building service report

TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM

PROJECT 2

____________________________________________________________________________

Building Services

BLD 60903/ ARC 2423

Tutor: Mr. Rizal

Student name and ID: 1. Gary Yeow 0318797 2. Lynette Law 0317761 3. Foo Shi-Ko 0318262 4. Tristan Yu Tze-Xien 0317729 5. Hariish Kumar 0318852

6. Adam Tan 0317750

Building Services Project 2 || Report (BLD 60903/ARC 2423) 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. 6

2.0 Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………….. 7

3.0 Introduction: Old Folks’ Home …………………………………………………….. 8

3.1 Building Floor Plans

4.0 Fire Protection System ………………………………………………………………. 9 - 71

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature Review

4.2.1 Active fire Protection system

4.2.2 Passive fire protection system

4.3 Active fire protection system

4.3.1 Fire Detection System

4.3.1.1 Smoke Detector

4.3.1.2 Heat Detector

4.3.1.3 Flame Detector

4.3.2 Fire Alarm System (Automatic and Manual)

4.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel

4.3.2.2 Fire Emergency Light

4.3.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe

4.3.2.4 Fire Alarm Bell

4.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom System

4.3.2.6 Manual Call Point

4.3.2.7 Fireman Switch


4.3.3 Fire Fighting System

4.3.3.1 Fire Extinguisher

4.3.3.2 External Fire Hydrant

4.3.3.3 Hose Reel System

4.3.3.4 Water Sprinkler System

4.4 Passive fire protection system

4.5 Proposed System


4.5.1.1 Smoke Detector

4.5.1.2 Heat Detector

4.5.2 Fire Alarm System



4.5.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe and Alarm Bell





4.5.3.2 Dry Riser System




5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System

………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 72 - 86


5.1 Introduction


5.3 Specific System Selected

5.4 Types of Fan

5.4.1 Propeller Fan

5.4.2 Exhaust Hood

5.4.3 Centrifugal Fan

5.4.4 Ductwork

5.5 Proposed System

6.0 Air Conditioning System ……………………………………………………… 87 - 110

6.1 Introduction


6.3 Operating Principles of Air Cooling

6.3.1 Refrigeration Cycle

6.4 Types of Air Conditioning System

6.4.1 Window Air Conditioning System

6.4.2 Split Air Conditioning System

6.4.2.1 Outdoor Unit

6.4.2.2 Indoor Unit

6.4.3 Centralized Air Conditioning System

6.4.4 Packaged Air Conditioning System

6.5 Proposal of System

6.5.1 Analysis and Justifications

7.0 Mechanical Transportation System …………………………………………. 110 - 125

7.1 Introduction


7.2.1 Hydraulic Elevator

7.3 Standard Elevator Components

7.4 Operating Principles of Hydraulic Elevators

7.5 Safety System


7.6 Types of Elevator

7.6.1 Hydraulic Elevator

7.6.2 Traction Elevator

7.6.3 Machine-Room-Less(MRL) Elevator

7.7 Uniform Building By-Law & Other Requirements

8.0 Summary/ Conclusion…………………………………………….…………...…..… 126-127

9.0 References & Citation……………………………………………………………….. 128 -130


1.0 Abstract

In this assignment, we , as students are required to choose one of the group member’s design scheme from

Semester 4 Design Studio project which is Center for the Elderly. Each group is to perform a study and analysis of

the following services systems, and apply them in the proposal with appropriate justifications:

a. Mechanical ventilation

b. Air-conditioning system

c. Fire protection (active and passive fire protection system)

d. Mechanical transportation system (lift)

Throughout the assignment, we are able to explore and gain the knowledge from the building services systems.

Meanwhile, we can illustrate or apply our understanding into the proposed building, after the findings and analysis

that have been carried out. In-depth research through books and online resources has been done in order to create

precious and careful service system design. Regulations such as UBBL and Malaysian Standard are being applied

which align with building by-law which is important for us to understand the basic requirement of designing building

services.


2.0 Acknowledgement

Firstly, we would like to thank you Mr. Rizal for his guidance throughout the process of our project. Besides that, we

are also grateful that Mr. Rizal have spent his quality time with us. Helping us so much by providing some detailed

information during tutorial session. From this assignment, we have truly understand the functionality of using specific

system to ensure that the right system could be used on specific area. Finally, we would like to thank you all the

group members who put in so much effort and hard work into making the research report into a success.


3.0 Introduction: Old Folks’ Home

3.1 Building Floor


Plan


4.0 Fire Protection System

4.1 Introduction

Fire is the result of 3 major elements, which are fuel, oxygen and heat.

Fire Protection refers to the procedures and safety measures which is conducted to prevent or delay fire to be

destructive as well as reducing the impact of uncontrolled fire which could ensure the safety and property of people.

Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires. It involves

the study of the suppression and investigation of fire and its related destructive fires. It involves the study of the

suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development,

production and testing. In structures, the owner and operators are responsible to maintain their facilities in

accordance with a design-basis that is rooted in laws, including the local building code that is in effect when an

application for a building permit is made. Building inspectors check on compliance of a building under construction

with the building code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the building

code. Once construction is complete, a building must be maintained in accordance with the current fire code, which is

enforced by the fire prevention officers of a local fire department. In the event of fire emergencies, firefighters, fire

investigators, and other fire prevention personnel called to mitigate, investigate and learn from the damage of a

fire.The purpose of fire protection is to prevent building occupants, properties from the damage which resulted by fire.

It aims to avoid the fire spread from one building to another. There are 2 types of fire protections that can be carried

out, which are active fire protection system and passive fire protection system.



4.2.1 Active fire protection system

Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work

efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a

sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. The system targets to detect the early stage of fire

before it grows bigger, and notify or give emergency warning to building occupants, so that they can escape and

extinguish the fire before it’s too late. Active fire protection systems are separated into 3 stages, Fire detection, Fire

notification, and Fire fighting (Water based system and Non-water based system).

4.2.2 Passive fire protection system

By law, every building needs to have passive fire protection. It is to provide safety for the users during an evacuation

of fire. An effective passive fire protection can be done on a building by considering the users of the building, the

function of the building, the height of the building and the type of the building. Users should be protected within the

building during evacuation. Generally, the idea to escape the building is to provide escape route, emergency access,

uses of materials that have high fire resistant and not depending on the operation of mechanical device.

A safe escape route is needed to provide safe surroundings for user to be able to leave the building and gather at the

assembly point safely, hence escape route need to be kept clear from obstructions, so that there is a clear path for

user, in order to keep it clear, some areas are suggested to be emergency access. Besides, most of the time the

escape routes are normally located at areas which less likely to be the starting point of fire. Some building include

smoke chamber before entering the escape routes, normally windows are placed in this chamber to filter out the

smoke but some do it mechanically. Escape routes are also well ventilated with windows or mechanically , this is to

ensure sufficiency of oxygen within the routes. Never the less, the materials that are used need to be fire resistance

materials, it is buy time for the users to leave the building, to prevent the spreading of fire towards the escape routes.

4.3 Active fire protection system

4.3.1 Detection

Automatic fire detection systems detect the initial stage of fire and notify the building occupants to leave or take

action by giving emergency responses. This will significantly reduce property damage, personal injuries, even loss of


life from the fire. This system can use electronic sensors to detect the presence of fire resulting elements such as

smoke, heat and flames.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 225:

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with

illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

4.3.1.1 Smoke dectector

There are two main smoke alarms generally used in the industry, which are ionization detectors and photoelectric

detectors. Below is the table that showing the comparison of 2 types of smoke detectors.

Ionization smoke detector

Comparison aspects

Photoelectric smoke detector

Contain a very small amount of

americium-241 within an ionization

chamber. They create an electric

current between two metal plates,

which sound an alarm when

disrupted by smoke entering the

Principles

Contain a light source in a light-

sensitive electric sensor, which are

positioned at 90-degree angles to

one another. Normally, light from the

light source shoots straight across

and misses the sensor. When

smoke enters the chamber, it


chamber. scatters the light, which then hits the

sensor and triggers the alarm.

