Building Water Resistant Durable Pavements

Using Zydex Nanotechnology

By

Vishal Saluja – Vice President , Zydex Industries

Presentation to ASHGHAL, Qatar Public Works Authority

Oxidation

• Binder loss leading to raveling

• Loosening of the mix leading to surface cracking

• Increased Surface Roughness

Moisture

• Stripping of the aggregates and bitumen

• Inefficient compaction

Cracking

• Potholes and undulations

• High thermal cracking due to temp variations

• Premature pavement failures

• Increased maintenance costs

Bleed

• Tracking

• Pitting out/Pulling up chunks of pavements

• Slipperiness

Failures/Issues most common in roads and highways

Common Factor here is Water/Moisture Ingress

3

How is the Pavement weakened

by ingress of water

Water Intrusion through Soil

Water Intrusion through Soil

Water Intrusion through Soil

Water Intrusion through Soil

Water Intrusion through Soil

Water Intrusion through Soil

10

Damage due to freeze thaw

Damage due to freeze thaw

Damage due to freeze thaw

Damage due to freeze thaw

Damage due to freeze thaw

Damage due to freeze thaw

High performing mix to meet current needs

Technology that works under different climatic zones

User friendly technology

Permanent solution to the problem

Cost effective solution

Tested and approved

ANSWER IS ZYDEX ROAD SOLUTION

Currently being used in 65 + countries worldwide

Tested, approved and accepted globally

Received several awards globally under technology & Innovation

What is the solution to these issues

3C NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHEMICAL

BONDING

CONSISTENT

COMPACTION

COMPLETE

COATING

Chemical bonding is far superior to the physical bonding of bitumen

and aggregate

Bitumen bonded chemically to aggregate will ensure that stripping

and oxidation of bitumen is eliminated

Extended time & temperature of moisture conditioning parameter,

shows excellent retention of wet strength due to chemical bonding

Zycotherm mixes comply to AASHTO T 283 / ASTM tests (to

simulate ageing of actual production of mixes)

CHEMICAL BONDING

THE CHEMICAL ACTION

Aggregate / Soil / Clay / Sand surface silicate structure after ZycoTherm reaction

O

S i

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O

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O O

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S i S i S i S i S i S i S i

O

O O

O O O O O

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O H O H

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S i

O

O O

O O

O

O

S i

O

O H

O

S i

O

O H

O

S i

O

O H O H

Particle surface

-OH groups make surface very hydrophilic (water loving)

Particle surface

Internal

Siloxane bonds

Aggregate / Soil / Clay / Sand surface silicate structure

Silanol

Groups

ZycoTherm

creates molecular

level hydrophobic

zone

(water repellent)

4 - 6 nm

Alkyl

Siloxane

surface

CHEMICAL BONDING

Basalt Granite Limestone

Aggregate Surface with ZycoTherm Nano Layer

Weak Physical Bonding

Strong Chemical Bonding

Polar Asphaltenes

(5- 15%)

BITUMEN BINDER MICROSTRUCTURE

In Non-Polar

Maltenes (85-95%) dispersed

Polar - Polar Interaction

5-15 % Asphalt participates in

Bonding

Non Polar – Non Polar Interaction

85-95 % Asphalt participates in

Bonding

ZYCOTHERM – AGGREGATE - BINDER INTERACTION

ORANGE PEEL EFFECT APPLE SKIN EFFECT

Stripped

Binder Clean

Water

Aggregate

Faster Coating & Consistent Compaction Better workability, Pave at 0o Celsius, Higher RAP

BOIL TEST ASTM D3625 : EXTEND TO 6 HOURS

Basalt Aggregate (DBM) : 45% 20 mm, 10% 10 mm, 45% less than 6 mm with stone dust

Asphalt Grade: AC-20 (VG-30, 60-70 penetration grade)

0102030405060708090

100

Control 2%Hydrated

Lime

0.5% Amine 0.1%ZycoTherm

10 min

30 min

1 hr

6 hrs% C

oate

d A

ggre

gate

s

PG 64-22 / VG 30 / 60-70 Pen PG 76-22

SALT RESISTANT PAVEMENTS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PMB Control165 C

PMB + 0.1%ZycoTherm

135 C

10 Min

1 Hr

6 Hr

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Control 135 C Control 120 C 1% HydratedLime 135 C

