BULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAM · 2016-02-08 · Historical Bulletin Vol.XXIX,No.1...

HERITAGE CENTER ARCHITECT. . . DIVERSITY EFFORTS DOCUMENTED. . . COMBAT ART IN

KOREA. . . 1999 CHRONOLOGY. . . “HOWTAR” RESTORED. . . BOXER REBELLION MEDAL

HISTORY 101. . . REVIEW OF “MARINE TANK BATTLES”. . . QUOTES FROM KOREAN WAR

BULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XXIX, NUMBER 1 2001

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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard1254 Charles Morris Street, Southeast

Washington Navy Yard, D.C. 20374-5040Telephone (202) 433-3534

DIRECTOR EMERITUSBGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

DIRECTORCol John W. Ripley, USMC (Ret)

Secretary to the Director: Ms. Kristen M. Reed

DEPUTY DIRECTORLtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR

HISTORICAL BRANCHBranch Head/Chief Historian: Mr. Charles D. Melson.History Writing Unit: Mr. Charles R. Smith; MajRaymond J. Vanden Berghe, USMC; Dr. David B. Crist;Mrs. Wanda F. Renfrow. Oral History Unit: Mr. Fred H.Allison. Reference Section: Mr. Danny J. Crawford; Mr.Robert V. Aquilina; Miss Lena M. Kaljot; Mrs. SheliaGramblin. Archives Section: Mr. Frederick J. Graboske;Miss Christine T. Laba.

MUSEUMS BRANCHBranch Head/Officer-in-Charge, Air-Ground Museum,Quantico: LtCol Robert J. Sullivan, USMC. Head, Muse-ums Section/Chief Curator: Mr. Charles A. Wood.Material History: Mr. Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas.Ordnance: Mr. Dieter Stenger. Aeronautics: Mr.Michael E. Starn. Uniforms: Mr. Neil Abelsma.Restoration: Mr. Mitch Garringer; Sgt Vibol Svy, USMC;Sgt Cedric D. Wheeler, USMC; Cpl Adrian Garcia,USMC. Exhibits: Mr. James A. Fairfax; Mr. GordonHeim, Mr. Ronnie D. Alexander. Registrar: Mrs. JenniferL. Castro. Marine Corps Art Collection: Mr. John T.Dyer, Jr. Programs Assistant: Mrs. Kathryn R. Trout.Operations/Security: Capt Jimmy Scott, USMC; Sgt E R.Brown, USMC; Sgt J. H. Cheek USMC; Sgt Yaron T.Reed, USMC; Sgt B. L. Stroman, USMC; Cpl Fidel C.Nunez, USMC; Cpl Patrick D. Symecko, USMC; Cpl J.H. Vantroostenberghe, USMC; LCpl Anthony W. Knode,USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCHBranch Head/Division Executive Officer: LtCol LeonCraig, Jr., USMC. Editing and Design Section: Vacant:Mr. William S. Hill; Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns. Library:Miss Evelyn A. Englander. Administration: 1stLt KatrinaD. Patillo, USMC; Sgt Gordan N. Gipson, USMC; SgtJoslyn V. Benjamin, USMC; Sgt Cassius B. Cardio,USMC; Cpl Timothy B. Hasselbring, USMC; Cpl AdrianJ. Baldwin, USMC; LCpl Lukiya K. Walker, USMC, LCplJoanbel M. Echeniquegomez, USMC. Security Chief:GySgt Michael D. Cousins, USMC.

Editor-in-ChiefLtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR

Motto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.Historical Bulletin Vol. XXIX, No.1 2001

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published for Marines,at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide education and train-ing in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readers may pur-chase single copies or four-issue subscriptions from the Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office. The appropriate order form appears in this issue.

Fortitudine is produced in the Editing and Design Section of the History and Museums Division. Thetext for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-point or24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithographyFor sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THE COVER

Memorandum from the Director: Fortitudine Gets New UniformCol John W. Ripley, USMC (Ret) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Heritage Center: Heritage Center Searches for ArchitectsLtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

History Writing: Marine Efforts Enhanced Diversity in the Officer CorpsCharles R. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Combat Art: Combat Artists in the Korean WarJohn T. Dyer, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Oral History: The Korean War Oral History CollectionFred H. Allison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Exhibits: Excellence in Exhibit DesignJames A. Fairfax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Archives: Declassification at HDFrederick J. Graboske . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Ordnance Collection: Vietnam Era “Howtar” RestoredDieter Stenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

History 101: A Tour of the Historical BranchCharles D. Melson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Marine Corps Chronology: 1999 Annual Chronology (Part 1)Ann F. Ferrante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Aviation Collection: Early Aviation Flight EquipmentMichael E. Starn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Field History: Marine Reserve Historians and How They GrewBGen Edwin H. Simmoms, USMC (Ret) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

In Memoriam: Major General Platt, a Veteran of Three WarsRobert V. Aquilina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Historical Quiz: Quotes from the Korean WarLena M. Kaljot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Uniform and Heraldry Collection: Boxer Rebellion Medal of HonorDonated to Museum

Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Books in Review: Marine Tank Battles in the Pacific

LtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Book Notes: Books, CDs, and Videos about the Korean War

Evelyn A. Englander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Answers to the Historical Quiz: Quotes from the Korean War

Lena M. Kaljot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

During the Korean War, then-2dLt H. Avery Chenoweth served as a platoon com-mander in the 1st Marine Division. In that capacity, he participated in some of the firstcombat operations involving helicopters. Soon after, the former Yale and Princeton artstudent sketched his experiences. More than a quarter century later, in 1978, now-ColChenoweth produced a series of paintings based upon those initial drawings. “ThatWay!” depicts Marines debarking from HRS-1 helicopters in the landing zone andheading out to their assigned positions. Other paintings from Col Chenoweth’s Koreanservice are featured in the Combat Art section in this issue.

2 Fortitudine,Vol. XXIX, No.1, 2001

Fortitudine, Vol. XXIX, No.1, 2001 3

Memorandum from the Director

Col John W. Ripley, USMC (Ret)

Regular readers will notice a signifi-cant change in this issue which had

been desired for some time—color.Actually the last issue of Fortitudinehad a less noticeable change as well, anew format that permits more articlescovering a wider range of topics, forwhich we have already received com-pliments. We continue to provide youwith material that we hope is enjoy-able, but also much more. If it is help-ful and informative, and permits youto better understand your HistoricalDivision and Center, then this is thereal prize.

Of the many things happeninghere, emerging as the most important,time consuming, and certainly excitingis the rapid march of the developmentof the Heritage Center. Whereas theopening date is still some four and ahalf years away, we must focus on thehere and now in order to meet thatrapidly approaching deadline. To thisend we must add to the Division staffmore historians, museum personnel,curators, restoration and exhibitionspecialists, and the long list of supportpersonnel that simply never getnoticed, but without which none ofthis would work. The quality and val-ued service of our employees is envi-able, but not altogether a happy situa-tion in some cases, as when they areattracted away to serve in other agen-cies. We are naturally happy for them,but must begin the hiring process withthe hope that the new person willlearn quickly and eventually be thematch of the person they are replac-ing.

Aperfect example is Mrs. AnnFerrante, who has worked in our

Reference Section for almost twodecades. Since joining us nearly 20years ago, Ann has performed out-standing service to the Division and to

the Marine Corps. She has assistedmany active-duty Marines, Marine vet-erans and their families, as well ascountless others who have sought tolearn more about our Marine Corpshistory. During this time she has pro-vided exemplary support to hundredsof Marine units around the globe andskillfully coordinated the MarineCorps’ Lineage and Honors program.Ann is moving on this summer toanother position with the federal gov-ernment. Her passion, professional-ism, and complete dedication to herjob have been a great example to usall and she will be sorely missed.

Many other special positions criti-cal to our success—such as fis-

cal, budget, legal, logistics, and soforth—reside outside the History andMuseums Division in other sections ofHeadquarters Marine Corps. Oftensuch specialists heretofore have hadlittle to do with Marine Corps history,but must now help us in a very bigway. And they are helping mightily.Central to everything — and incredi-bly fortuitous — is the direct and obvi-ous support of the Commandant andAssistant Commandant. It is beyondlip service. It is the high-octane fuelthat keeps the propellers moving andthe morale high. Room here does not

permit examples of the type of helpour two top leaders have given us, buttheir efforts have had a powerfulimpact and will do much in making usready for the preparations—formida-ble indeed—to get us to opening day.

This leads me to an inescapable butnot often heard conclusion; one that Irealized in the past as a servingMarine, although I did not then appre-ciate the depth and scope of it.Simply put, Marines care about theirhistory. They are adamant that it berecorded properly, and when it isretold, or displayed in a museum, ithad better be right. More than anyother service the Marine Corps fullyintegrates its history, and not just bat-tle history, into every curriculum atevery school, formal or informal. OurNCOs and junior Marines can accu-rately refer to Corps history in waysthat would somewhat amaze the moreseasoned staff NCO’s and officers.Ask them sometime and see for your-self.

All of this adds greater emphasisand excitement to the prospect of aworld-class Heritage Center—a muse-um and related facilities whereMarines young and old can displaytheir history, as well as the part theyplayed in it, to all Americans.