Faster to flaming fire (growth stage) Respond Faster to a smoldering fire (early

stage)

Contains radioactive material,

Americium-241

Environment Eco-friendly

Frequent (30% disconnected) False alarm Few (Approximately 8 times lesser)

High (56% failure for smoldering

fire, 20% failure for flaming fire)

Failure rate Low (4% failure for both smoldering

and flaming fire)

Cheap Price Expensive

4.3.1.2 Heat detector

Heat detector is used to detect the heat, where the alarm contains a thermistor (sensor) to respond to temperatures

above 58 Celsius. This detector is suitable for spaces such as kitchen and garage, as the heat alarms don’t react to

smokes, which means they are not prone to false alarms from cooking or exhaust fumes. Below are the illustrations

that shows how the heat detector works:

Stage 1. Hot air from the fire will rise and enter the sensor chamber of the detector.


Stage 2. When the chamber’s temperature rises till 58 Celsius or above, it stimulates the detector and send signal to

integrated fire control panel, which results fire alarm to ring and alert the building occupants.

4.3.1.3 Flame detector

Flame detector designated to detect the presence of fire. There are many types of fire detectors available on the

market, but the most common ones are ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR). Below is the table that shows the

comparison of both detectors.


UV flame detector Comparison aspects IR flame detector

Respond to radiation in the spectral

range of approximately 180-260

nanometers. They offer quick

response and good sensitivity.

Principles Use multiple infrared spectral

regions to further improve

differentiation of flame sources from

non-flame background radiation.

Indoors Location Both indoor and outdoor

Short range (0-50 ft) Detection range Moderate range (up to 200 ft)

Reduced by heavy smoke Detection ability Relatively immune to smoky

conditions

Costly Cost Costly

Both flame detectors’ detection capability can be affected by actual flames and radiation from sunlight, lightning,

arc welding, hot objects, and other non-flame objects.


4.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)


Fire alarm system is important in active fire protection system as its role in alerting or delivering emergency signals to

building occupants to take action as soon as possible. Usually the system can be done automatically or manual.

Automatic fire alarm system is connected with detectors (smoke,heat,flame detector) as initial sign of fire, then

trigger the fire alarm system (strobe, alarm bell) to be operated and eventually fire fighting(water sprinkler system)

will be carried out. Whereas manual fire alarm system will be started from manual pull station and fire intercom

system, which require user to operate to trigger the fire alarm and fighting system. Usually two-stage fire alarm

system being used which designated for building staff only. The staff are expected to investigate the source of the

alarm, and activate the alarm signal if the fire exists. The alarm signal is automatically set off after a predetermined

period of time if the staff have not already activated it or reset the alarm system. Staff can silent the coded alert signal

and reset the system if the alert is determined as a false alarm. Generally, there are two types of fire alarm system,

which are conventional fire alarm system and addressable fire alarm system. Below are the comparison of both

systems:

Conventional fire alarm system

Comparison aspects

Addressable fire alarm system

With a conventional system, there is Principles Every device connected to the


no way of pinpointing the exact

location of the fire. However, by

wiring your building into different

zones, you can get a general idea of

where the fire is. For instance, if you

have two floors, you could wire the

first as ‘zone 1’ and the second as

zone 2.

addressable system has its own

unique address. When a fire is

detected, the device’s address

shows up on the main control panel,

telling you exactly which device has

been activated. This will enable you

to find the exact location of a fire

and extinguish them quickly.

With a conventional alarm, each

device will be connected to the

control panel via its own wire, rather

than a shared one. One end of the

wire will be touching the device, and

another touching the control panel.

Wiring difference Addressable alarm systems connect

devices using a loop. This is where

one wire connects all devices to the

control panel. Both ends of the wire

loop connect to the control panel.

Cheaper to buy but expensive

installation cost

Price Optional, can be costly depends on

the user

If a wire has become severed, the

device will become disconnected.

Preference Reliable because the wire connects

to the control panel at both ends. If

one end of the loop becomes

severed, signals can still be sent to

the control panel via the other end of

the loop. Loop isolation modules are

also used to separate devices on

the loop. This means that if one

device becomes disconnected, it

won’t disable the circuit.



Fire emergency lighting is the lighting that provided for an emergency situation where the main power supply is cut as

well as the normal illumination fails. It operates automatically and give sufficient light to enable building occupants to

evacuate the premises safely. There are 2 types of power supply that connected to emergency light so that it can be

function by the time required, which are self-contained (single point) and central battery source. Below are the

comparison between both types of emergency light:

Self-contained Comparison aspects Central battery source

-Faster and cheaper to install

-Standard wiring material provided

-Low maintenance and hardware

equipment cost

-Each luminaire is independent of

the others

-Easily extended with additional

luminaires

-No special sub-circuit monitoring

requirement

Advantages -Easy maintenance and routine

testing

-Average battery life is 5 to 25 years

-Environmentally stable

-Can operate at high or low ambient

temperature

-May be adversely affected by a

relatively high or low ambient

Disadvantages -High capital equipment costs

-Cost of installation and wiring


temperature

-Battery life is limited between 2 to 4

years

-Testing requires isolation and

observation of luminaires on an

individual basis

system is high

-Poor system integrity whereas the

failure of battery can disable a large

part of the system

-Localised mains failure may not

trigger operation of emergency

lighting

-Voltage can be drop depends on

the distance from the central battery

Typically, self-contained luminaire

becomes most popular choice due

to the cost from installation and

material

Preference

4.3.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe

Strobe light is designated to deliver cost-efficient installation time. Usually this light will be provided along with alarm

bell, to produce visual-audio system to alert the occupants during the fire. There are few choices available in the

market, but the most common colors that can be found are red and white. Voltages that usually involved in the

operation of this device are 12 or 24 volt. It provides light by giving 1 or 2 flashes per second, which creates greater

attention compared to constant lighting.

4.3.2.4 Fire Alarm Bell


Fire alarm bell is the device that delivers high pressure sound pressure output that gives warning to occupants during

the fire. Most of the fire alarm bell makes sounds like a siren but alternating frequencies. It is available for 120 volt

(AC) or 24 volt (DC), which offered in variable sizes, such as 6,8, and 10 inches. Usually it is painted in red color so

that can be noticed from far.

4.3.2.5 Fireman Intercom System

Fireman Intercom System provides a direct communication between master fire control room and remote handset

station. Master fire control room has the All remote handset have continuous supervision for any faulty with fast

check and maintenance. Usually remote handset station located at the fire escape staircase. There is only one button

on the it which is easy for all to understand the operation way. Fire control room only required for building with height

of more than 25 metres or 18000 metres square in floor area.



Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once verification of a fire or

emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass the alarm signal can be raised.


Fireman switch is a switch that disconnects the power supply of electrical equipments in case of fire to

prevent overheated equipment from exploding. It is usually located on the outside wall of premises.


After the process of detection and notification system, the action should be taken to stop the fire from spreading or

growing into bigger threats for a building or neighbouring building. There are 2 basic types of system that can be

applied to control the fire, which are water-based system and non water-based system. Basically water-based system

used water as the main element to extinguish the fire, while non-water based system used other content to stop the


fire, such as Carbon Dioxide, Argonite etc. Table below shows some examples of water-based and non-water based

system

Water-based system Non water-based system

Fire Extinguisher (Water) Fire Extinguisher (Dry powder, Carbon Dioxide)

External Fire Hydrant

Dry Riser System

Hose Reel System

Water Sprinkler system


Fire extinguishers are the most common equipment which is useful for initial outbreak of fire. It is portable and

convenient for user to prevent escalation of fire into full scale situation. There are various content types, which aimed

to different classes.



All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards:

C. Portable Extinguishers... BS CP 402 Part 3: 1964

UBBL 1984 Section 227:

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in

prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of

the same method of operations.

MS 1539: Specification for Portable Fire Extinguishers

Part 1: Construction & Test Methodology

Part 3: Selection & Application - Code of Practice

Part 4: Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers



External fire hydrant provides water for firefighters to control a fire before it spreads and grows into a much vigorous

fire. The water supply will be pressurised when the water piping is connected to the main pipe from water company.