0.5% Amine135 C

0.1%ZycoTherm

120 C

10 Min

1 Hr

6 Hr

BOIL TEST ASTM D3625 : EXTEND TO 6 HOURS

Basalt Aggregate (DBM) : 45% 20 mm, 10% 10 mm, 45% less than 6 mm with stone dust

Asphalt Grade: AC-20 (VG-30, 60-70 penetration grade)

25

Boil Test Retained Coating 98 % of ZT mix v/s control 65 %

Test 30 minutes as per IS 14982 Mix made with VG 30 Bitumen Granite Aggregates

Control Treated

EFFECT OF ZYCOTHERM ON BITUMEN BINDER

Bitumen Parameter Outcome

Performance Grading It maintains the grading

Viscosity AASHTO T316

at 135 0C

Rotational Viscosity remains unchanged

Rutting Improves Rut Resistance (higher G*/Sinδ)

Aging Improves retention of elasticity reflected by higher phase

angle (in PAV aged asphalt binder)

Low Temperature

Flexibility (BBR Test

AASHTO T 313)

Similar / Higher m value at -12 0C, even though the G*

shows consistently higher values at 64 0C

Stiffness Penetration number goes down showing increase

stiffness of the binder

STATIC IMMERSION AASHTO T182 TEST :

EXTEND TO 360 HRS

Basalt Aggregate (DBM) : 45% 20 mm, 10% 10 mm, 45% less than 6 mm with stone dust

Asphalt Grade: AC-20 (VG-30, 60-70 pen. Grade)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Control 2% Lime 0.5% Amine 0.1% Zycosoil

24 Hours 48 Hours 120 Hours 360 Hours

0.1 % ZycoTherm

% C

oate

d A

ggre

gate

s

MARSHALL WET COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

AASHTO T165 / ASTM D1075

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Binder AC-10 Binder AC-20 CRMB-1 PMB-40

Control 2% Hydrated Lime 0.1% Zycosoil

2.85

2.70

3.02

2.71

3.14

3.09 2.95

2.78 3.18

3.10 3.00

M

ars

ha

ll S

tab

ility

(K

g)

3.05

Flow Values (mm)

Basalt Aggregate (DBM) : 45% 20 mm, 10% 10 mm, 45% less than 6 mm with stone dust

Asphalt Grade: AC-20 (VG-30, 60-70 pen. Grade)

2% Hydrated Lime 0.1% ZycoTherm Control

COMPLETE COATING

COMPLETE COATING

Eliminates air interface at the aggregate surface due to faster

coating, wetting and saturation of finest pores & crevices on

aggregates / fines with bitumen

AGEING EFFECT ?

Bitumen

Binder

Control With ZycoTherm

Air Interface Pinhole Free Surface, Jet black look

Reduces Oxidative effect at the aggregate – bitumen interface

to ensure longer life

Accelerated bitumen oxidation happens due to extra air

interface created by poor saturation and de-bonding of bitumen

film on account of wet & dry cycles during the pavement

service life

RESISTANCE TO OXIDATION

RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE

Extends Pavement Fatigue Life because of improved stress

transfer due to complete mechanical impregnation of bitumen

into the finest pores of aggregate surface

ZycoTherm modified bitumen leads to faster coating and easier mixing with

less Torque to saturate the rough and porous aggregates.