We have recently lost the servicesof another longtime employee,

Mr. Robert Struder, our editor and headof the Editing and Design section. Heplayed a prominent role in giving birthto a long line of Division historicalpublications and numerous issues ofFortitudine. His eye for detail and hiskeen grasp of the English languageensured that every piece went to pressonly after a thorough scrub. He retiredfrom the government in June, havingserved at the History and MuseumsDivision for 22 years. ❑ 1775❑

Fortitudine Gets New Uniform

Marines care abouttheir history. . . . Morethan any other servicethe Marine Corps fullyintegrates its history,and not just battle histo-ry, into every curricu-lum at every school,formal or informal.


Progress toward realization of theHeritage Center remains on a

steady path. The architectural designphase passed an important milestonein March when the Marine Corpsannounced the four finalists in thecompetition. The chosen firms allbring significant museum designexperience to the task. FentressBradburn Architects hails fromDenver, Colorado. Its resume includesthe National Museum of Wildlife Artand the Buffalo Bill Historical Centeraddition, both in Wyoming; theNational Cowboy Hall of Fame expan-sion in Oklahoma; the Air ZooMuseum in Michigan; and theMuseum of Western Art and the BlackAmerican West Museum, both inColorado. Hellmuth, Obata &Kassebaum of Washington, DC, hasbeen responsible for several historicalprojects. They include the College

Park Aviation Museum in Maryland,the forthcoming Udvar-Hazy Center ofthe National Air & Space Museum inVirginia, the Japanese AmericanNational Museum in Los Angeles, andthe expansion of the MissouriHistorical Society Museum in St.Louis. Leo Daly, a national firm withoffices in Washington, DC, designedthe Strategic Air Command Museum inNebraska; the USS Forrestal Sea, Air,Space Museum in Florida; the USSNew Jersey Museum and Memorial inNew Jersey; the Museum ofArcheology in Mexico; and the PopeJohn Paul II Cultural Center inWashington, DC. Tuck HintonArchitects, a Tennessee firm, designedthe Country Music Hall of Fame &Museum, the Frist Center for theVisual Arts, and the Tennessee WorldWar II memorial, all in Nashville; aswell as the Wings of Liberty Museum

at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.The Heritage Center Project Office

will host a session in Quantico beforethe summer for all finalists. The archi-tectural firms will receive details onMarine Corps requirements for thebuilding and the site, and will havethe opportunity to walk the actualground. They are scheduled torespond with their visionary propos-als for the Heritage Center later in thesummer.

Acompanion process to select anexhibit design firm is also under-

way. The two winners will workclosely with the History and MuseumsDivision and other interested partiesto ensure that the resulting HeritageCenter is a world-class facility thatcaptures the essence of the MarineCorps' contributions to the history ofour Nation.❑ 1775❑

Heritage Center

Heritage Center Searches for Architects by LtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR

Deputy Director

This drawing depicts one of the early concepts for theHeritage Center. By the end of 2001 an architectural firm

will be under contract to develop a final design for Phase Iof the future home of the History and Museums Division.


History Writing

Marine Efforts Enhanced Diversity in the Officer Corpsby Charles R. Smith

Head, History Writing Unit

Prior to President Harry S. Truman’s1948 executive order to integrate

all the military services, African-Americans had served primarily insegregated units in the Marine Corps.The Corps entered the Korean War asan integrated force and African-Americans served in most combat andsupport units and saw action in allmajor combat operations during thatconflict.

In June 1950, more than 1,500African-American Marines were onactive duty, equaling about two per-cent of the strength of the MarineCorps. Three years later, as the wardrew to a close, there were 14,700African-American Marines, represent-ing about six percent of the MarineCorps’ total strength. The growth inthe number of African-AmericanMarines not only reflected the man-power demands of the war, but alsothe combat performance of African-American Marines in integrated units.

While there were thousands ofAfrican-American enlisted men whoserved in Korea, there were only afew officers. 1stLt William K. Jenkins,the first African-American officer tolead Marines in combat, served as pla-toon leader with Company B, 1stBattalion, 7th Marines. Only one pilot,2dLt Frank E. Peterson, Jr., reachedKorea during the fighting. (He wouldgo on to command a squadron, group,brigade, wing, and the Marine CorpsCombat Development Command. Atthe time of his retirement in 1988, hewas a lieutenant general and thelongest-serving naval aviator on activeduty.) Most African-American Marineofficers commissioned during the warwere reserves who were released toinactive duty following a normal tour;few stayed on to become regulars.

The Marine Corps in the decade ofthe 1960s and the Vietnam War

years was deeply troubled by racialinequities. Where law had abolished

segregation in the Armed Forces,many questioned the intent and will ofthe military to eliminate covert dis-crimination, especially in officerrecruitment, assignment, and promo-tion. The Marine Corps’ efforts to rem-edy this situation during the last threedecades is the subject of the recentHistory and Museums Division publi-cation, Pride, Progress, and Prospects:The Marine Corps’ Efforts to Increasethe Presence of African-AmericanOfficers (1970-1995), by Col Al-phonse G. Davis, USMC (Ret), a veter-an of this struggle.

Originally presented as an execu-tive research project at the IndustrialCollege of the Armed Forces, NationalDefense University, the monographpresents a straightforward and person-alized account of the Marine Corps’efforts to change the racial composi-tion of its officer corps. In the 1970s,as Col Davis notes, the Corps began toreap modest benefits from the variousinitiatives to enhance racial under-standing and race relations, andimprove the racial diversity of the offi-cer corps. African-American officerswere now being assigned to billetspreviously held only by white officers,

such as officer selection officers inpredominantly white populated areas,naval test pilot, and command at thebattalion and squadron levels.

While the Marine Corps continuedto actively encourage African-

American officer accessions during the1980s, it also expanded its focus oncareer development and progression.Areas such as military occupationalfield selection, Basic School perfor-mance, assignments, promotions, andperformance evaluations were addedto the many issues requiring examina-tion, ensuring African-American offi-cers, and other under-representedgroups, received the same opportuni-ties for advancement.

Despite the ongoing debates in thecivilian arena regarding equal oppor-tunity, affirmative action, and racialdiversity that spilled over into the mil-itary area, the 1990s produced a num-ber of significant achievements inaddressing the issues of institutionalbias and discrimination that had thepotential of dividing the Marine Corpsalong racial lines. As a result, theCorps revamped and tailored itsrecruiting strategy, targeting severalspecific racial and ethnic groupsinstead of the single collective “minor-ity” category. In addition, recommen-dations to increase occupational fielddiversity and promote minority officerretention and command assignmentswere implemented. “The leadership ofthe Marine Corps at various levels,comprised of officers of all races,”Davis said, “banded together to con-front [these] problems.”

Col Davis concludes his examina-tion with a hopeful, but cautious

note: “Today’s Marine Corps can stepforward and boast a myriad ofachievements in its efforts to increasethe presence of African-American offi-cers. There is still work to be done.”

❑ 1775❑


Combat Art

Combat Artists in the Korean Warby John T. Dyer, Jr.

Curator of Art

“Marines debark from HRS-1 heli-copter”. While in Korea, Chenowethengaged in “Ripper,” “Killer,” andother operations, leading, at differenttimes, two rifle platoons and a 75mmRecoilless Rifle platoon. He wasassigned duty as officer-in-charge, thefirst Marine Corps Combat Art Teamwhen he and it returned to the states.The team painted from their experi-ence in Korea in an Arlington,Virginia, studio. 1stLt Chenoweth andMGySgt John DeGrasse later wereordered to cover atomic bomb tests atDesert Rock, Nevada, in the spring of1952.

“Landing Zone,” by Col H. AveryChenoweth, USMCR. Before receivinghis commission as a second lieutenanton 1 June 1950, he studied at YaleSchool of Art then transferred toPrinceton where he graduated with adegree in Art and Architecture. Hewent on to serve as an infrantry pla-toon leader in Korea.

“The Road Back” This reconstruc-tion shows 1st Division Marinesmarching to Hungnam from theChosin Reservoir.

“Dusty March” The artist cites thisunfortunately missing painting as afavorite of his Korean War art. Sepiatoned, it evoked the hot, dusty, humidKorean summer climate. Col Chen-oweth later covered Marines in combatin South Vietnam during 1967, wasofficer-in-charge of the Marine CorpsArt Team during Operation DesertStorm, and twice won the Col John W.Thomason, USMC, Heritage Foun-dation Award for Art.

His soon to be published book Art ofWar, Eyewitness U.S. Combat Art fromthe Revolution Through the 20thCentury covers all service art pro-grams. ❑ 1775❑

(Top Left)

(Bottom Left)

(Top Right)

(Bottom Right)


Oral History

The Korean War Oral History Collectionby Fred H. Allison

Oral Historian

The Korean War is often called “TheForgotten War.” When it comes to

the Marine Corps’ Oral History collec-tion, however, the first “hot war” of theCold War era is not forgotten. The col-lection includes more than 200 KoreanWar interviews.

The Korean War oral history materi-al is well balanced and encompassesthe experiences of Marines from a mul-titude of ranks and duties. This is espe-cially true of the interviews done in1950 and 1951 by the 1st ProvisionalHistorical Platoon which chronicled thewar in part through the eyes of Marinesin combat and in non-combat units.This gives the collection a richness notcommon to all subjects of research.