Usually fire hydrant has 2 or 3 outlets so that firefighters can use more than one hose at a time, which are 2-way fire

hydrant and 3-way fire hydrant.



C. Fire hydrants… BS 750:1977 and BS CP 402.101;1952


Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest

point of fire brigade access.

4.3.3.3 Dry Riser System


Dry riser are a form of internal hydrant for firefighter to use. This system is only required for buildings which the

topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres and less than 30.5 metres above the fire appliance access level. Wet riser

system has the same function as dry riser system, but it is always dry and depends on the fire engine to pump the

water into the system.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 230 :

1. Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres

but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.

2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

3. Dry risers shall be of minimum Class C pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to

withstand 21 bars water pressure.

4. Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for 2 hours in the

presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.

5. All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 mm in 3.05 metres.

6. The dry riser shall be not less than 102mm in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875

metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlets and not less than 152.4mm diameter where the

highest outlet is higher than 22.875 metres above the pumping inlet.

7. 102mm diameters dry riser shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4mm dry risers shall

be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.



D. Dry/Wet Rising Mains… BS 3980:1966 and BS 5306 Part 1:1976 and BS 750: 1964


Landing valve should be provided as the water outlet which will connected with a hose reel to control and fight the

fire.


Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically in a building,

ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.The system is manually operated and activated by opening a

valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. It should be located at strategic places

in building to provide reasonable accessible and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. Table below shows

the comparison of materials of hose reels:

Rubber jacket fire hose reel Comparison aspects Woven jacket fire hose reel

-Heavy

-Durable

Properties -Available in nylon and polyester

-Nylon (strong and abrasion-

resistant)

-Polyester (durable and budget-

friendly)

-Yarn weave - Rubber canvas PVC

(flexible and stiff and light)



1. All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following

standards:

B. Hydraulic Hose Reels… BS 5306 Part 1: 1976


Water sprinkler system is a system that consisting of water supply system, which provided adequate pressure and

flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. The flame and heat from fire

will makes the thermal linkage in sprinkler head expand and burst, which eventually water supplied and hit the

deflector to extinguish the fire. Table below shows the comparison of 4 types of water sprinkler system:

Pre-action Dry pipe Wet pipe Deluge

Filled with air and water is

allowed to pass through when

the smoke alarm or detector

goes off. It helps greatly that the

pre-action fire sprinkler can be

set to prevent water from

spouting in case of a false alarm

or a mechanical failure. The pre-

action system is good for use in

Similar to pre-action

systems, but ideal for

buildings with low

temperatures so the pipes

do not freeze.

Constantly have water

in them, which allows

for a quick reaction to a

fire. This system is cost

efficient and low

maintenance.

Has open nozzles that

can be used when a

hazard is present.

When flammable

liquids are spread

across a floor, deluge

fire sprinkles are good

to have.


places where the sprinklers are

only necessary when there is an

actual fire so other items in the

building do not get water

damage from an accidental

sprinkling.


1. All fire fighting installations and appliances shall conform to the current edition of the following standards:

F. Automatic Sprinklers...FOC Rules 29th Edition:1973


1. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic

sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to

extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.


1. Sprinklers valves shall be provided in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be

readily accessible to the Fire Authority.


2. All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and

automatic relay of the alarm when activitated

4.4 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection (PFP)

Passive Fire protection is part of integral elements of structural fire protection as well as fire safety in every particular

building which does not depend on any operating system of mechanism or any degree of motion. However, PFP itself

shows the speed on spreading of fire from a space to another space where only effective for 2 hours to allow dweller

to escape form fire menace bu using fire protection tolls that is provided for the building. Passive Fire Protection

system is provided on the load bearing capacity of the fire exposed structure in a specified fire compartment, safety

escape, fire separation within the building stability that needs to be concerned.

Main Passive Fire Protection Methods

(1) Cavity Barriers – Prevent spread of smoke and fire through walls and floors

(2) Instrumental Coating – Increase in temperature cause chemical reaction ( coating expand ) to protect steel work

by insulating the steel ( prevent structural failure)

(3) Boarding Systems – Encasing structural steel work in rigid and semi-rigid boards

(4) Fire Resistant Glass – Heat insulating material that halts the spread of fire and window blows out

Building Materials (Duration of time in flame )

(1) Red brick wall and concrete (external wall) : 4 hours

(2) Light brick wall (internal wall) – minimum 1 hour


(3) Mineral Fiber ceiling – 2 hours

(4) Vinyl floor : 2hours

Purpose group & compartment

134. Designation of purpose groups.

For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use as

falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a building is

divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each

compartment shall be determined separately :

Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be

used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall be taken into

account in determining into which purpose group it falls.


The walls that are indicated red are compartment walls. Walls that are located at walkway/ corridor are proposed as

compartment walls as they help to prevent fire spread towards the corridor and other spaces.

According to UBBL : 136. Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors.

Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-

laws and which has –

(a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and

height ; or

(b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by means

of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that –

(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as

relevant to that building ; and

(ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to the

building :


Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant

recommendations if the F.O.C Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in

relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled.

Walls and floor

According to UBBL: 136: Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in

the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and which has-

(a) Any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and

height :

(b) A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartment floors or

both, that-

i) No such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as

relevant to that building ; and

ii) No such compartment has cubic capacity which exceeds the area specified as relevant to

that building :

Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant

recommendations of the F.O.C Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in

relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified are doubled.

138. The following walls and floors in buildings shall be constructed as compartment walls or compartment floors :

(a) Any floor in a building of Purpose Group II (Institutional) ;

(b) Any wall or floor separating a flat or maisonette from any other part of the same building;

(c) Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building which is used or intended

to be used mainly for a purpose falling within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth Schedule to these

By-laws; and


(d) Any floor immediately over a basement storey has an area exceeding 100 square meters.

162. Fire rated doors

(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in

accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the

requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half

hour.

(4) Openings in partition enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall protected by fire doors having FRP of half-

hour.

(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the

requirements for relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.

163:

Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below shall be deemed to meet the requirements

of the specified FRP :

a) Doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy

the requirements for doors having FRP of half-hour:

(i) a single door 900 millimeters high maximum of double doors 1800 millimeters x 2100

millimeters high maximum constructed of solid hardwood core of not less than 37 millimeters

laminated with adhesives conforming to either BS.745 “Animal Glue”, or BS1204, “Synthetic

resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic ) for wood” Part I, “Gap-filling adhesives”, or BS

1444, “Cold-setting casein glue for wood”, faced both sides with plywood to a total thickness of

not less than 43 millimeters with all edges finished with a solid edge strip full width of the door.

The meeting stiles of double doors shall be rabbeted 12 millimeters deep or may be butted

provided the clearance is kept to a minimum;

(ii) doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on hydraulic floor springs and

clearances at floor not exceeding 4.7 millimeters and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3


millimeters;

(iii) a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 0.065 square meter per leaf

with no dimension more than 1370 millimeters and it is glazed within 6 millimeters Georgian

Wired Glass in Hardwood stops;

(iv) doors constructed is accordance with BS No. 459 : Part 3 : 1951 Fire Check Flush Doors and

Wood and Metal frames ( Half –Hour Type) :

(v) timber frames for single swing half-hour fire doors of overall width of 60 millimeters including

25 millimeters rabbet and depth to suit door thickness plus 34 millimeters stop;

(vi) metal frames for half hour fire doors shall be of sheet steel not lighter than 18 gauge of overall

width 50 millimeters including 18 millimeters rabbet and depth to suit the door thickness plus 53

millimeters stop;

(vii) timber or metal frames for double swing doors shall be as specified above with minimum

clearance between frame and door;

(a) Door and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the

requirements for door having FRP of one hour:

(i) a single door not exceeding 900 millimeters wide x 2100 millimeters high or double doors

not exceeding 1800 millimeters x 2100 millimeters high constructed as for specification (a) for

half-hour but incorporating on both faces a layer of asbestos insulating board to BS 3536 (not

asbestos cement) not less than 3 millimeters thick;

(ii) doors may swing one way only and double doors shall have 12 millimeters wide rabbet at the

meeting stiles;

(iii) a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 10 square meters per leaf

with no dimension more than 300 millimeters and it is glazed with 6 millimeters Georgian Wire

Glass in hardwood stop;

(iv) doors constructed in accordance with BS 459 : Part 3 : 1951 : Fire Check Flush Doors and

Wood and Metal frames (One Hour Type) ;

(v) frames for one hour doors shall be as for half-hour door except that timber frames shall


pressure impregnated with 15% go 18% solution of monoammonium phosphate in water.