Ensures improved mechanical interlocking of bitumen at the aggregate

interface for improved fatigue performance

Improves the heat transfer to RAP and mixing of virgin binder with oxidized

hardened RAP binder

Eliminates entrapped air between bitumen binder and aggregates and

gives the Jet Black look

Rate of Oxidation of bitumen binder is reduced due to elimination of air at

the aggregate surface

EFFICIENT WETTING

Faster wetting and 100 % dispersion of fines below 75 microns ensures

efficient distribution of bitumen binder in HMA mixes. This results in lesser

requirement of bitumen by 0.1 – 0.4%

Poor saturation of porous aggregates is a major cause of pre-mature

failures due to moisture susceptibility and oxidation. ZycoTherm modified

mixes show distinct improvement in performance, though the OBC may go

up marginally

OPTIMUM BINDER CONTENT

Cumulative Effect Of The Above

Aggregate OBC

Low Absorption Lowers

Medium Absorption Maintains

High Absorption Increases

Colorado, USA

JET BLACK LOOK

Complete Saturation

CONSISTENT COMPACTION

Lowers Mixing Temperature by 10-15 0C Cooler Hot Mixes

Lowers Compaction Temperature by 35-40 0C Warm Mix Benefit

Eliminates Variability of Compaction Density Upto 90 – 100 0C

Texas Experience

ZycoTherm HMA mixes (unmodified bitumen) delivered to job sites at

145 0C (in front of the plant site) and 105 0C (hauling for 4 hours &

paving on ranch), have been rolled successfully achieving specified

compaction density

CONSISTENT COMPACTION

COMPACTION EFFICIENCY

38

Consistent Compaction at Lower Temperature

Mexican Transportation Institute

Greater compaction

can be achieved for the

same and lower

temperatures than

reference mix

Mixes often cool down

unexpectedly, due to

drop in ambient

temperature, high wind

speeds or a sudden

rain shower. This leads

to inconsistent

densities during paving

operations.

Compaction temperatures for unmodified PG 58-22 in the

range of 131-136 0C in Nova Scotia, AMEC Americas Ltd

Compaction density is consistent from 135 - 950 C

Eliminates Variability

39

Bitumen Mixes Compaction Resistance at Lower Temperatures

Innovationsgesellschaf

t Technische

Universität

Braunschweig mbH

Mix

Type

Binde

r Type

C /

ZT

Compacti

on Temp OC

50 %

Coating

Sec

Compaction

Resistance

21Nm

Void

Content

Vol %

AC 16

BS

50/70 C 135 25 41.6 7.0

ZT 135 15 43.5 7.1

115 19 42.8 7.2

95 19 41.3 6.9

AC 11

DS

25/55

-55 A

C 145 37 37.3 4.3

ZT 145 22 34.2 4.6

125 30 36.5 5.0

105 30 36.5 5.3

Mixes often cool

down

unexpectedly, due

to drop in ambient

temperature, high

wind speeds or a

sudden rain

shower. This leads

to inconsistent

densities during

paving operations.

Often, this either

attracts penalty or

bonus is missed

due to inconsistent

densities.

40

Deformation

maintained with

acceptable tolerance,

for similar

temperatures as

reference mix,

according to AMAAC

specifications

Lowering mixing &

compaction

temperature does not

affect rutting behavior

Rutting Test

42

Higher Number of Cycles means Higher

Fatigue Life Reduction in

cracking in

surface layers –

field experience

Saturation of

micro pores and

complete coating

of fines leads to

higher bitumen-

aggregate

interface area

leading to better

load transfer

Reduced stress

for the mix

improves fatigue

resistance

Flexural Fatigue Test AASHTO T321-07

43

Flexural Fatigue Test AASHTO T321-07

Beam µԑ Reference Beam

Nf

ZycoTherm Beam Nf

Fatigue life Increment

1 300 3,995,009 5,480,003 37%

2 400 713,381 1,300,000 82%

3 500 224,321 380,010 69%

4 600 67,758 190,010 180%

44

Flexural Fatigue Test AASHTO T321-07

Number of cycles in

which the beam

stiffness modulus

decreases 50%

compared to its initial

value.

RUT RESISTANCE

PLASTIC DEFORMATION (RUTTING)

ZYCOTHERM & RUT RESISTANCE

• At 0,075% ZT, deformation maintained with acceptable

tolerance, for similar temperatures as the reference mix,

according to AMAAC specifications

• Lowering mixing temp. and compaction temp. does not

affect rutting behavior.

ZYCOTHERM & RUT RESISTANCE

MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY – WET WHEEL TEST AASHTO T 324