By focusing on one aspect of theKorean War, for instance the ChosinReservoir campaign, the multi-facetedcharacter of this collection is revealed.Combat is described in interviews likethat of Cpl Donald R. Thornton,Company F, 7th Marines: “I had the0300-0400 watch. The Chinks camewalking up the road in small groups;they wore white clothes with furcaps...they seemed unprepared to findMarines there. They came in and hitthe CP-they came in at first from overthe hill. In 20 minutes they attacked infull force.” Capt Benjamin S. Read,commanding officer of Battery H, 3rdBattalion, 1st Marines, gives an artillery-man’s view of combat: “In oneinstance, the No. 6 gun section on HowBattery actually fired under a railroadculvert at a machine gun at a range of70 yards with HE and completely blewthe machine gun and its crew all tohell.”

Fundamental to success on the bat-tlefield are communications and

supply units. Marines who handledthese functions at Chosin were alsointerviewed. Maj Kenneth B. Boyd,Communications Officer, 5th Marines:“Our situation was fast moving.Colonel [Raymond L.] Murray tried to

ing around and there was nothing youcould do but stay there and just fightand try to help out.”

Close air support played an impor-tant role in the successful withdrawalof forces from the Chosin Reservoir.Marine pilots who flew support mis-sions provided their perspectives ininterviews. Capt Don M. Hinshaw,pilot, Marine Fighter Squadron 214(VMF-214): “The forward air controllerrequested that we drop the first bombson the high ground at the west endwhere the first bunker was located.Both of us made direct hits with ourbombs on this run. The bunker wasneutralized.” 1stLt Charles H. BurgansJr., pilot, Marine Night FighterSquadron 513 (VMF[N]-513): “I got adirect hit on the first truck as it wasturning to go up the road. After the ini-tial burst of napalm, I could see troopsrunning in all directions. Their clotheswere on fire, and they fell some ten totwenty feet from the trucks.” Forwardair controllers, the link between groundand air, were also interviewed: CaptDan C. Holland: “I had four Corsairsfrom VMF-323 circling about two milesnorth for a surprise attack following upthe artillery. They were advised thatwhite phosphorous would also be usedto mark the target. This coordinatedartillery was accurate, and the Corsairscaught the enemy running down theopposite side of the hill. Within anhour Dog Co had seized its objective.”

The interviews that document theKorean War give a thorough cover-

age of Marine Corps activities duringthis important conflict. These oral his-tories have of late seen considerableuse due to the interest stimulated bythe Korean War 50th AnniversaryCommemorative activities. With contin-ued interest in the Marine Corps’ col-lection of oral history interviews thatspeak to the Korean War, perhaps itwill no longer be known as “TheForgotten War.” ❑ 1775❑

hold up every afternoon at 1600 so wecould establish a CP. I would assign aman with a RL31 and Weasel to eachbattalion in order to keep up our com-munications.” An unidentified supply-man in the 1st Marines: “If you got one[60 mm mortar illumination round] outof eight [to work] you were lucky.There was not much to begin with, andmost of it didn’t work. The contractionof the tube has nothing to do with it. Itis my opinion that the long storagecaused this.” Maj Harold Wallace,Logistics Officer, 5th Marines: “Theequipment carried by the 5th Marineswas 100 per cent mobile, that is, it wasloaded in vehicles. Therefore, when wegot our personnel and our vehicles offof the ships, we were ready to fight.”

Even specialties less directly con-nected to combat were inter-

viewed. For instance, the civil affairsunit, responsible for maintaining posi-tive relations with civilians, continuedat their duties. 1stLt Oliver E. Dial, thedivision’s civil affairs officer, describedhis efforts: “Through the winter atHagaru-Hamhung-Hungnam we wereconfronted with the shortage of food,clothing and shelter. We did make sur-veys for relief requirements. Somerelief supplies had been distributedbefore we left there.” Maj Carl E.Stahley, public information officer, 1stMarine Division: “The combat corre-spondents continued the withdrawalwith their units and upon arrival atHungham were evacuated by ship.While aboard ship, each correspondentwas ordered to write a complete narra-tive and feature story on all the actionwhich had taken place during thatentire campaign.” Some Marines dealtfirst hand with the results of the heavyfighting: SSgt Robert B. Gault, GravesRegistration, 7th Marines: “We put up Idon’t know how many tents. We hadso many men wounded and dead andkilled that we didn’t have a place to putthem. Everybody was shot up and lay-


Exhibits

Excellence in Exhibit Designby James A. Fairfax

Head, Exhibits Section

As a longtime member of theMarine Corps History and

Museums Division, and as a Marine, ithas been my observation over the past30 years that our museum exhibitsmust reflect a scale of presentationconsistent with the passion that we, asMarines, hold for our historical identi-ty.

To my mind, every exhibit projectbegins as a blank canvas. Effectiveexhibit designers are those best ableto find an imaginative approach to fillthis empty canvas. Their creativework begins with the subject matterchosen by the historians. Within thatparameter, the designer might beinspired by a single artifact or image,by a combination of the two, or eventhrough an unexpected chain reactionsparked by a photograph, painting, or

snippet of text. The designer’s ideas,as captured in the final exhibit, shouldfeature visual and conceptual sugges-tions intended to spark the visitor’sappreciation for the rich history of theUnited States Marine Corps.

The exhibit designer is expected tosearch deeply inward for solutions

that will teach and inspire the visitor,historians, and other designers.Despite limited funds, the History andMuseums Division has made it anobjective to set a high standard in thefield of exhibit design, hands-on fabri-cation, teaching, and exhibit manage-ment. To date, our milestones havebeen the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II exhibits at the Marine CorpsMuseum, the Marine Corps AirGround Museum, and the Pentagon;the “Time Tunnel” and its ongoing

Ship’s sponsor Mrs. Linda Mundy, her husband, (former Commandant of theMarine Corps General Carl E. Mundy, Jr.) and Mr. James A. Fairfax view the giftwhich Fairfax designed. The gift was presented to the Bataan (LHD 5) by Mrs.Mundy.

Exhibits Specialist James A. Fairfax

renovation, in the Marine CorpsMuseum; the 50th anniversary of theKorean War displays at the MarineCorps Museum, the Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum, the Pentagon, andthe Reserve Officers AssociationHeadquarters; two special exhibitsand gifts to the USS Bataan and theUSS Iwo Jima; and a permanent exhib-it (still being enhanced and expanded)of the Iwo Jima flags at the MarineCorps Museum.

The value of these completed ornearly completed exhibits is the

standard they achieve and the bar theyset to inspire future attempts to doeven better. Exhibit design can beextraordinarily pleasing and meaning-ful—to the designers, fabricators, andultimate viewers—when it is accom-plished with excellence. ❑ 1775❑


Archives

Declassification at HDby Frederick J. GraboskeHead, Archives Section

The History and Museums Divisionhas concluded a 15-month con-

tracted declassification effort. Weundertook this project as a collateralpart of a Department of Navy (DON)contract with Kajax Engineering, Inc.We specifically funded the review ofdocuments in the Marine CorpsHistorical Center, which were not cov-ered by the contract. The workinvolved a full declassification andPrivacy Act review of all materials inour vault, excluding the Gulf War.

In those 15 months the contractorsreviewed 446,215 pages. Of these 77.8percent were declassified in full and18.4 percent referred to other agenciesfor their review (because they con-tained information relevant to thoseagencies). 2.8 percent were excludedfrom the process, because they containinformation on nuclear weapons. Only1 percent of the department’s informa-tion could not be declassified. Theeffect of this program will be to enableus to digitize and disseminate recordsof conflicts and humanitarian opera-

tions from World War II throughSomalia. We also can remove the doc-uments from secure storage, withresulting cost savings, and use them forour forthcoming published histories.

Marine Corps records at other loca-tions are covered by the general

Department of the Navy contract withKajax. This contract is for declassifica-tion review only, and it is the DON’sresponse to Executive Order 12958,which requires the review of all classi-fied records more than 25 years old asof the deadline, which currently isOctober 2003. The task is huge. Todate Kajax has reviewed 101 millionpages of Navy and Marine Corpsrecords, of which two thirds have beendeclassified. An additional 80 millionpages remain, almost all of which areNavy. The contractor has completedthe review of 7,203,733 pages ofMarine Corps records at these sites (theNational Archives and the WashingtonNational Records Center). 3,772,628have been declassified in full and1,895,269 referred to other agencies foraction. 556,008 pages were exemptfrom declassification and 979,828 wereexcluded.

The Department of the Navy plansto continue review at the current pace

until the work is complete. We expectthat the contractor will be able to fin-ish all Marine Corps and other navalrecords within the time constraint ofthe deadline, but only if the Secretaryof the Navy maintains the necessarylevel of funding. Complicating theprocess is the necessity to review themillions of pages that will be referredto the Navy by other agencies. Referralnotifications will be sent only after thereview of an agency’s holdings, somost referrals probably will occur in2003. Documents subject to theExecutive Order which are notreviewed by October 2003 will bedeclassified automatically.

HD is preparing to enter into a newcollateral contract with Kajax for

the review of small selected portionsof the Gulf War records. Those recordswere digitized several years ago, andthe new review will be done on acomputer. We are taking this action tolearn the process of electronic review,with the released documents beingcopied to CD-ROM. This project willenable the History and MuseumsDivision to develop an accurate esti-mate of the cost to review the entirebody of Gulf War records for publicrelease. ❑ 1775❑

The first page of each declassified doc-ument is stamped with the authorityfor the action; the declassifier mustsign and date it.