164 : (1) All the fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of hydraulically spring operated type in the

case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

(2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close

in the proper sequence.

(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the

door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or

protected staircases.

86. Party walls

(1) All party walls shall generally be of not less than 200mm total thickness of solid masonry or insitu concrete

which may be made up of two separate skins each of not less than 100mm thickness if constructed at different

times :

Provided that in multi-storeyed flats and terrace houses of reinforced concrete or of protected steel framed

construction having floors and roofs constructed to the requirements of these By-laws, the party wall thereof shall

not less than 100mm total thickness.

(2) Party walls in single storeyed houses may be in load-bearing 100mm solid masonry or insitu concrete provided

the requirements of Part V, VI and VII of these By-laws are complied with.

(3) All party walls shall be carried above the upper surface of the roof to a distance of not less than 230mm at night

angles to such upper surface.

(4) Other non-combustible materials may be used for party walls provided the requirements of Part V, VI and VII of

these By-laws are complied with.

Analysis :


As passive fire protection is a planning matter and must be considered at the planning stage in the building design in

order to allocate fire risk area away from the building spaces. An effective passive fire protection shows good

planning and good design. As prevention is better than cure, it is better to prevent fire from spreading into the

building than having to put out the fire. Hence, material choice are all fire rated to slow down the spreading of fire.

Ground floor plan , first floor plan and second floor plan with fire staircases marked red.

As shown in the plans above, those are the location of the fire staircases. The position of the stairs are the same

from Ground floor all the way up to the second floor. Fire staircase allows the users of the building to evacuate from

the building to assembly point during fire or any emergency event happen. The width of staircase maintains same all

over the way of staircase till the exit. The width of staircase (1200mm) suggests one user at a time. The height of

riser 170mm and the thread is 255mm. Handrail with a height of 900mm is used for safety purpose of the users of the

staircase.


Smoke control

194. Building with single staircase .

A single staircase may be permitted in any building the top most floor of which does not exceed 12 metres in

height :

Provided that such building complies with the following condition :

(a) each element of structure shall have a FRP of not less than one hour ;

(b) no room or storey of the building may be used for any occupancy other than for domestic or office purposes,

except that the ground storey may be used for the purpose of a shop or car park :

Provided that-

(i) the staircase from the ground to first floor level shall be separated from the remainder of the

ground floor by a wall having a FRP of not less than two hours ;

(ii) the wall enclosing the staircase at the main entrance be returned for a distance of not less than

450mm along the frontage of any shop or car park ;

(iii) the maximum travel distance shall be 12m measured from the door of the room or area to the exit

provided the path of travel from any point in the room to the room door does not exceed 12 meters.

(iv) In ground and first storeys which have windows containing opening lights sufficiently near the

adjacent ground level as to make emergency escape by this means reasonable a maximum travel

distance up to 30 meters is permissible.

195. Staircases to reach roof level.

In buildings exceeding 30 metres in height all staircases intended to be used as means of egress shall be carried

to the roof level to give access thereto.


Protected areas : Protection of stairs and lobbies

UBBL:

196. (1) Access to a staircase smoke lobby shall be by means of fire doors opening in the direction of escape.

(2) The width of the smoke lobby shall at no point be less than the required exit width.

(3) Smoke lobbies shall be provided at the basement levels where an escape staircase serving an upper storey is

extended to a basement.

(4) Where practical smoke lobbies and fire fighting access lobbies shall have permanent openings or openable

windows of not less than 1 square metre giving direct access to the open air from an external wall or internal light

well.

(5) Where natural ventilation is impractical smoke lobbies and fire fighting access lobbies maybe be ventilated by

means of a vertical shaft or mechanically pressurised.

197. (1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground

level where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.

(2) In buildings exceeding 45 metres above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurised to meet the

requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part I – 1974 or any other system meeting the

functional requirements of the D.G.F.S.

(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted if the staircase enclosures are pressurised to meet the requirements of by-

law 200.


Ventilation of stairs

198. (1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or

openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square metre per floor.

(2) Openable windows shall meet the operational requirements of the D.G.F.S.

(3) In buildings not exceeding three storeys above ground level, staircase enclosures may be unventilated

provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies.

199. In buildings not exceeding 18 metres above ground level, staircase enclosures may be unventilated provided

that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies and the staircase enclosures are

permanently ventilated at the top with at least 5% of the area of the enclosures.

200. For staircases in building exceeding 18 metres above ground level that are not ventilated in accordance with

by-law 198, two alternative methods of preventing the infiltration of smoke into the staircase enclosures may be

permitted by providing –

(a) permanent ventilation at the top of the staircase enclosure of not less than 5% of the area of the enclosure and

in addition at suitable intervals in the height of the staircase a mechanically ventilated shaft to achieve not less

than 20 air changes per hour to be automatically activated by a signal from the fire alarm panel; or

(b) mechanical pressurisation of the staircase enclosure to the standard of performance as specified in section 7 of

the Australian Standard 1668, Part I-1974 or any other system meeting the functional requirements of the D.G.F.S.

201. All staircase enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of

smoke.


The yellow area is the assembly point, the red

arrows indicate pathways to the assembly point from the fire staircases.

As shown above ( ground floor plan ) , the assembly point is located at an open space right outside the hospital.

Each staircase is provided with more than one route to reach the assembly point just in case some routes are

blocked. The assembly point is normally classified with different class according to the capacity of users, for a day

care center for the elderly, it is classified as Class C because it has less than 100 to 300 users in this building,

Assembly Point


According to UBBL:

178. In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together

with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid

any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke

therefrom.

179 : Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows :

Class A-Capacity- 1000 persons or more

Class B- Capacity- 300 to 1000 persons

Class C- Capacity- 100 to 300 persons

180: The occupancy load permitted in any place of assembly shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or

space assigned to use by the square metre per occupant as follows :

(a) Assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an auditorium, places of worship, dance floor and

lodge room- 0.65 square per person :

(b) Assembly area of less concentrated use such as a conference room, dining room, drinking establishment , exhibit

room, gymnasium, or lounge – 1.35 square metre per person;

(c) Standing room or waiting space – 3 square metres per person :

(d) The occupancy load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined by the number of fixed seats installed.

Required aisle space serving the fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupants load.

188. Exits in any place of assembly shall be arranged that the travel distance from any point to reach an exit shall

not exceed 45 metres for unsprinkled buildings and 60 metres for sprinkled buildings.

Travel Distance

According to UBBL :

165. (1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line


of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any

corners or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance the reform and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement

includes stairs, it shall be taken in the place of the trend noising.

(2) In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy

provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two- third the permitted travel distance.

(3) In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of not more than six persons, travel distance

shall be measured from the doors of such rooms: provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to

the room door does not exceed 15 metres.

(4) The maximum travel distances to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of

these By-laws.

166. (1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey

together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

(2) The exits shall be so sited within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-

laws and are readily accessible at all times.

168: (1) Except as provide for in by-laws 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two

separate staircases.

(2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not available for escape purpose the

remaining staircase shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated

in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

(3) The required width of a staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to

encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

(5) Doors giving access to staircase shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the

required width of the staircase or landing.

174: (1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart

measured between the nearest edges of the openings.

(2) Each exits shall give direct access to –


(a) a final exit :

(b) a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or

(c) an external route leasing to a final exit.

(3) Basements and roof structures used solely for services need not be provided with alternatives means of

egress.

Analysis

Escape routes are meant to lead to a safety place without relying on others. It is to make it possible for users of the

building to reach a spot of safety. Safe assumption can be made such as there is only one source of fire; hence

alternate routes need to provided. Nevertheless, passive fire protection need put in consideration of the building form,

the function of the building, the potential fire risk areas.