Moisture sensitive Dolomite Aggregate

Keystone Quarry under wet condition at 50 oC

Measure Control ZycoTherm modified

SIP 4600 11000

Rut Depth 10 mm

Utah DOT

9300 14300

49

Deformation

maintained with

acceptable tolerance,

for similar

temperatures as

reference mix,

according to AMAAC

specifications

Lowering mixing &

compaction

temperature does not

affect rutting behavior

Rutting Test

MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES

Odor Free: Zycotherm modified bitumen mixes

exhibit low odor, making paving crew comfortable

Cleaner Tanks: Zycotherm added in bitumen binder

eliminates buildup as well tend to clean old build-up

Lesser heating: Results in reduction of heating time

to half due to cleaner coils

Cleaner Equipment's & flights: Reduced stickiness to

the metal helps to maintain cleaner elevators and

buckets. It helps to maintain consistency in

gradation and eliminates periodic cleaning required

Paving season extended: Zycotherm allows paving in

sub-zero (-50 C) temperature, or in cold windy

conditions since it gives extended workability up to

90 0 C for unmodified bitumen & 1050 C for SBS

binder

Health Rating ZycoTherm 1

( for Amine 3)

REACH Registered

TSCA Registered

Odor reduction due to less volatiles

Non corrosive to equipment &

machinery

Low temp at production and paving

– lesser emissions

Low carbon footprint

KEY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Zycotherm is a safer product

compared to typical products

used for antistrip or warm

mix purposes

Approximate pH

ZycoTherm- 7

Amines- 11

Lime- 12

NFPA Health Rating

ZycoTherm- 1

Amines- 3

Lime- 3

DOSAGE

Asphalt Binder ZycoTherm Dosage

(% by weight of asphalt binder)

Unmodified 0.1

PMB

(SBS Polymer - below 3%) 0.125

PMB

(SBS Polymer - above 3%) 0.15

CRMB (Rubber 12-15%) 0.15

RAP / RAS 0.15 – 0.20

54

Dosing Zycotherm in Bitumen Binder

Co-inject / Pour ZycoTherm with bitumen binder before loading tanker in refinery or in

storage tank under re-circulation, while unloading tanker at HMA plant storage tank

Co-inject ZycoTherm EZ with

bitumen binder prior to mixing with

aggregates for a particular batch

being made in batch or drum plant

Much better resistance to thermal cracking

Better resistance to permanent deformation (rutting)

Reduced Odor of the mix compared to CRMB mix

Fuel saving due to lower mixing temperature (10 - 150 C)

Much Improved Compaction

Enables increase of crumbs % in the bitumen binder

Higher moisture resistance at par with PMB ( ~ 10 – 15%)

Increased resistance to crack propagation

ADVANTAGES OF CRMB WITH ZYCOTHERM

ZYCOTHERM & RAP

There are certain limitations of RAP addition. The challenge with use of

RAP is melting and recovery of used asphalt in the limited time

available for mixing. As a result, it is very difficult to achieve complete

coating and to ensure that the final mix is homogeneous and workable.

Usually, RAP is cold and moist which calls for mixing temperature to be

raised, but the temperature cannot raised beyond a limit, as :

It will cause blue smoke

Higher temp expedites aging of binders – both virgin and RAP binder

End result:

Incomplete melting and mixing of RAP binder with virgin binder

Result is stiff, non-homogeneous mixes with poor workability

Limitations of RAP

SOLUTION

Zycotherm reduces the binder surface tension – enables better wetting,

faster coating and easy mixing. This better wetting and faster coating

ensures efficient heat transfer in the same available mixing time

Easy mixing of Virgin binder and molten binder from RAP, leads to

homogeneous mix

Bottom Line:

One can increase the RAP percentage in the mix till the OBC is maintained.

In other words, it is a trade-off between increase in RAP percentage (cost

saving) and quality of plant mix.

ZYCOTHERM AND HEAT-TRANSFER TO RAP

Heat Transfer to RAP takes place as follows :

Heated virgin aggregates[Conduction] RAP (Small part of total heat transfer)

Heated aggregates[Convection] Molten Asphalt[Conduction] RAP (Major part)

ZT enables faster wetting of RAP and improves heat transfer efficiency to help melting

and recovery of RAP in available mixing time, giving a homogeneous mix.

VIRGIN AGGREGATES

@ ambient temp.

RAP @ ambient temp.

Heat Transfer through Radiation.

Temp raises to 200-250 0C

EXHAUST

LIQUID

ASPHALT

@ 160 0C

HOT MIX

BURNER

Zydex Proposal for Increased RAP

Without Additional Heat Input

Increase RAP with Same Heat Input

Heat balance calculations show that increasing the proportion of RAP in

the mix by 6.5 % (of the total mix by weight) and keeping the heat input

the same causes the mix temperature to drop from 157 oC (315 oF) to 146 oC (295 oF)

Since Zycotherm improves heat transfer and increases incorporation of

the RAP binder it produces a homogeneous mix even at reduced

temperatures.