Declassification is a delegated authority. In HD only the Director (or anyone hedesignates) has it.


Having decided on the howtar from aselection of ordnance artifacts in stor-age, the Richmond Marines refur-bished the howitzer-converted mortarin less than four months time. Thespeedy restoration of the howtar, with-in the museum’s guidelines, can becredited to the steadfast leadership ofGySgt Banks and sweat of the I&IStaff.

This particular piece of ordnancehas a unique background and

considerable Marine Corps prove-nance. Historically, the amalgamationof the howitzer and mortar wasspurred in the early 1960s by thenecessity for improved close-support

Volunteer success stories are mostoften the culmination of extensive

research, creative funding, and thecommitment of long hours of hardwork. One such story involved therestoration of a 107mm Model 98“howtar” mortar, recently completedby the Inspector & Instructor (I&I)Staff of H Battery, 3d Battalion, 14thMarines, a Marine Corps Reserve unitbased in Richmond, Virginia.

In August 2000, Captain Scott E.Mead, USMC, and now retired GySgtAnthony P. Banks, USMC, came to theMuseums Branch at Quantico,Virginia, expressing an interest inrestoring an artillery piece for eventu-al display at their reserve center.

artillery. The Marine Corps lookedfavorably on the concept, which com-bined the most desirable characteris-tics of the beloved yet obsolete 75mmpack howitzer and the 4.2-inch M30rifled mortar. A key consideration thatfit well within the Marine Corps’ tacti-cal requirements of the time was itsadaptability for vertical assaults. Forthe previously baseplate-mountedmortar, the wheeled carriage promisedgreater mobility, improved stability,rapid emplacement and laying, shorterminimum range, and greater accuracyat long ranges. Rivaling the 105mmhowitzer in capability, the howtar hadonly one-fifth the weight but wascapable of firing a 107mm round. Theadvantages of the intrinsic lightweightcarriage made the howtar easily trans-portable by helicopter, yet allowed forits quick disassembly for manpacktransportation. Its only shortcomingwas range, but that was superfluousfor a close-support artillery weapon,and it would prove effective withinthe confines of jungle warfare inVietnam. In May 1962, the MarineCorps officially adopted the howtar asa standard weapon. A battery of sixguns was incorporated into each directsupport artillery battalion in exchangefor the “four-deuce” mortars.

The successful restoration of theM98 mortar by GySgt Banks and

the I&I Staff, H/3/14 is a perfect exam-ple of what can be accomplished witha basic interest and doggedness. Thelife span of an artifact, whether on dis-play or in storage, is often dependenton its state of preservation. The effortsof the Richmond Marines will ensurethat the howtar will remain intact as aphysical manifestation of the heritageof the Corps for generations to come.Individuals or groups that are interest-ed in volunteering to assist in thepreservation of Marine Corps materialhistory should contact the MuseumsBranch at 703-784-2607. ❑ 1775❑

Ordnance Collection

Vietnam Era “Howtar” Restoredby Dieter Stenger

Curator of Ordnance

The 107mm M98 “howtar” mortar at the H/3/14 reserve center in Richmond,VA.Photo by GySgt Banks, USMC


The Korean War commemoration isa use of historical events for pub-

lic affairs purposes; it also focusesattention on the History and MuseumsDivision and what it does for theMarine Corps. During the commemo-rative period a number of our publica-tions and exhibits feature both thewell-known and not-so-newsworthyaspects of the war, to recognize theMarine veterans and their families andto remind the current generation ofMarines of the deeds of their prede-cessors. This is in addition to a num-ber of other mandated division duties,particularly for the Historical Branch.Since 1919, some form of historicalsupport has been available atHeadquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Thenature of this support and how it isprovided has varied. An overview ofwhat and who the current HistoricalBranch consists of at present is thesubject of this article. The HistoricalBranch is one of four subordinates tothe Director, Marine Corps History andMuseums. Other branches areMuseums, Support, and FieldOperations. The Historical Branch is

History 101:A Tour of the Historical Branchby Charles D. Melson

Chief Historian

Branch publishes official histories andprovides support to Museums Branchexhibits.

Most responses from the HistoricalBranch are general rather than

specific, using the medium of pub-lished histories and monographs,FORTITUDINE, and established pro-grams (lineage and honors, the flagmanual, commemorative naming, oralhistory, and the ever-popular com-mand chronologies). This gets histori-cal information into the hands of thosein the operational forces who need itto accomplish their mission. Aid toretired and former Marines is oftenmet by provision of copies of com-mand chronologies or with referenceservices. While the focus of theHistorical Branch is operational or unithistory, veteran’s claims also are assist-ed by referencing appropriate sourcesat the Manpower Division (the recordsservice section and military awardsbranch) and the National PersonnelRecords Center (for service recordbooks and health records).

Archives section head, Frederick J.Graboske, oversees the collection andstorage of unit command chronologiesdocumenting the current activities ofMarines. This includes declassificationand digitization efforts to make thisprimary source material available tothose needing first-hand records.

Historical section head Charles R. Smith, supervisies the efforts of a staff of fourproducing publications and oral histories on a variety of topics ranging from theMarines in the Korea War to more recent Somalia and Liberia operations. Thesehistorians are available in their respective fields to assist serious researchers.

located at the Washington Navy Yardat the Marine Corps Historical Center,Building 58. The branch itself consistsof three functional sections, Historical,Reference, and Archives.

At present, there are some 13 civil-ian and military historians and

archivists carrying out the differenttasks assigned by the MANUAL FORTHE MARINE CORPS HISTORICALPROGRAM (MCO P5750.1G). An ideaof the volume of help provided isreflected in the statistics of 15,477responses answered and some 1,859researchers assisted during the year2000. Who this effort goes to is reflect-ed in the official priorities of work:requests from the Congress,Headquarters Marine Corps, MarineCorps commands, and other govern-ment agencies are met first, followedby assistance to active duty Marines,outside researchers, retired and formerMarines, and general informationrequests. As can be expected, thereare economies of scale with anyrequest for help. In addition the


Marine Corps operational recordsmigrate to the National Archives andRecords Agency.

So far, you can see why the branchis run on a tight rein and why sup-

port has a greater effect by being gen-eral. Even so, we pride ourselves onan ability to work with outsideresearchers in a variety of areas.Again, our approach is similar to howwe do our own work. The first stepinvolves an examination of what theresearcher wants and where this infor-mation should be. From this, youwould go to the section that comesclosest to your needs. Despite this,additional work is required in each ofthe other sections, and possibly thelibrary or the museums branch. Onceresources within the Division areexhausted, then other outside institu-tions are called into play: Library ofCongress, National Archives, NationalPersonnel Records Center, and so on.Even in the age of the Internet,research is not quick or easy if thequestion being asked is worth answer-ing. Like intelligence gathering, histo-ry is focused on the question and nota preconceived answer; even a nega-tive finding tells you something. TheMarine Corps’ past provides a rich har-vest for those leading the pack today.

❑ 1775❑

Assistance to qualified individuals,whether military or civilian, is morealong the lines of sharing resources.This follows the same procedures thatbranch staff members follow in theirhistorical problem solving. It can becollegial and subject to the twists andturns of records management andmemory. This has to fit in withassigned tasks that take up day to dayroutine. For the History Section, Mr.Rich Smith is coordinating and editingthe Korean War commemorativeseries, Maj John Vanden Berghe iscompleting a Liberia monograph, Dr.Dave Crist is completing his interviewswith Gen Charles Krulak and workingon a Somalia monograph, and Mr.Fred Allison is reinstating the oral his-tory program after several years ofinactivity.

The Reference Section of Mr. DanCrawford handles most routine

requests (routine in terms of frequen-cy rather than ease) received andprocessed by Ms. Shelia Gramblin.Mr. Bob Aquilina deals with com-morative naming and events, Mrs. AnnFerrante compiled the chronology andlineage and honors; while Ms. LenaKaljot oversees the photographic col-

lection. The section has to maintainextensive biographic, unit, and geo-graphical files to deal with inquiries.They also research and write the ref-erence pamphlets about the divisionsand their regiments.

The Archives Section under Mr.Fred Graboske is continually

engaged in the collection and pro-cessing of command chronologies, theprimary source of unit history since1965. By way of quantity alone, thisinvolves interacting with 400 or moreMarine Corps units down to the bat-talion and squadron level. This doesnot even address the question of thequality of submission, which mighthave to remain until these records areneeded at a later date. Ms. ChristineLaba, an archival specialist, assists himin this. Archives is also involved in themore arcane aspects of declassifica-tion of records and in the effort to dig-itize holdings to an electronic formatsuitable for use with CD-ROMs to pre-serve information contained in deteri-orating paper records and to preservethe records themselves by removingthem from everyday use. This allowsfor easier reproduction and distribu-tion. Over time, permanently valuable

Reference assistant section head Robert V. Aquilina answers a wide range of offi-cial and unofficial queries about Marine Corps history, including biographic,unit lineage, and geographic topics. This is helped by knowledge of previousrequests and answers.

Librarian Evelyn A. Englander pro-vides support with publications andperiodicals for division projects andothers. This collection traces its originsto the efforts of Commandant ColonelArchibald Henderson to maimtainprofessional books at headquarters.