Ground floor plan with area indicated green as the reserved space for vehicular access ( turntable ladders / hydraulic

platform )


The orange area is the fire risk area, whereas the green areas indicated are the potential spots to have the most

users within the three floors. As shown in the ground floor plan, the fire risk area should be distanced away from the

area with the most users. It should be located further away from game room and office area which mostly consist of

elderly and staffs.

As proposed, the cafe is suggested to be moved further away from the spaces that

will occupy more of elderly and staffs. Hence, the best spot is to switch the cafe with

the=courtyard as it will be closer to the open area at the front.


Fifth Schedule

Fire appliance access

140. All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not

less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building

abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale :

Volume of building in cubic meter Minimum proportions of perimeter of building

7000 to 28000 one-sixth

28000 to 56000 one – fourth

56000 to 84000 one –half

84000 to 112000 three-fourths

112000 and above island site

Access for fire appliance vehicle is located at the each side of the building. According to UBBL, the

access roadway should be positioned with its nearest edge a maximum of 2 metres from the face of the

building and its furthest edge a minimum of 7.5 meters from the building. This will enable the appliances

to operate at its optimum height.

Analysis

To separate the fire risk area from the building effectively, fire rated doors, walls and floors are constructed according

to UBBL. With this, spaces within the building will be divided into smaller compartment, to :

-Limits the spread of fire

-Restrict the movement of smoke


-Optimize evacuation routes during fire

Emergency Exit Signs

The Exit Emergency signage of ‘KELUAR’ means ‘EXIT’ in Malaysia to direct people a shortest route to a place of

safety within a building which lead to the outside of the building at the assembly point and it is an effective guidance

tool. Most relevant codes ( fire, building, health or safety) requires exit signs to be permanently lit. Also, exit signs are

designed to be very clear and understandable for people to see.

According to UBBL :

172. (1) storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by

any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

(2) a sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the

direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately

(3) every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with

the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black

background.

(4) all exit sign shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy


(5) illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

According to MS 1184

12. Handrails Pathways, corridors, ramps and staircases, which may be accessed by wheelchair users and/or

ambulant disabled persons, require handrails:

12.1 Fixed not less than 840 mm nor more than 900 mm from finished floor level, extended in the case of ramp or

stairway by 300 mm as shown below.

(a) Handrail on pathways or internal ramp

(b) Handrail on stairway

12.2 The grip should not be less than 40 mm diameter nor more than 60 mm wide and it should provide a secure

non-slip grip as shown below

12.3 Fixed securely with its ends turned away or turned downwards for not less than 100 mm.

12.4 So fixed that there is no obstruction to the passage of the hand along the grip.


12.5 Fixed not less than 50 mm and not more than 100 mm from any adjacent wall.

12.6 Continued unbroken, if practicable, throughout each flight of stairs or along each pathway or internal

ramp and around landing and rest areas.

12.7 Which should preferably contrast in colour to their supporting walls.

12.8 Which if located at staircases and ramps should be capable of carrying a minimum load of 100 kg

and available on both sides.

The blue area indicates where the OKU / disabled toilets are proposed to be placed at. It occupies a larger space

compared to the usual toilets as to ensure easy access for the disabled elderly. As the initial space for OKU toilet on

both ground floor and first floor are too big, the dimensions have been adjusted to 1550mm x 1800mm.

According to MS 1184

17. Water closets


17.1 Water closets for wheelchair users should comply with the following:

a) In every public building required under 16.1 to be provided for water closets for use by wheelchair users, the

water closets should be accompanied by an unobstructed area having dimensions not less than those shown

BELOW, but the layout of the water closet and unobstructed area may be reversed in plan (mirror image).

b) The water closets should be provided either:

i) as a combined water closet and washroom as shown below i); or ii) as water closets for use by men or women.

In this case separate washing facilities are to be provided together with the water closets as shown below

ii), where the washbasin is to be located within the unobstructed area or common facilities outside the water

closets.

General requirement for water closet

i). Combined water closet and washroom


ii). Separate water closets for wheelchair user

c) Where two or more water closets are provided for wheelchairs in the same public building, at least one

such closet and accompanying unobstructed area should be reversed in plan (mirror image) to the other closet.

d) Every door to a room containing a water closet for wheelchair users should: i) be provided with a lever-action

type indicator bolt so design that the door can be opened at any time from the outside, and ii) if a hinged door,

open away from the water closets and be hinged on the side furthest from the closet and located in the position

shown in Figure 15 i) or Figure 15 ii).

e) Every room containing a water closet for wheelchair users should have grab rails as Clause 13.

f) The flushing control for the water closet should be located not more than 1000 mm above the finished floor level

and be activated by a downward operating lever, push button or any other convenient system.

g) A tap with a flexible hose or other cleaning device which can be used for personal cleansing, and a toilet paper

holder, should be provided with each water closet within easy reach of the users as shown in Figure 15 iii).

h) The design of the water closets pan should allow a wheelchair with its footrest raised to approach from the front

until the wheelchair seat touches the closet bowl.

i) It should also be possible for a wheelchair to back alongside the water closet on its unobstructed side until the


two seats are in line.

j) The water closets should be accessible by disabled persons from a main entrance, lift or other circulation space

which is in accordance with Clauses 6, 10 or 14.

17.2 Water closets for ambulant disabled only should comply with the following:

a) Except for the width of the unobstructed area, the requirements for a water closet for wheelchair users in

accordance with 17.1b) ii) should apply to water closets for ambulant disabled.

b) The configuration of a water closet should be in accordance with Figure 15 iv) and the notes thereto.

c) Grab rails should be located on each side of the water closet and should also be of the configuration shown in

Figure 15 iv).

4.5 Proposed System


Regarding to the proposed old folks’ home, fire detection system is essential because of the nature and behavior of

elderly people, which they are not capable to fight or control the fire on themselves. Therefore, fire detection system


which runs automatically is crucial in helping them to notice the incident of fire. In this case, we proposed to use

smoke detector and heat detector. The reason and justification made as below.

4.5.1.1 Smoke detector

Photoelectric smoke detector is the better choice compared to ionization smoke detector, because of its properties. It

is quick respond to smoldering fire (early stage fire) and lesser false alarm than ionization smoke detector.

Meanwhile, we chose this while it aligns with our design, which is nature-friendly design, so we have to reject the use

of ionization smoke alarm.

Typical dimension

Smoke detection is avoided in the following areas to avoid unwanted alarms:

● -Showers

● -Bathrooms

● -External areas as the water vapour may cause unwanted alarms

● -Kitchens


● -Garages

Voltage 9-33 volt DC

Casing White plastic casing

Power consumption 25mA at 24V; 62mA in case of alarm

Location and spacing of the smoke detectors referred to the picture below:

Location of smoke detector in proposed building:


4.5.1.2 Heat detector

To strengthen and enhance the detection system, a few of heat detector is added in the spaces which is not suitable

for smoke detector, such as kitchen and M&E room.

Typical dimension:


Location and spacing of the heat detectors referred to the picture below:

Voltage 9-33 volt DC

Power consumption 25mA at 24V ; 62mA in case of alarm

Casing White plastic casing




In the proposed building, addressable fire alarm is suggested to be integrated, compared to conventional fire alarm

system. One of the main reason that we chose this particular system is because it is connecting all the devices by

using loop system, which is more reliable. In case of failure on one device’s end, it does not affect the performance of

the system. In another way, it is much more safe to be.

The control panel acts as the core of the whole system, which is very important in receiving and delivering signals for

fire fighting. Illustration below shows the location of each devices in the proposed building:


Self-contained type power-supplied fire emergency light is chosen to be used in the proposed building. Basically, it is

nothing much different with central battery source power-supplied fire emergency light, but it is preferable due to its

installation and material cost. The placement and spacing of fire emergency light is according to the height of ceiling

as well as the voltage of the emergency light.


