEL TANK
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FuelFuel QualityQuality
““cradle”cradle” ““grave”grave”
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Biodiesel: How is it used?
As pure (100%) = B100
As a blend with petroleum diesel (20%) = B20
In low levels (1% - 5%) = B1 – B5
Any blend concentration requested = B1 – B99
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Biodiesel: Key Benefits
Significantly reduces emissions
Reduced dependency on foreign oil
Significantly reduces carcinogenic pollutants
B20 significantly reduces visible emissions
At B2 increases lubricity by up to 60%
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Biodiesel: Financial Impact?
Biodiesel is less costly than other alternative fuel options!
0
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Total Cost, cents/mile
Diesel B20 CNG/Diesel Methanol
*Michael Wetzstein of the University of Georgia concluded that biodiesel is the most cost effective alternative fuel when considered on a cost per mile basis, considering factors like fuel economy, maintenance, engine rebuild mileage, and fueling infrastructure.
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QUALITY CONTROL TESTING
Quality Control Testing Importance
Quality Control Standards-ASTM D6751
Other Analytical Methods Applicable to
Biodiesel
Production Level Quality Control
3rd Party C of A Support
Questions & Discussion
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DRIVING FORCES - REGULATORY
• Shipping contributes approximately 6 to 8% of the world’s petroleum consumption
• In the USA regulation now require reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (Sox) as well as the restriction of particulate matter.
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ASTM D6751-07b Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
Property Unit Limits Test Method
Grade S15 Grade S500
Workmanship - Visually free of undissolved water, sediment and suspended matter
Kinematic Viscosity @ 40°C mm2/s 1.9-6.0 1.9-6.0 D 445
Flash Point (closed cup) °C 93 min 93 min D 93
Sulfur % mass 0.0015 max 0.0500 max D 5453
Carbon Residue % mass 0.050 max 0.050 max D 4530
Cetane Number 47 min 47 min D 613
Sulfated Ash Content % mass 0.020 max 0.020 max D 874
Water and sediment % volume 0.050 max 0.050 max D 2709
Copper Strip Corrosion No. 3 max No. 3 max D 130
Oxidation Stability hours 3 min 3 min EN 14112
Acid Number mg KOH/g 0.50 max 0.50 max D 664
Alcohol Content
One of the following must be met:
1. Methanol Content % volume 0.2 max 0.2 max EN 14110
2. Flash Point °C 130 min 130 min D 93
Free Glycerin % mass 0.020 max 0.020 max D 6584
Total Glycerin % mass 0.240 max 0.240 max D 6584
Sodium and Potassium, combined ppm (ug/g) 5 max 5 max EN 14538
Calcium and Magnesium, combined ppm (ug/g) 5 max 5 max EN 14538
Phosphorus Content % mass 0.001 max 0.001 max D 4951
Cloud Point °C Report Report D 2500
Oxidation Stability hours 3 min 3 min EN 14112
Distillation Temperature, AET, 90% Recovered °C 360 max 360 max D1160
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EN 14214 Automotive Fuels -- FAME for Diesel Engines -- Requirements and Test Methods
Property Unit Limits Test Method
Minimum Maximum
Ester Content % (m/m) 96.5 EN 14103
Density @ 15°C kg/m3 860 900 EN ISO 3675 // EN ISO 12185
Viscosity @ 40°C mm2/s 3.50 5.00 EN ISO 3104
Flash Point °C 120 prEN ISO 3679
Sulfur Content mg/kg 10.0 prEN ISO 20846 // prEN ISO 20884
Carbon Residue (on 10% Distillation Residue) % (m/m) 0.30 EN ISO 10370
Cetane Number 51.0 EN ISO 5165
Sulfated Ash Content % (m/m) 0.02 ISO 3987
Water Content mg/kg 500 EN ISO 12937
Total Contamination mg/kg 24 EN 12662
Copper Strip Corrosion (3h @ 50°C) rating class 1 EN ISO 2160
Oxidation Stability, 110°C hours 6.0 EN 14112
Acid Value mg KOH/g 0.50 EN 14104
Iodine Value g iodine/100 g 120 EN 14111
Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester % (m/m) 12.0 EN 14103
Polyunsaturated (>= 4 double bonds) methyl esters % (m/m) 1
Methanol Content % (m/m) 0.20 EN 14110
Monoglyceride Content % (m/m) 0.80 EN 14105
Diglyceride Content % (m/m) 0.20 EN 14105
Triglyceride Content % (m/m) 0.20 EN 14105
Free Glycerol % (m/m) 0.02 EN 14105 // EN 14106
Total Glycerol % (m/m) 0.25 EN 14105
Group I Metals (Na+K) mg/kg 5.0 EN 14108 // EN 14109
Group II Metals (Ca+Mg) mg/kg 5.0 prEN 14538