Marine Corps Chronology

1999 Annual Chronology (Part 1)by Ann F. FerranteReference Section

The “Current Chronology of theMarine Corps” highlights signifi-

cant events and dates in Marine Corpshistory. Since 1982, the ReferenceSection has compiled the yearlychronology by researching numerousprimary and secondary sources eachweek. It is a valuable resource ofinformation for researchers and staffalike. Selected entries from the 1999Chronology are below:

14 Jan- The MV-22 Osprey began aseries of sea trials on board the USSSaipan as part of its operational flighttest program. The two primary objec-tives of this phase were to validate thegeneral launch and recovery envelopeof the aircraft and determineaircraft/shipboard compatibility. Thesea trials concluded in mid-February.

28 Jan- The Commandant of theMarine Corps, Gen Charles C. Krulak,published an article detailing thethreat of Anthrax and the importanceof being immunized against its use asa biological weapon. He said that theAnthrax vaccine represents our bestdefense against an invisible killer, andthat our potential enemies are verymuch aware that we have blunted oneof the most lethal weapons in theirarsenal.

9 Feb- The Commandant of the MarineCorps, Gen Charles C. Krulak, andSecretary of State, Madeleine Albright,gathered with the Marines of theMarine Security Guard Battalion inWashington, D.C. to commemorate the50th anniversary of the Marine SecurityGuard Program. Although the programhad been in place since December1948, the 50th anniversary commemo-rated the graduation of the first formalclass of Marines assigned to duty inearly 1949.

12 Feb- 4 Mar- More than 5,000Marines and sailors from II and III

MEFs participated in Exercise BattleGriffin 99, a triennial NATO field train-ing exercise in Norway. The exercisetested the Air-Landed Marine AirGround Task Force concepts of theU.S. and Norway. It also met therequirement for realistic training tofully prepare forces for Allied/Jointoperations in an arctic environment.

27 Feb- A joint task force was sent toKenya to support ongoing relief oper-ations in Operation Nobel Response.Flooding, resulting from unseasonablerainfall, prevented relief supplies fromreaching their destination. Marinesprovided air support to airdrop foodsupplies. The task force was com-manded by Marine BGen William A.Whitlow.

1 Mar- Marines from 2d Force ServiceSupport Group began redeploymentto Camp Lejeune, North Carolina,from Honduras where they had beensince last November. Marines weredeployed there for disaster relief oper-ations in Honduras in the wake ofHurricane Mitch. While in Honduras,Marines built bridges, delivered reliefsupplies, and repaired roadways.

4 Mar- A military jury acquitted CaptRichard J. Ashby of all chargesbrought against him for piloting hisMarine EA-6 Prowler jet throughcables holding a ski gondola last yearin an accident that killed 20 people inthe Italian Alps. Capt Ashby had facedinvoluntary manslaughter and numer-ous lesser charges as a result of theaccident.

4 Mar- The 13th Marine ExpeditionaryUnit (Special Operations Capable)landed in Kuwait to begin more than25 days of combined arms training inExercise Eager Mace 99-1. The focusof the exercise was to improve bilat-eral interoperability between Kuwaitand U.S. forces and to refine comple-

mentary warfighting capabilities forcoalition warfare.

13 Mar- The Marine Corps WarfightingLaboratory began to conduct its sec-ond of five Advanced WarfightingExperiments in the Urban Warriorseries. This experiment was held inNorthern California and was designedto test the Marines’ ability to deal withterrorist threats, provide disaster assis-tance, and simulate civil-military rela-tions in an international setting.

24 Mar- NATO began an extensive airwar against the Serb-led YugoslavGovernment as a result of its refusal toaccept a U.S. drafted peace settlementfor Kosovo a province of Serbia,Yugoslavia’s dominant republic.Operation Allied Force involved thedaily use of cruise missiles, bombers,and attack aircraft on Serbian targetsto include its military, police, andcommand and control apparatus inorder to rid Kosovo of YugoslavGovernment forces.

5 Apr- Marines and sailors of the 24thMarine Expeditionary Unit (SpecialOperations Capable) landed by heli-copter in the Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia. The 24th MEU(SOC) con-ducted humanitarian assistance sup-port operations as part of the NATOforce already there. This insertion cul-minated a lengthy involvement by the24th MEU(SOC) in Balkan operationssince January when the unit arrived inthe central Mediterranean.

13 Apr- The arrival of KC-130Hercules aircraft from Marine AerialRefueler Transport Squadron (VMGR)352 completed the final migration of3d Marine Aircraft Wing units toMarine Corps Air Station, Miramar,California. The arrival of VMGR-352ended the unit’s 50-year era of serviceaboard Marine Corps Air Station, ElToro, California.


15 Apr- Marine AV-8B Harrier jets con-ducted air strikes against Yugoslavia aspart of NATO’s Operation AlliedForce. The mission was conducted byfour AV-8Bs attached to MarineMedium Helicopter Squadron 266 ofthe 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit onboard the USS Nassau. It was the firsttime Marine Harriers participated incombat operations since OperationDesert Storm in 1991.

19 Apr- A Marine F/A-18 Hornetdropped its ordnance more than amile off target on the outlying PuertoRican island of Vieques, accidentallykilling a local civilian security guard.Demonstrations followed, along witha demand from the Puerto RicanGovernor for the U.S. Navy to aban-don its live-fire range on Vieques usedfor close air support, artillery, andnaval gunfire. In response to thePuerto Rican outcry, President Clintontemporarily halted live-fire trainingand ordered the Department ofDefense to form a panel to review theVieques situation.

24 Apr- The Navy’s newest guidedmissile destroyer, USS Higgins (DDG76), joined the U.S. Pacific Fleet duringa commissioning ceremony in PortEverglades, Florida. The ship wouldhonor Marine Col William RichardHiggins who was kidnapped by ter-rorists in February 1988. He was

declared dead in July 1990. The ship’ssponsor was retired Marine LtColRobin L. Higgins, widow of the ship’snamesake.

30 Apr- Elements from the 26th MarineExpeditionary Unit (Special Opera-tions Capable) went ashore in Albaniato provide security for a 20,000-personrefugee camp for displaced KosovarAlbanians. The 26th MEU(SOC) alsoassisted in delivering food to thou-sands of displaced refugees as well assupporting the Operation Allied Forcebombing campaign. The 26th MEU(SOC) replaced the 24th MEU(SOC) on28 April, ending the latter unit’s six-month deployment to the Mediter-ranean.

14 May- The Marine Corps took deliv-ery of its first MV-22 Osprey aircraft atthe Bell Helicopter Textron FlightResearch Center in Arlington, Texas.Gen Terrance Dake, Assistant Com-mandant of the Marine Corps, accept-ed the first of four low-rate initial-pro-duction aircraft to be delivered to theMarine Corps in 1999. From Arlington,Texas, the MV-22 completed a 1,200-mile ferry flight that included a historicrefueling stop at Marine Corps AirFacility, Quantico, Virginia. The land-ing at Quantico marked the first time

an Osprey owned by the Corps land-ed on Marine Corps property.

20 May- Two squadrons from MarineAircraft Group 31 that were deployedto Tazar, Hungary, began flying com-bat missions in support of OperationAllied Force, NATO’s air war againstthe Serb-led Yugoslavian government.Marine All Weather Fighter AttackSquadrons VMFA (AW)-332 and -533were home-based in Beaufort, SouthCarolina. In Hungary, VMFA(AW)-332had two aircraft outfitted with theAdvanced Tactical Airborne Recon-naissance System (ATARS) which wascapable of providing digitally format-ted day/night, all-weather reconnais-sance data via mission tapes that weredownloaded upon landing for pro-cessing and dissemination.

4 Jun- SgtMaj Alford L. McMichael wasselected as the 14th Sergeant Major ofthe Marine Corps. A post and reliefceremony with retiring Sergeant Majorof the Marine Corps Lewis G. Leewould take place on 28 June at MarineBarracks Washington. McMichaelwould become the first African-American to hold the post since it wasestablished in 1957.

(Part II will appear in the next issue)

A mechanized patrol of Battalion Landing Team 3/8, 26th Marine ExpeditionaryUnit (Special Operations Capable) stops to interact with children in Gnjilane,Kosovo, in June 1999

Sergeant Major Alford L. McMichaelbecame the Sergeant Major of theMarine Corps on 28 June 1999 atMarine Barracks Washington.


Aviation Collection

Early Aviation Flight Equipmentby Michael E. Starn

Curator of Aeronautics

When the Wright brothers firsttook to the skies at Kitty Hawk,

North Carolina, on 17 December 1903,they did so clad in a tweed suit, tweeddriving cap, and a pair of motorcargoggles. As aircraft flew faster, andhigher, aviators tried many differenttypes of clothing to protect themselvesfrom the cutting slipstream. Aviatorsexperimented with different materials,as well as different styles, until theyfound a mixture that protected themfrom the conditions in which theywould be flying, and suited their per-sonal tastes.

The first known aviators sent aloftby man were a duck, a chicken, and asheep. They were sent into flight in theMontgolfiäre hot-air balloon in August1783 and were very appropriatelydressed. Of the three, the sheep wascovered in a material that would con-tinue keeping pilots, and crewmem-bers, warm to this day; wool. One ofthe first manned flights gave early avi-ation its first lesson in warm dress forwinter flights when, in December 1783,Professor Charles of the AcadämieFrancaise flew a hot-air balloon fromthe Tuileries in Paris. ProfessorCharles ascended from spring-like tem-peratures to winter temperatures in amatter of ten minutes. What ProfessorCharles did not know at that time wasthat temperature falls approximately28

oC for every 1,000 feet of elevation.