Typical technical data:

Power supply 220 - 240 volt AC

Batteries Nickel-Cadmium 3.6 volt

Dimension 330mm X 105mm X 80mm

Normal charging time Same or more than 24 hours

Emergency time Same or more than 3 hours

Installation Wall or ceiling mounted

4.5.2.3 Fire Alarm Strobe and Alarm Bell

Fire alarm strobe and alarm bell are both important in giving emergency fire signal via audio-visual effect. In the case

of old folks’ home, it is very crucial since the elderly sense not sensitive as we think, therefore, the placement and

spacing of the devices are the key point to alert them.

The location of fire alarm strobe varies depends on the obstacles of visual access, such as a solid concrete wall.

The amount of strobes is affected by the length of corridor as shown below:


Additional strobes placed not more than 30 metres apart. Strobe must be located no more than 4.6 metres from end

of corridor.

Wall-mounted strobe (visible signal devices) shall be installed such that the entire lens is not less than 2 metres and

not more than 2.4 metres above the finished floor.

The significant function of alarm bell is to giving emergency message to building occupants by ringing. The fire alarm

bell used is about 15cm diameter. It is mounted on the concrete wall, with a height of 2 metres. Usually it is painted in

red color and placed with no blockage that might reduce the efficiency of the device.


Technical data:

Material Aluminium

Coating Epoxy powder red


Sound output Up to 100dB at 1m


Manual call point is located whereas maximum of 25 metres for disabled or elderly person to approach. The device is

placed 1.2 metres above the finished floor level, which is easy accessible for majority of users.

4.5.2.5 Fireman switch

Fireman switch usually located at the fire escape staircase, or even building outside wall. The fireman switch should

not placed above 2.75m from the finished floor level.


After receiving the detection and notification, the building occupants are expected to take action to extinguish or

control the fire (if it is during early stage) or evacuate to get help from Fire Authority.


4.5.3.1 Fire Extinguishers

ABC Powder fire extinguisher

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher

Generally, dry powder fire extinguisher (for ABC class and electrical equipments) is the most common one among all

the types of fire extinguishers, even it does not helps at all on controlling the fire which caused by cooking oils.

Therefore, Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher is required in the spaces such as kitchen.

Dry powder fire extinguishers that can be found in proposed building are in 6kg capacity, rather than 9kg which is

heavier for elderly or the building occupants.


Technical data:

Cartridge Carbon dioxide cartridge

Fire rating 34A, 233B

Operating pressure 14 bar

Height 490mm

Full weight 10.5 kg

Discharge time 17 - 21 seconds

Range of throw 5 - 6 metres

Material Body (Cold rolled steel), Squeeze grip (Brass)

The fire extinguishers are kept in the box, which is partially recessed into the wall, for the ease of elderly circulation.


By investigating the surrounding neighbourhood, we noticed that there is only one existing fire hydrant along the

road. Therefore, we proposed one external fire hydrant to be placed where about 6500mm away from our proposed

building. According to the provisions, the spacing between two external fire hydrants shall not be more than 90

metres apart. Our proposed external fire hydrant is about 60 metres away from the existing external fire hydrant,

which is approved. The proposed external fire hydrant is located 6.5 metres from the building (by law not less than 6

metres from the building). 2 way external fire hydrant is chosen because the buildings around the area is not high

rises and the water demand under 750 gpm or 2839 lpm.

Sectional elevation of an external fire hydrant pipework and distance to proposed building:



Since the building is not fulfilling the requirement of dry riser (topmost floor is higher than 18.3 metres) or wet riser

(topmost floor higher than 30.5 metres) installation system, the hose reel system which directly connected to water

tank is being introduced.

Typical hose reel system arrangement:

Legends:

1. Water Tank

2. Vent Pipe c/w Mosquito Net

3. Access Opening

4. Level Indicator

5. External Cat Ladder

6. Overflow Pipe

7. Warning Pipe

8. Standby Pump

9. Eccentric Reducer

10. Expansion Joint

11. Y- Strainer

12. Gate Valve

13. Concentric Reducer

14. Check Valve

15. Duty Pump

16. Pump Start Test Pipe

17. Pump Starter Panel

18. Hose Reel c/w Hoses,

Nozzles & Accessories

19. Air Release Valve c/w Ball

Valve

20. Stop Valve

Schematic diagrams of hose reel systems pipeworks (combined with water sprinkler system):



Water sprinkler system is useful when applied in elderly home, especially when some elderlies are not able to involve

in fire fighting action. Water sprinkler only distributes at the spaces which is required, except washrooms. As the


elderly home’s risk considered as extra light hazard, the spacing between water sprinkler is 4.6 metres. The radius of

water sprinkler spreading depends on the height of the water sprinkler placed.

Water sprinkler layout:

Schematic diagram of water sprinkler distribution systems (combined with hose reel systems):


5.1 Introduction

Mechanical system is an essential system in buildings and any small enclosed space to remove stale air and replace

it with fresh air. The process cycle actually works by allowing outer natural air to be pull inside the building with the

help of mechanical components.

It acts like a natural ventilation process but with incorporate using specific type of mechanical components where

systems used an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the necessary air movement. Ensuring the airflow is

constainly under certain air pressure and can be forces through the filters to create a better ventilation within the

building, which also to improve air circulation inside the building.

The type of mechanical ventilation used depends on climate. For example, in warm and humid climates like Malaysia,

infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation (which occurs when warm,

moist air from inside a building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface).

In these cases, mechanical ventilation is often required to ventilate the spaces. Whereas there are three types of

mechanical ventilation system which commonly being applied in Malaysia are Combination system, Extract system

and Combination system.

The objective of this project is to propose specific mechanical ventilation components into the space that required in

our elderly center final studio project. Throughout the research, Uniform Building By Law(UBBL) will be used to

ensure the rules and standards will guide us to check if the building opening dimensions, ductwork dimension , and

installation of components meet the building space requirements and regulations.



Mechanical ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replaced it with fresh air, due to the fact that

number of occupants will affect the comfort level in an specific space. Therefore, natural ventilation is not suitable

and effective enough to provide air exchange. Thus,ventilation system is highly concerned to reach the comfort level

of each occupants in specific spaces.

While the most basic function of mechanical ventilation system is to remove smoke and odors, which commonly

found in bathrooms and kitchen. While larger internal spaces like library, cafe, game room, service room, office,

gym, shower, staff accommodation ,pantry, karoake room, theatre will be conceal above the ceiling from being seen.

Spot ventilation is widely used in Malaysia. Spot ventilation system consist of supply system, extract system and

combination system. While for combination system, it consists of both supply and extract system that works together

through slight air pressurization using extract fan smaller than inlet fan.

Without mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture, odours and other pollutants can build up inside the

building. Therefore, mechanical system circulates fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow

through small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows.

The three types of mechanical ventilation system which commonly being applied in Malaysia are extract system,

supply system and combination system.

5.2.1 Extract system

Natural inlet and mechanical outlet. The exhaust system consists of fans, it functions to extract the less dense,hot

air inside the room and cause a negative pressure in the space which cause the outlet air pressure to be higher than

the inside. Allowing the freshen air to enter to the interior spaces. Mechanical extract fans installed in windows, roofs


and ducted system where the air is to be discharged away from the occupied space removing heats, fumes, smoke,

water vapour and odour. This system is widely used in toilet and bathroom.

5.2.2 Supply system

Mechanical inlet and natural extract. Supply ventilation systems work by pressurizing the building. They use a fan

to force outside air into the building while air leaks out of the building through holes in the shell, bath- and range-fan

ducts, and intentional vents.

5.2.3 Combination system

Mechanical inlet and mechanical outlet. Balanced ventilation systems, if properly designed and installed, neither

pressurize nor depressurize a house. Rather, they introduce and exhaust approximately equal quantities of fresh

outside air and inside air constainly moving in and out. It facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply

and exhaust vents in appropriate places.


5.3 Specific System selected ( EXTRACT SYSTEM )

Extract system is the most suitable ventilation system towards our elderly centre. The reason is due to air condition

is widely use in many spaces. Thus, only extract system is appropriate to suck out hot air and odour. Yet, extract

system is also needed if the air condition is not working, therefore extract system is used to remove air from the

inside and allow fresh air to move inwards to the space. According to Third Schedule Of UBBL about mechanical

ventilation, Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the rooms is equipped with

mechanical ventilation or air conditions. In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to

introduced fresh air into the room within half an hour.