The Zycotherm mix will have excellent workability and will give equivalent

or better compaction than the original mix even at compaction

temperatures which are lower by 20-35 oC (40-70 oF )

Zycotherm RAP Cost Calculation (Indicative only)

Assumptions :

Cost of Asphalt Mix ~ $50 / ton

Cost of RAP (Including Milling, Crushing & Transportation ~ $8 / ton

Total binder % in Mix (From RAP + Virgin) ~ 5.3%

Computations :

Difference in Cost of Conventional Mix and RAP = $42 / ton

6.5 % increase1 in RAP will save ~ $2.73 / ton (6.5% of $42)

Cost of ZycoTherm SP (@ 0.1 %) ~ $0.96 / Ton

Net saving ~ $1.77 / ton ($2.73 – $0.96) Note :

1. Applicable only for original designs with RAP 25% or less.

2. No extra heat input will be necessary, for RAP increase by up to 6.5%.

Benefits Other Than Cost Savings

Production Benefits:

Better density even at compaction temperature reduced by 20-35 oC

(40-70 oF)

Blacker and glossy mix and no segregation

Cleaner flights, slats, silos and truck beds

Substantial Low emission & low odor

Performance over long term :

Excellent anti-strip performance

Excellent rut-resistance mix

ZYCOTHERM + RAP – TYPICAL ECOMMENDATIONS

Over heat aggregate to 250 deg C . add 35% Cold RAP in

collar section. Mix for min 25-30 sec.

Use 70-100 Pen binder if using 60-70 Pen grade binder with

RAP

The final production temperature should be maintained at

145 deg C.

If you preheat RAP to 120 deg C by installing preheaters

then you can add up to 60% which is recommended mainly

for Binder layer below wearing course.

Increase the RAP by 6.5% without any extra heat input

Zycotherm modified asphalt binder coats RAP faster,

enables better heat transfer to achieve quicker heating and

melting of hardened asphalt

Improves ease of mixing of aggregates

Better mixing & melting helps virgin binder to mix

homogenously with aged asphalt binder from RAP, to

ensure binder mix uniformity

Zycotherm mixes are greasier and compact easier even

at higher RAP / RAS %, achieving 1 - 2% higher densities

HIGHER RAP - HIGHER SAVINGS

RAP EXPERIENCE IN WASHINGTON STATE PROJECT

A large nationally‐ranked contractor in US, milled and paved 16,000 ton on SR 16 in August 2014 for the Washington State Department of Transportation using a 43% recycled asphalt pavement mix design. Owner: WSDOT Producer: Nationally Ranked Contractor Paver: Nationally Ranked Contractor Location: Burley Olalla to SR 303 Production Temp: 296 F Compaction Temp: 275 F RAP: 43% ZT Dose: 0.16% Size: 16,000 tons ZycoTherm passed the Hamburg Wheel Test with only 5.6 mm of rutting at 15,000 passes with no inflection point.

Quality and Price of Fuel will decide the Saving achieved: Our Field

experience has shown that typical saving of $0.80 – $1.5 per ton of

HMA. This varies from plant to plant and region to region

Bitumen Optimization: $ 0.60 – $ 2.4 per ton HMA (80-90 % mixes

have a lower OBC in base, binder & Wearing course.