As time went on, balloon aviatorslearned the value of warm cloth-

ing when ascending to higher altitudes.With the advent of the motorcar,motorcycle, and finally, powered air-craft, man was faced with a new factorto consider; wind-chill. Prior to pow-ered flight, man for the most part hadbeen floating along with the windsaloft. Only an occasional breeze wasfelt when changing altitudes, or enter-ing winds moving in a different direc-tion. The forward motion of the aircraftnow created a flow of air felt by the

pilots and this became known as slip-stream. The propeller of the tractor air-craft later increased the slipstream’sintensity from that first encounteredwith the pusher-type aircraft.Slipstream produced by pusher aircraftrushed by the pilot at the speed offlight. At a speed of 60 mph, with thepropeller of the tractor aircraft now infront of the pilot, the slipstream couldhave increased as much as 30 mph ormore.

With the advent of the MarineCorps entering the field of avia-

tion in 1912, and the United Statesentry into World War I in 1917, thedemand for good quality protectiveflight equipment rose sharply. Withthis high demand for flight equipment,the Marine Corps was forced, at firstalong with other branches of military,

L-R Back Row: the G-1 flight jacket,which replaced the A-2 of WW II anda leather Aircraft transport coat.Middle Row: A pair of A-6 rubberand leather fleece lined flight bootsand a B-5 flight helmet. Front Row:A pair of wool knitted gloves, a pairof A-9A leather three fingered mit-tens, and a pair of early leathergauntlets.

to turn to the United States’ allies andoff-the-shelf civilian clothing. InSeptember 1917, the Army establishedan aviation clothing board that wasresponsible for ordering and issuingflight clothing for the AmericanExpeditionary Forces in Europe, ofwhich the Marines were part. This wasthe first clothing board organized todeal with problems of specifying andprocuring flight equipment for theAmerican military aviator. Because theclothing board was created at the sametime the United States entered WorldWar I, it played a game of catch-up thatwould last several years. The problemsfacing the board were many, andincluded, but were not limited to,types of materials available, designsthat gave both warmth and ease ofmovement, as well as a general con-sensus of the pilots as to what did anddid not work.

This problem of ill-designed cloth-ing followed Marine aviators into

the Great War, and was handled thesame way that Marines do today; theywould trade for or privately purchasethe clothing that they felt would keepthem warm and not hinder their mis-sion. This then accounts for photos ofseemingly endless different uniformcombinations during World War I. Asthe word was passed through theranks of the Marine aviation communi-ty about clothing that worked, similar-ities in uniforms would appear, butwould still not be exactly the same.One of the few items that Marines didnot trade, or sell, was their leathercoat. The coats of World War I, wornby pilots and crew, were fur lined withfleece collars and resembled thoseworn by motorcar operators. Today’sleather flight jacket is a waistcoat, linedwith polyester, and has an imitation furcollar. Although these coats havechanged in style over time, they stillare a pilot’s most prized possessiontoday. ❑ 1775❑


Field History

Marine Reserve Historians and How They Grewby BGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

Director Emeritus, History and Museums Division

of the Center’s unit, by now known asMobilization Training Unit DC-7 (MTUDC-7). Col Charles J. Quilter, Jr., whohad flown 252 combat missions inVietnam, joined the MTU in 1986. By1990, in time for Desert Shield, he wasin charge of the unit.

Imust tell you that I consider DesertShield and Desert Storm to be the

golden age of the MTU. Everythingwe had planned for seemed to cometogether beautifully and our Reservehistorians marched off to war. ColQuilter went with the I MarineExpeditionary Force, LtCol CharlesCureton deployed with the 1st MarineDivision, LtCol Dennis Mroczkowskijoined with the 2d Marine Division, LtCol Frank Sturgeon served with the1st Force Serve Command, and LtColRon Brown covered forces afloat. ColAvery Chenoweth, a combat artistlong associated with the program, didnot wait for orders to begin his cover-age of deployments from CampLejeune to the Gulf. He was laterjoined overseas by fellow artists LtColNeary and Col Gish.

Our deployed historians not onlyfacilitated historical record keeping,they also gathered material for specif-ic monographs. These would take theform of a series, “U.S. Marines in thePersian Gulf, 1990-1993.” The GulfWar historians also did something thathad never been done before. Theyworked actively with intelligencetypes to identify captured enemymateriel of historical value.Eventually enough materiel to equipan Iraqi division was returned toQuantico.

There was a postscript to DesertStorm—Operation Provide Com-

fort, the humanitarian relief ofKurdish refugees in Northern Iraq.This operation was covered brilliantlyin words by LtCol Brown and in pic-tures by Col Gish.

This article is adapted from a speechthat BGen Simmons recently gave tomembers of the Field History Branch.

One of the items on my list whenI became Director in December,

1971 was the creation of a MarineCorps Reserve historical unit.Reserves had, of course, already beenwidely used in various historical andcombat art efforts, but participationhad always been on an individualbasis. As I saw it, each member of ourReserve unit would have a mobiliza-tion assignment to a specific FleetMarine Force organization. Thisseemed to be a logical objective tome, but it was not easy to attain. Itwas difficult to convince some—Imight say most—brigade or divisioncommanders, or their chiefs of staff,that it was a good thing to take alonga Reserve historian on an exercise ordeployment.

One of our first successes wassending Col Peter “Mike” Gish,USMCR, off to Twentynine Palms in1973 for the desert exercise AlkaliCanyon. Mike served during WorldWar II and the Korean War as a pilotof both fighters and helicopters. Agraduate of Dartmouth, he had stud-ied art at Yale and then abroad inEurope, and become a world-classwater-colorist. He would deploy forus many times again.

The bicentennial was very good forthe historical program. Charles

Waterhouse, a World War II enlistedMarine, became a major and came onactive duty as our artist-in-residence.Almost simultaneously Donna J.Neary was commissioned as a captainof Reserves. The contributions of bothto the Marine Corps art program havebeen enormous.

By the mid-1980s, Col Allan R.Millett, USMCR, a distinguished mem-ber of the faculty at Ohio StateUniversity, was the officer-in-charge

When the Somalia interventioncame along in 1992, the deploymentof the Marine Expeditionary Force fol-lowed the pattern set by Desert Shieldand so did our concomitant deploy-ment of Reserve historians and artists.But something new had been added.We were now supplying personnel tobe joint historians as well as MarineCorps historians. Lieutenant ColonelsCureton and Mroczkowski deployedas joint task force historians. Col Gishand LtCol Neary also went to Somaliaand did their usual splendid artwork.

Since Somalia our deploymentshave not been larger than a MEU

and our Reserve historians have goneout chiefly on an individual basis oras joint historians. LtCol NicholasReynolds was assigned to a joint his-tory team and sent briefly toYugoslavia during the Bosnia crisis.When the intervention in Haiti camealong in 1994, Col Mroczkowskideployed once again, and other mem-bers of the unit followed suit, spend-ing their two weeks of active duty atUS/UN headquarters in Port-au-Prince.

In 1994 the Reserve historical unitadded a new part, the IndividualMobilization Augmentee (IMA)detachment. The IMA was to consistof individuals with specific mobiliza-tion assignments who could attendregular drills like an SMCR unit.Another very good thing that hap-pened organizationally was the cre-ation of the Field Operations Branch.This made our reservists a full-fledgedbranch of the History and MuseumsDivision. I consider this very impor-tant and I urge you to guard the sta-tus that this organization gives theReserves most carefully. It is fully inaccord with the Total Force conceptand reflects our Reserves’ contribu-tion to the mission of the History andMuseums Division.

❑ 1775❑


MajGen Jonas M. Platt

MajGen Jonas M. Platt, USMC (Ret),a highly decorated veteran of threewars, died 28 July 2000 in Sterling,Virginia, at the age of 80. Born inBrooklyn, New York, Platt was com-missioned a Marine second lieutenantin June 1940 upon graduation fromNorwich University in Vermont.During World War II, he rose to therank of major, and participated innumerous combat operations in thePacific, earning the Navy Commenda-tion and Bronze Star Medals, bothwith Combat “V,” and the PurpleHeart. In 1946 he worked with thesmall group of Marines (sometimesknown as the “Chowder Society”) whofought to protect the future of theMarine Corps during the movement tounify the military services. He was abattalion commander during theKorean War, where he earned theLegion of Merit with Combat “V.”During the Vietnam War, Gen Plattwas Assistant Division Commander, 3dMarine Division, and later becameChief of Staff to LtGen Lewis W. Walt,the commander of all Marine forces inVietnam. Gen Platt received a Silver

Star for heroism in Vietnam. Upon hisreturn to the United States in late 1966,Gen Platt served at Headquarters, U.S.Marine Corps, and was promoted in1968 to major general. He retired in1970 as Deputy Assistant Chief of Stafffor Personnel.

Col James E. Johnson

Col James E. Johnson, USMC (Ret)died 27 July 2000 in Honolulu, Hawaii,at the age of 81. A native of St. Louis,Missouri, Johnson entered the MarineCorps via the Navy’s V-5 program atthe University of Missouri in 1941. Heserved as a Marine aviator in WorldWar II, Korea, and Vietnam. AtGuadalcanal during World War II, hewas credited with four aerial victorieswhile serving with VMF-112. An avidathlete, Colonel Johnson served bothas a player and coach with the ElToro, California, Marine football teamsof the late 1940s, and later coachedthe Quantico, Virginia, Marine trackteam in the early 1950s. He retiredfrom the Marine Corps in 1967.