Benefits, in order to moderate internal temperatures, replenishing oxygen, reducing the accumulation of moisture,

odours, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other contaminants that can build up during occupied periods, and

creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.

5.4 Types of fan

5.4.1 Exhaust fan (Propeller fan)

Exhaust ventilation system components :

After taking a bath or a shower, moisture will inevitably accumulate on the surface of your bathroom tiles and

mirrors. Installing an exhaust fan in your bathroom will ensure that the moisture resulting from washing will be easily

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Temperature

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Temperature

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Dust

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Dust

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Carbon_dioxide

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Smoke

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Smoke


eliminated. Removing stale air after using toilet. Moreover, bathroom exhaust fans are usually smaller and more

affordable than any other kind of exhaust fan on the market.

These are a common addition in many kitchens, since they are very useful to have them installed over the stove.

Kitchen exhaust fans are an excellent way of removing the unavoidable smells which are inherent in any kitchen.

They are also perfectly suited to lessen the moisture level of your kitchen.

System are used in the service room to cool down the air temperature. The temperature in services room are mostly

higher due to the machines that produces a lot of heat from the inside. Therefore, propeller fan is needed to expel

the hot air from the services room, which enable to maintain the temperature of the rooms to ensure the machines

can works well and does not spoil easily or cause fire due to the temperature of the room without any ventilation

system.

5.4.2 Exhaust hood

A device containing a mechanical fan that

hangs above the cooktop which draw up the heat air out from the kitchen. A large area of hood acts like a vacuum

suck up the air through the duct and channel out odour into the air. It turn on and off manually adjust which only

used when someone is cooking. Keeping the cooking area safe by extracting rising gases, grease and hot air. And

also reduce buildup of unsightly residue and provide ventilation while cooking.

5.4.3 Centrifugal fan


Functions as exhaust and directional fan. Ducts are channel to each individual spaces, and it draws out the heat and

odour air where centrifugal fan located at the end of the channel. It is powerful that could increase the speed of air

stream with the rotating impellers. Giving a constant recycling of air to reach human comfort throughout the spaces.

5.4.4 Ductwork

1) Rigid Air Ducts

Sheet metal ducts: Galvanized steel and aluminum are the most common materials for sheet metal ducts.

Aluminum in particular is relatively light and easy to install. They are also the least likely to harbor dangerous molds

or growths because they have non-porous surfaces.

Fiberglass lined ducts: These are sheet metal ducts that have internal or external fiberglass lining. This type of duct

is common in office and commercial buildings, as it dampens the sound However, the fiberglass in these ducts can

deteriorate and eventually release fiberglass particles into the air – this is a major health concern, especially with

long-term exposure. Fiberglass lined ducts are also difficult to clean for this same reason: the cleaning process can

damage the lining and release fibers. These ducts can also become contaminated with molds and bacteria.

Fiberboard ducts: Fiberboard is made from fiberglass strands that have been compressed and bonded with a resin,

and then covered with a sheet of foil laminate to protect them from

moisture. This type of duct is good for cooling and heating systems because it is well insulated by itself. However, it’s

not recommended for ventilation because, like fiberglass-lined ducts, they can become a breeding ground for mold

and mildew in humid climates. Also, because the surface is rough, they can also affect airflow and efficiency.


PVC Duct: Resistant to microbaterial and cheap.Less noisy but doesnt stand very high and low temperatures

2) Flexible

Flexible ducts are typically tube-shaped, made of a wire coil covered with a bendable, durable plastic.The

advantages of flexible ducts are that they are fairly quick and easy to install, and often cost less than rigid ductwork

and often resistant to microbaterial.

Choosen air duct for toilet: Flexible air duct for its cost and resistance towards microbaterial.

Choosen air duct for building:

● PVC because its cheap and because mainly extract doesnt deal with high and low temperatures.

● PVC Flexible Air Duct

● Non insulated because doesnt deal with hot and cold air

● Steel Wire reinforced

Requirements for toilet :

● The mechanical ventilation rate is at least 3 air changes per hour.

● Exhaust air from bathrooms and toilet rooms shall not discharge into an attic, crawl space or other areas

inside the building.

Type of air vent filter :

Activated charcoal: Also known as carbon media filters,these are replaceable cartridges panels that have a foam or

fabric medium filled with granulated carbon activated charcoal.The carbon absorbs numerous odors and heavy

gases.

HEPA: This filter has pleated arrangement of blankets and mats whose have tiny pores that can remove very small

particulates.Able to removed fine particles including some bacteria and other chemical environments.Used mainly for

hospitals and clinics.

Viscous Impringement: This is fairly coarse and durable filter that is periodically covered all or grease.VG for

removing pollens,dusts,ashes and mists.


Chosen air vent filter for toilet :

Activated charcoal: due to its nature of filtering odors that is the need function for toilet ventilation

Chosen air vent filter for building:

HEPA: due to its nature of removing dust and allergens

Requirements:

● The mechanical ventilation rate is at least 3 air changes per hour.

● Exhaust air from bathrooms and toilet rooms shall not discharge into an attic, crawl space or other areas

inside the building.

Calculations for ductwork:

Toilet 1

The volume of the toilet:

5.1 x 2.8 x 3.5 = 49.98 m3

The ventilation rate in m3/h is:

Ventilation Rate (m3/h) = Room volume (m3) x air change rate (ac/h)

50 x 3

= 150


= 150/3600

= 0.042m3/s

Appropriate maximum velocity = 4m/s

Therefore duct area = 0.042/4 = 0.0105m2

Square duct = (0.0105)0.5 = 0.102 m

Nearest standard size = 100mm

Toilet 2


4.7 x 6.6 x 3.5 = 108.57 m3



109 x 3

= 327

= 327/3600


= 0.0908m3/s



Square duct = (0.0227)0.5 = 0.150m


Toilet 3


6.3 x 2.9 x 3.5 = 65.945 m3



64 x 3

= 192

= 192/3600


= 0.053 m3/s



Square duct = (0.01325)0.5 = 0.115m


Toilet 4


3.9 x 5.2 x 3.5 = 70.98 m3



71 x 3

= 213

= 213/3600


= 0.0592 m3/s



Square duct = (0.0148)0.5 = 0.122m


5. 5 Proposed System

GROUND FLOOR CEILING PLAN


FIRST FLOOR CEILING PLAN


6.0 Air-Conditioning System


6.0 Air Conditioning System

6.1 Introduction

It is an essential investment today to select the suitable air conditioner for your home especially in a hot and humid

climate we have in Malaysia. Air conditioning system served its purpose to provide and maintain a programmed

internal environment despite of external conditions, a process of which it removes heat from a confined space. A

good air-conditioner is efficient and it provides a steady, dependable performance year after year under the condition

that it is properly maintained.

The equipment of air conditioning system includes facilities to control temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, air

movement and heat radiation. In Malaysia, tropical rainforest climate which is generally sunny throughout the year

and have high precipitation rate every month. Hence, the thermal comfort in a building is having a filtered supplied

air, with a temperature range of 20 to 28 degree Celsius and relative humidity of 55-70% to stay comfortable indoor.

In this hot and humid climate, air-conditioning system as part of the ACMV (Air-Conditioned and Mechanical

Ventilation) system is one of the crucial building service in most of the buildings typically in Malaysia to provide

thermal comfort.

The research paper is aimed to study in depth of the chosen building to have a deeper understanding of the air

conditioning system adopted by the Old Folks’ Home, a perfect example of a commercial and public building which is

an upscale neighbourhood activity centre. Through the end of this research, the rules and standards will be

investigated to ensure that proper thermal comfort and indoor air quality is being achieved via the air conditioning

system. Malaysian Standard (MS1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) standards will be used during the

examination.



Split Unit Air Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside

the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the

evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.