Phosphorus Content mg/kg 10.0 EN 14107
CFPP °C +5 to -44 EN 116
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Lubricity StudyLubricity Study
Lubricity Improvement
0100200300400500600700
ULSD alo
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Additiv
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Additiv
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1% B
iodiese
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2% B
iodiese
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5% B
iodiese
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HF
FR
Ave
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ca
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m)
ASTM standard (520)
EMA standard (460)
This study compared the lubricities of ULSD/biodiesel blends with additized ULSD
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DRIVING FORCES - ECONOMICS
• Bunkers account for almost 70%+ of a ships operating costs
• Escalating fuel prices has obviously reduced profit margins for ship operators.
• However, are alternative fuels cost effective?• Biodiesel is potentially viable due to decreasing margins in crude
oil vs. vegetable oil
• LNG still experiences wide fluctuations in price
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DRIVING FORCES – OTHER
• GLOBAL WARMING – Need to reduce CO2 ( now approx 400 ppm and increasing by 37% each year
• NATIONAL SECURITY – cross order dependencies on energy sources
• Unsustainable fossil fuel supply? Depletion is predicted by some in as little as 50 to 70 years
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Limiting Factors
• SUPPLY
• MACHINERY DESIGN
• INFRASTRUCTURE/BULK STORAGE FACILITIES
• AWARENESS AND EDUCATION
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BIOFUELS – biogas,biodiesel,bioethanol
• Best for marine applications is BIODIESEL in the form of FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER made from soya bean oil
rapeseed oil
palm oil
Jatropha Curcas 8
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Biodiesel PROS
• B100 eliminates Sox
• Blends well with petroleum diesel
• High Cetane number and thus good ignition quality
• High flash point
• Can fully degrade in 28 days
• Even at 2% blend lubricity is restored to ULSD
• Can be used with few modification although some material compatibility issues
• Specification exists for B100 – ASTM d 6751
• And N14124
• Specs for blends – only European EN590 for up to 5% blend
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Biodiesel Cons
• 10% less energy – example: On a 20% blend there is a 2% energy decrease compared to petroleum diesel
• Can only be stored for up to 6 months
• High CFPP and Pour point
• Hydrophilic
• Solvent characteristics degrade rubber fittings and incompatible with Cu/brass/Sn/Zn.
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Natural Gas
• In the form of LNG or CNG
• Used primarily in ferries and LNG carriers
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Natural Gas -Pros
• Negligible Sox emissions
• Low carbon content , thus less CO2 per unit
• Low NOx
• Low particulate emissions
• Can be used in dual fuel
• Diesel engines
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Natural Gas- Cons
• Higher ignition temperature than diesel. More difficult to auto-ignite
• Use in diesel engines is limited to dual fuel engines
• Safety and storage concerns
• Energy content per unit volume relatively low in CNG form ( about 3 times lower than LNG.
• Thus, requires a a large storage volume
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Hydrogen – Pros and Cons
• No current infrastructure, so availability limited
• High storage costs
• Climate impact studies may not be favorable
• Probably will not be considered as a maritime fuel until at least 2050 or later
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Emulsions H20-HC
• Studies indicate that water in emulsified fuel improves the combustion process by lowering the combustion temperature.
• Energy efficiency improved
• Low NOx
• Lower particulate formation
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Propulsion and Auxiliary
• Diesel
• Gas Turbine
• Dual Fuel Engines
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Contact :
Cathie Johnston
(864)-884-3000