Col Verle E. Ludwig

Col Verle E. Ludwig, USMC (Ret)died 17 October 2000, in Twentynine

Palms, California, at the age of 78. Anative of Indiana, and graduate ofIndiana University, he entered theMarine Corps in 1942, and participat-ed in the Russell Islands and Okinawacampaigns. During the Korean War,he served as Public InformationOfficer of the 1st Marine Division, and upon his return from Korea, joined theHistorical Branch of Headquarters,U.S. Marine Corps. During theVietnam War, he served as a battalioncommander, and was awarded aLegion of Merit. A prolific writer, heco-authored the first volume of theofficial History of U.S. Marine CorpsOperations in World War II, and wasauthor of the U.S. Marines atTwentynine Palms, California. Inaddition, he wrote numerous articlesfor Marine Corps Gazette and Leather-neck. Colonel Ludwig retired from theMarine Corps in 1975, and taughtcourses in writing at several local col-leges in the Twentynine Palms area

Maj Douglas T. Jacobson

Maj Douglas T. Jacobson, USMC(Ret), died 20 August 2000 in PortCharlotte, Florida. He was 74. Born inRochester, New York, Jacobson was

In Memoriam

Major General Platt,a Veteran of Three Warsby Robert V. Aquilina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

MajGen Jonas M. PlattThen Cpl Douglas T. Jacobson

Then LtCol Verle E. Ludwig


(Ret), died 21 February 2000 inJacksonville, North Carolina, at the ageof 80. A native of New York City,McHugh grew up in Philadelphia, andenlisted in the Marine Corps in 1938.He participated in several World War IIcampaigns including Guadalcanal,New Britain, and Peleliu, where hewas wounded and evacuated. During the Korean War, McHugh participatedin operations at the Pusan Perimeter,Inchon, Seoul, and the ChosinReservoir. Following his return in 1951to the United States, McHugh roserapidly through the non-commis-sioned officer ranks, and was selectedin 1962 as the third Sergeant Major ofthe Marine Corps. Following this tourof duty, SgtMaj McHugh went toOkinawa as Sergeant Major of CampSmedley D. Butler, and later served inVietnam as Sergeant Major of the 1stMarine Aircraft Wing. He retired fromthe Marine Corps in 1970. ❑ 1775❑

SgtMaj Thomas J. McHugh

SgtMaj Thomas J. McHugh, USMC

raised on Long Island, and left schoolat age 17 to enlist in the Marine Corps.He was veteran of the Tinian andSaipan campaigns, but achieved fameon 26 February 1945 at Iwo Jima.While serving with 3d Battalion, 23dMarines, 4th Marine Division, he wascredited with destroying numerousenemy fortifications and blockhouses,which greatly assisted the prodress ofhis Marine unit on the island. After thewar, Jacobson left the Corps, but wasrecalled for the Korean War, and thenmade the Marine Corps his career. Helater served in Vietnam before retiringin 1967. Major Jacobson joinedPresident Clinton and other MarineMedal of Honor recipients in a 1995ceremony at the Marine CorpsMemorial which marked the 50thanniversary of the Iwo Jima campaign.Major Jacobson had moved to Floridain 1987, and is survived by his wifeand three daughters.

SgtMaj Thomas J. McHugh

Identify the individuals who uttered these words:

1. “Retreat hell! We’re just attacking in another direction.”

2. “I have just returned from visiting the Marines at thefront and there is not a finer fighting organization in theworld.”

3. “We’ve been looking for the enemy for several daysnow. We’ve finally found them. We’re surrounded. Thatsimplifies our problem of getting to these people andkilling them.”

4. “The safest place in Korea was right behind a platoonof Marines. Lord, how they could fight. The Reds told usthey were afraid to tangle with the Marines and avoidedthem when they could be located.”

5. “The amphibious landing of U.S. Marines onSeptember 1950 at Inchon, on the west coast of Korea,was one of the most audacious and spectacularly suc-cessful amphibious landings in all naval history.”

6. “The Marine Corps is the Navy’s police force and as

long as I am President that is what it will remain. Theyhave a propaganda machine that is almost equal toStalin’s.”

7. “There is no better group of fighting men anywhere inthe world than the Marine Corps. If it is maintained at aproper size it will provide a force which will act as adeterrent to small aggressors and will contain majoraggressions until our Army can organize for the majorland effort which will be necessitated by large-scaleaggression.”

8. “I know that this operation will be sort of helter-skel-ter. But the 1st Marine Division is going to win the warby landing at Inchon.”

9. “What the American people want to do is fight a warwithout getting hurt. You cannot do that any more thanyou can go into a barroom brawl without getting hurt.”

10. “In the vast complex of the Department of Defense,the Marine Corps plays a lonely role.”

(Answers on page 23)

Historical Quiz

Quotes from the Korean Warby Lena M. Kaljot

Reference Historian


in the midst of enhancing and furtherexpanding the comprehensive scriptfor the planned exhibits in theHeritage Center, and needed a signifi-cant artifact for the Boxer Rebellionexhibit. Since the only other BoxerRebellion Medal of Honor in themuseum’s collection (SgtMaj DanDaly’s) was already planned for exhib-it in the “Icons of the Corps” section ofthe Heritage Center, this medal filledthat gap. He offered the medal to theMuseum, and in December he volun-teered to deliver the medal toQuantico in person.

Presently, the museum plans to dis-play the medal as one of the cen-

terpieces in the Heritage Center’sBoxer Rebellion exhibit. ❑ 1775❑

China, 21 June 1900, Kates distin-guished himself by meritorious con-duct.” However, according to a shortnotation in his records, Sgt Thomas W.Kates deserted in 1903, and was notheard of again. No reasons are givenfor his desertion. It is hoped thatfuture research will clear up the mys-tery of Kates’ career and later life.

Maj Throm purchased the medalfrom a pawn shop in Northern

Virginia in the 1960s, and later loanedit to the Freedom’s Foundation inValley Forge, Pennsylvania. After hav-ing the medal back in his possessionfor a few years, he approached theMarine Corps Museum staff in October2000, about the possibility of donatingthe medal. Fortuitously, the staff was

On 22 February 2001, retired MajRobert B. Throm of Charlestown,

Pennsylvania, presented the Medal ofHonor awarded to then-Pvt ThomasWilbur Kates to the Marine CorpsMuseum in a brief ceremony at theMuseums Branch Research Facility inQuantico. LtCol Robert J. Sullivan,USMC, Head, Museums Branch,accepted the gift for the History andMuseums Division, and led the discus-sions with Maj Throm to establish themedal’s history.

Thomas Wilbur Kates was born on7 May 1865, in Shelby Center, NewYork, and at the age of 34, was livingin Buffalo, New York, when he enlist-ed in the U.S. Marine Corps at theBrooklyn Navy Yard in 1899, shortlyafter the end of the Spanish-AmericanWar. Then-Pvt Kates was assigned tothe Philippines, and served with theMarine Brigade fighting the Filipinoinsurrectos.

When the Boxer Rebellion brokeout in May 1900, Kates’ company wasmobilized as part of Col Littleton W. T.Waller’s Marine Battalion and shippednorth to China. Arriving at Taku on 19June, the Marines joined a Russianinfantry battalion and attacked a muchlarger force of Chinese Imperial troopsand Boxers the next day. The interna-tional force was forced to disengageunder an exceptionally fierce Chinesecounterattack and, while covering thewithdrawal, Kates joined a party oftwo officers (one of them the soon-to-be legendary Lt Smedley D. Butler)and three other enlisted Marines torescue a wounded fellow Marine whohad been inadvertently left behind.Although two of the Marines in thegroup were also wounded, the partysuccessfully carried the woundedMarine for seven miles, without astretcher. Kates was awarded hisMedal of Honor by order of GeneralOrder 55, 19 July 1901, and his citationread, “In the presence of the enemyduring the advance on Tientsin,

Uniform and Heraldry Collection

Boxer Rebellion Medal of Honor Donated to Museumby Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas

Curator of Material History

This close-up shows the reverse of Sgt Thomas W. Kates’ Medal of Honor, award-ed for his service during the Boxer Rebellion.


Books in Review

Marine Tank Battles in the Pacificby LtCol Jon T. Hoffman, USMCR

Deputy Director

Oscar E. Gilbert, Marine TankBattles In The Pacific (Con-

shohocken, PA: Combined Publishers,2001).

Oscar E. Gilbert brings an eclecticbackground to his book about Marinetanks in World War II. The formerartilleryman possesses a doctorate andworks as a geoscientist. He also is aleading figure in the Armor Modelingand Preservation Society. Those attrib-utes served him well in writing thisvolume. He understands the MarineCorps and its peculiar lingo, possessesthe inquiring mind of an academic,and has the eye for detail of an avidmodeler. Although he initially set outto create the definitive account ofMarine armor in the Pacific campaign,he ultimately focused his attention on“the human experience of the menwho fought in the tanks.” The result isan excellent book that fully achievesthat goal.