Field experience shows typical reduction of 0.1 – 0.4% per ton of HMA

Anti-strip agent/ WMA additives : Costs $ 0.60 – 2 per ton HMA,

ZycoTherm eliminates the use of these agent / additives

Extra RAP Usage : With Zycotherm you can use nearly 7% extra RAP

with no need to use rejuvenator

Cleaner Equipment's, tanks, tipper & paver: No need for an

additional chemical for cleaning equipment when working with

Zycotherm

ECONOMICS

68

UP RAJASTHAN

BR

O

MP CHATTISGARH

MAHARASHTRA

AP KAR

JAMMU &

KASHMIR

PUN

WB

PUNJAB BR

O

Technology being used across length and width of India

69

Poland Warmian-Mazurian Voivod Road 511, PRDiM Lidzbark

Production: 155o C

Compaction Initial

Temp: 135oC

Mix Type: AC11 PMB

45/80-55

ZT EZ Dose: 0.1%

Air Temp: 2o C

Paving Time: Morning

Wind Speed: Weak

Haul Length: 25 Km

Haul Time: ½ Hour

Year: 2016

70

Poland Zabrze, Skanska

Production: 150o C

Compaction Initial

Temp: 115-120oC

Mix Type: AC 16 W 35/50

Aggregates: Limestone

RAP: 35% ZT EZ Dose: 0.10%

Air Temp: 15o C

Paving Time: Night

Wind Speed: Strong

Haul Length: 90 Km

Haul Time: 1 ½ Hours

Year: 2015

Sample

Height

[cm]

Bulk Density

in-situ

[Mg/m3]

Bulk Density

in-lab [Mg/m3]

Maximum

Density

in-lab [Mg/m3]

Compaction

index [%]

Air voids

[% (v/v)]

7,2 2,401 2,460 2,570 98 6,6

7,2 2,418 2,460 2,570 98 5,9

7,7 2,443 2,460 2,570 99 4,9

71

0

50

100

ITSR

[%

]

ITSR

ZycoTherm0,1% 0

5

10

produkcja badanietypu

PR

D [

%]

PRD [%]

ZycoTherm0,10%

Poland Zabrze, Skanska

ITSR above 90 % in the plant mix

[WT-2 2010, ITSR min 80%]

Rutting (wheel tracking test, dry

method) below 6% in the plant mix

[ PN-EN 13108-20: AC16 W PRD

max 7%, traffic category 3-4]

72

Poland Wisznica Voivod Road 812, Skanska Lublin

Production: 170o C

Compaction Initial

Temp: 140oC

Mix Type: AC16 W 50/70

Aggregates: Dolomites

+ Sandstones

RAP: 25% ZT EZ Dose: 0.05%

Air Temp: 4o C

Paving Time: Night

Wind Speed: Strong

Haul Length: 80 Km

Haul Time: 1 ½ Hours

Year: 2016

73

Sweden Fridhemsgatan Sundsvall, Peab

Production: 150-155o C /

*135o C

Mix Type: SMA 11

Bitumen: 6.2 % (0.3%

less)

RAP: 20%

ZT Dose: 0.1% added at

Nynas depot

Paving Time: Early /

*Late morning

Wind Speed: Strong

Year: 2013

SMA 11 at 150⁰C - 155 ⁰C

with lots of bitumen smoke around the paver

SMA 11 at 135 ⁰C with no bitumen smoke

around the paving crew

74

USA WA State RAP Project A large nationally‐ranked contractor in US, milled and paved 16,000 ton on SR 16 in August 2014 for the Washington State Department of Transportation using a 43% recycled asphalt pavement mix design. Owner: WSDOT Producer: Nationally Ranked Contractor Paver: Nationally Ranked Contractor Location: Burley Olalla to SR 303 Production Temp: 296 F Compaction Temp: 275 F RAP: 43% WMA Dose: 0.16% Size: 16,000 tons ZycoTherm passed the Hamburg Wheel Test with only 5.6 mm of rutting at 15,000 passes with no stripping inflection point

75

USA Colorado Long Haul Project, Elam Construction

An independent

survey of the roadway

in 2015 found minor

reflective cracking in

one section, but

otherwise no

observations of

rutting, cracking, or

raveling/weathering

after numerous harsh

Rocky Mountain

freeze/thaw cycles

Production:

Compaction Temp:

Binder: PG 58 - 28

ZT Dose: 0.10%

Haul Length: 100 Miles

Year: May 2014

76

Canada Trans Canada Highway, Lahrmann Construction

Owner: Alberta Trans,

Suffield

,

Production: 250-285 oF

Compaction Temp: 212-

250 oF

Binder: PG 64 – 28

RAP: 20%

ZT Dose:

i) 0.10% 30,000 tons

ii) 0.12% 90,000 tons (10 oC drop)

Year: Summer 2015

Mix not sticking

to the shoes.

Break-down

roller was not

shoving material

and that the

roller-checking

was gone

Able to finish

roll at cool

temperatures,

with no trouble

keeping up with

the roller train

THANK YOU