If the book has a weakness, it is itsreliance on secondary works to pro-vide the basis for the narrative threadof places and events. The sourcebooks Gilbert chose are generallysolid works and the resulting story hepulled from them is accurate, but inforegoing original action reports, com-bat journals, personal diaries, and let-ters, he missed out on the contempo-rary words of the men themselves.The welcome exceptions are his useof writings published by participantsduring or shortly after the war. Theauthor himself points out that somearticles, such as Lieutenant RobertBlake’s “Death on the Munda Trail,”are “surprisingly modern in theirgraphic descriptions of the stress andsavagery of close combat.” (p.58) Thepublisher also did not do the authorjustice with the maps, which are ratherpoor, but those are a minor feature ina book which is not primarily aboutthe operational details of battles.Photographs, on the other hand, areplentiful and well captioned.

The heart of the book is in the per-sonal stories mined from numerousinterviews with surviving veterans ofthe Pacific war. Gilbert recognized therisk of relying heavily on old recollec-tions and did his best to avoid theobvious pitfalls. He warns the readerup front about the inherent perils ofMarine “sea stories,” but rightlyopines: “[T]he story of these men wasworth telling. . . . the only foolproofway to avoid error is to do nothing,and that would be the greater error.”

The result is a vivid, personalaccount of tank warfare in all

Marine battles in the Pacific. On onelevel, the reader discovers details thatalmost always fall below the radarscreen of more typical combat narra-tives. How a crewman relieves himselfinside a cramped armored vehiclemay seem mundane, but the lack of aprovision for such necessary activityin early models affected the combatcapability of the men stuck insidethem for long periods.

But Gilbert’s account covers higherlevel issues, as well. He discusses

training and doctrine and fully devel-ops how those key ingredients of bat-tlefield effectiveness evolved over thecourse of the war. In early operations,the author makes the case that Marinelight tanks tended to operate indepen-dently and often ran into difficulties asa result. The greater armor and fire-power of the medium Sherman tanksplayed a valuable role in the seizure ofTarawa Atoll, but they were commit-ted piecemeal and therefore did nothave as great an impact as they mighthave. Gilbert believes that the bloodybattle on Betio Island at Tarawaspurred the 2d Marine Division todevelop and hone the finest tank-infantry tactics of the Pacific cam-paign.

The author also describes the capa-bilities of the various models of

tanks and how Marine crewmen madetheir own adaptations to enhance sur-vivability and combat performance. Ina fore-runner of the reactive armorplaced on Marine tanks in the GulfWar, crewmen overlaid thick woodenplanks on their Shermans in thePacific to ward off the magnetic mineswhich Japanese soldiers tried toemplace by hand. Ingenuity at thefront and among the rank and fileseemed to be at least as great and aseffective as that generated by devel-opment agencies back in the States.

In his coverage of combat opera-tions, he uses the recollections of theparticipants to correct or expand uponearlier campaign accounts. Readersthus come away with a better under-standing of the role that tanks playedin a number of battles over the courseof the war.

Gilbert has written a concise, read-able, informative story. More impor-tant, in capturing the memories ofthese men, the author also has createda valuable primary source that willinfuse many future secondary works.

❑ 1775❑


War. It includes a bibliography,biographies, an historical overview,and selected primary documents aswell as chapters on the WesternAlliance and the conflict, the USSR,China, and the POW issue.

Histories

The Outpost War: U.S. Marines inKorea, 1952. Lee Ballenger.Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000. 282pp. The author served in tank andreconnaissance units during theKorean War. In preparing this work,he interviewed other veterans of the1st Marine Division. In 1952, the U.N.forces shifted from maneuver tactics totactics of holding on to territorygained, a type of warfare reminiscentof WWI trench warfare. Here theMarines fought the balance of the waragainst Chinese Communist forceswith both sides fighting over the hillsbetween their trench lines. Presentlythe author is working on the secondvolume of the Outpost War to coverthe year 1953.

Triumph on 1240; the Story of DogCompany Seventh Marines in Korea.Colonel R.D. Humphreys, USMC,Retired. Chapel Hill, NC: ProfessionalPress, 1998. 252 pp. This book is thehistory of the men of Dog Co., 2dBattalion, 7th Marines in the KoreanWar. The title comes from their fighton the night of 27 Nov 1950 when acompany of Marines defended theirhilltop against an onslaught of numer-ous Chinese Communist troops.

Memoirs and Personal Recollections

One Bugle, No Drums; The Marines atChosin Reservoir. William B. Hopkins.Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books,1986. 274 pp. Captain Hopkins wascommanding officer of H&S Com-pany, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines at theChosin Resevoir. This book describesthe battle between the Marines andthe Chinese Communists for Hill 1081,

a battle that has since become knownas a classic in small unit military oper-ations. Included in the book are tworeports by S.L.A. Marshall on the bat-tle.

Men in Low Cut Shoes. MorganBrainard. Great Neck, NY: Todd &Honeywell, Inc., 1986. 173 pp. This isthe story of a Marine Corps rifle com-pany during the Korean War. Theauthor wrote this book using his war-time journal. He covers his unit’s train-ing, their combat, and their manyfriendships. The campaigns he de-scribes include the landing at Inchon,and the fighting at Seoul, Majon-Ni,and Hill 1081.

Korean Vignettes: Faces of War.Arthur W. Wilson, editor and NormanL. Strickbine, photographer. Portland,OR: Artwork Publications, 1996. 488pages. These are the memories of 201men who fought in the Korean War,their thoughts, their photographs,even their poetry. Includes 298 pho-tographs. Both the editor and the pho-tographer served in the war.

This is a representative selection ofbooks, CDs, and videos about the

Korean War. Most of them are avail-able through local or online book-stores or through local libraries.

Reference books

Encyclopedia of the Korean War; aPolitical, Social, and Military History.Spencer C. Tucker, editor. SantaBarbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2000. 3 vol-umes. This is a comprehensive three-volume encyclopedia on the KoreanWar, arranged alphabetically by topic.Each individual entry includes a ref-erence list for added reading. Theappendices include the order of battlefor the opposing forces, Medal ofHonor recipients, a timeline, a glos-sary of terms, and a bibliography forfurther reading. The volumes also fea-ture maps and photographs.

The Korean Conflict. Burton I.Kaufman. Westport, CT: GreenwoodPress, 1999. 193 pp. This is part of the"Guides to Historic Events of theTwentieth Century" and is a helpfulone-volume reference on the Korean

Book Notes

Books, CDs, and Videos about the Korean Warby Evelyn A. Englander

Historical Center Librarian


Videos

The Korean War (originally aired asThe Korean War: Fire and Ice) NewYork, NY: The History Channel, 1999.A video history of the war in four parts

explores the origins, conduct of thewar, and its political implications.

Korea: the Forgotten War. Easton, PA:Lou Reda Productions, 1987. Hostedby Robert Stack and using rarearchival footage, this video traces thewar from its outbreak through the finaltruce negotiations.

Forgotten Heroes: the U.S. MarineCorps in Korea. Boulder, CO: DaneHansen Productions, 1994. This docu-mentary features Korean War battlesand also interviews with Marines whofought there. Those interviewedinclude: General Ray Murray, GeneralEdwin Simmons, Colonel Carl Sitter,and Major Jack Buck. They bring thestories of Naktong Bulge, Fox Hill, andNo Name Ridge to life.

CD

Sea Services in the Korean War.

Produced by U.S. Naval Institute andSonalysts, Inc., working with the his-torical offices of the U.S. Navy, MarineCorps, and Coast Guard. The CD con-tains the complete text of the officialU.S. Navy and Marine Corps historiesplus The Sea War in Korea by MalcolmW. Cagle and Frank A. Manson. Alsoincluded are 280 photos and 185maps. ❑ 1775❑

Answers to the Historical Quiz

Quotes from the Korean Warby Lena M. Kaljot.

Reference Historian

(Questions on page 19)

1. Attributed to MajGen Oliver P. Smith, CommandingGeneral of the 1st Marine Division in Korea (1950),regarding his order for Marines to move southeast to theHamhung area from the Hagaru perimeter.

2. Gen Douglas MacArthur, on the outskirts of Seoul,Korea, 21 September 1950.

3. Attributed to Col Lewis B. “Chesty” Puller duringthe Chosin Reservoir campaign in Korea, November1950.

4. MajGen Frank E. Lowe, USA, President Truman’sobserver in Korea.

5. Bernard Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy, p. 238.

6. President Harry S. Truman, in a 29 August 1950 letterto Congressman Gordon L. McDonough replying to

McDonough’s 21 August 1950 suggestion that the MarineCorps be entitled to full recognition as a major branch ofthe Armed Forces.

7. Senator Irving M. Ives, New York, in a statement sub-mitted to the Senate Sub-committee Hearings on 5.677,Committee on Armed Services, 82d Congress, 1st Session,April 13-21, 1951 (“A bill to fix the personnel strength ofthe United States Marine Corps, and to make theCommandant of the Marine Corps a permanent memberof the Joint Chiefs of Staff”).

8. Gen Douglas MacArthur, USA, in conversation withMajGen Oliver P. Smith, USMC, August 1950.

9. LtGen Lewis B. “Chesty” Puller, 1951.

10. Honorable John Nicholas Brown: To the SenateArmed Forces Committee, 17 April 1951.


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BULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAM · 2016-02-08 · Historical Bulletin Vol.XXIX,No.1...

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