Further, present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as much space as a window unit. A split air

conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

The component of split unit air-conditioning system includes:

● Outdoor unit

● Indoor unit


6.3 Operating Principles of Air Cooling

Air conditioner and refrigerator works the same concept and principle as their goal is to keep the internal environment

more comfortable than it is on the outside. It was to ensure that the building is achieved thermal comfort through

efficient methodology by using air-conditioner. Like the rest, this sophisticated air-conditioning system is made up of

one major cycle: Refrigeration Cycle

6.3.1 Refrigeration Cycle

Refrigeration cycle is a process of transporting heat from one place to the another location. It serves the purpose to

discharge unwanted heat from the inside of a building space to the exterior. The refrigerant is used as a medium

where it absorbs and removes the heat produced from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects the heat to

elsewhere. The process described below is the Refrigerant System or Refrigerant Cycle. It is the system on which

virtually all modern Air-Conditioning and refrigeration is based.

The principles of Refrigeration are as follows:

● Liquid absorbs heat when changed from liquid to gas.

● Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid

(Source: https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)

https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm


For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this reason, all

air conditioners use the same cycle which is mainly divided into three main parts: compressor, condenser and an

evaporator.

The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is

located on the inside the house, sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your house.

Refrigerant Cycle Process:

1. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of

the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

2. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the

outside air.

3. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid,

and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

4. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and

changes it from a liquid to a gas.

5. As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.

(Source: https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm)


Compressor Condenser Evaporator

Refrigerant is drawn from the

evaporator and pumped to the

condenser by the compressor. The

compressor also pressurizes the

refrigerant vapor so that it will

change state (condense) readily.

(Source: http://image.made-in-

china.com/43f34j00RsBTNFlJpMbO

/Highly-Rotary-Compressor-for-

Home-Used-Air-Conditioner.jpg)

The high-pressure refrigerant vapor

releases heat through the

condenser coils as it condenses into

liquid refrigerant. making it easier to

vaporize.

(Source:

http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae

/photo-g/81620-5499275.jpg)

The low-pressure liquid refrigerant

absorbs heat as it vaporizes in the

evaporator coils.

(Source:

http://www.autohausaz.com/secure/

partimages/64118384251.jpg)


6.4 Types of Air-Conditioning System

It can be spotted easily every building in Malaysia because of our hot and humid climate. The air conditioner are

designed in mind to accommodate different users’ need. These are the four types of air conditioning system below:

1. Window Air Conditioning System

2. Split Air Conditioning System

3. Centralized Air Conditioning System

4. Packaged Air Conditioning System

6.4.1 Window Air Conditioning System

Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners. If your room or

office size is about less than 100 sq. ft. a window air conditioner of about 0.8 ton can be good enough. If the size of

room is more than this but less than 200 sq. ft. your HVAC designer will recommend a window air conditioner of

about 1 ton. For rooms of bigger sizes but less than 300 sq. ft. the system of about 1.5 ton is advisable. However,

these sizes may change depending upon the number of people occupying the space, its alignment with respect to

sun, and other sources of heat generation inside the room.

You will need a space on the wall as well as some open space behind the wall to install one of these units. Window

air-conditioner units are reliable and easy to be installed to keep a room cool and avoid the costly construction of a

central air system at the same time. Moreover, these units can be easily removed for storage and use the window sill

for other purposes when summer heat dies down especially in countries where they have winter.

Figure 6.4.1 Window Air Conditioning System


One of the complaints that window air conditioners have had is that they tend to make noise inside the room. But this

problem has been greatly overcome by the present day efficient and less noisy rotary compressors, which also

consume less electricity. Today a number of fancy and elegant looking models of window air conditioners are

available that enhance the beauty of your rooms.

6.4.2 Split Air Conditioning System

Split unit air-conditioning system is the most common type of air-conditioners used in residential housings and small

scale buildings, because of the elegant appearance and known for its soundless operation. This system mainly

comprises of two parts: which is the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.

The outdoor unit, which is fitted outside the room which contains housing components such as the compressor,

condenser and expansion valve. Whereas the indoor unit which comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the

cooling fan. It doesn’t need any slot in the wall for this particular unit. Furthermore, the split unit has aesthetic value

and adds beauty to the space. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

Figure 6.4.2.1 Split air conditioner outdoor and indoor unit


Figure 6.4.2.2 How split air conditioner outdoor and indoor unit works

6.4.2.1 Outdoor Unit

As mentioned before, outdoor unit comprises important components of the air conditioning system such as

compressor and condenser. While conditioning the indoor air, lots of heat is generated in this two parts.

Components of outdoor unit:

1. Compressor: It becomes the most important part ever in the whole system. The refrigerant is compressed and

pressurised before sending to the condenser. In this kind of domestic used of AC, the compressor and the motor to

drive the shaft are sealed so it cannot be seen externally. To compress the refrigerant external power is supplied and

lot of heat is produced, which means that it has to be removed by fan or other means.


2. Condenser: It is the coiled cooper tube in one or more than one row. The number of the rows is depending on the

size of AC unit and the compressor. The high pressured and high temperature refrigerant form the compressor will be

releasing its heat in it. Aluminium fins are covered on it in order to promote the rate of remove heat from the

refrigerant.

3. Condenser cooling fan: It is located in front the condenser and compressor. In the long run process of

pressurised and heating the refrigerant in the compressor, heats produced could be burnt the motor coils and

eventually breakdown the compressor to the whole AC system. Moreover, refrigerant within the condenser coil need

to be cooled in order to make it cool enough to produce cooling effect after expansion.

4. Expansion valve: It is where medium temperature refrigerant enter and temperature to be dropped down after the

condenser. It is normally a copper capillary tubing with several rounds of coils.

MS 1525:2007 Code 8.4.4.2

Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems should be provided with motorised or gravity dampers or other means of

automatic volume shut-off or reduction during period of non-use or alternate use of the spaces served by the

systems.

MS 1525:2007 Code 8.10 ACMV System Equipment

ACMV system equipment provides, in one (single package) or more (split unit) factory assembled packages, mean

for air-circulation, air cleaning, air cooling with controlled temperature and dehumidification. The cooling function

may be either electrically or heat operated and the refrigerant condenser may be air, water or evaporative-cooled.

6.4.2.2 Indoor Unit

It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room. The indoor unit of the split air conditioner is a box

type housing in which all the important parts of the air conditioner are enclosed. The most common type of the indoor

unit is the wall mounted type though other types like ceiling mounted and floor mounted are also used. We shall

discuss all these types in separate articles, here we shall discuss the wall mounted type of the indoor unit.

Components of Indoor unit:

1. Evaporator Coil or the Cooling Coil:


The cooling coil is a copper coil made of number turns of the copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the

capacity of the air conditioning system. The cooling coil is covered with the aluminum fins so that the maximum

amount of heat can be transferred from the coil to the air inside the room.

The refrigerant from the tubing at very low temperature and very low pressure enters the cooling coil. The blower

absorbs the hot room air or the atmospheric air and in doing so the air passes over the cooling coil which leads to the

cooling of the air. This air is then blown to the room where the cooling effect has to be produced. The air, after

producing the cooling effect is again sucked by the blower and the process of cooling the room continues.

After absorbing the heat from the room air, the temperature of the refrigerant inside the cooling coil becomes high

and it flows back through the return copper tubing to the compressor inside the outdoor unit. The refrigerant tubing

supplying the refrigerant from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit and that supplying the refrigerant from indoor unit to

the outdoor unit are both covered with the insulation tape.

2. Air Filter:

The air filter is very important part of the indoor unit. It removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps

supplying clean air to the room. The air filter in the wall mounted type of the indoor unit is placed just before the

cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot room air, it is first passed through the air filter and then though the

cooling coil. Thus the clean air at low temperature is supplied into the room by the blower.

One of the most popular types split air conditioners is the wall mounted type of split AC. In these ACs the indoor unit

is mounted on wall inside the room or the office.


3. Cooling Fan or Blower:

Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the room air or the atmospheric air. It is an induced type

of blower and while is sucks the room air it is passed over the cooling coil and the filter due to which the temperature

of the air reduces and all the dirt from it is removed. The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and

supplies cool and clean air back. The shaft of the blower rotates inside the bushes and it is connected to a small

multiple speed motor, thus the speed of the blower can be changed. When the fan speed is changed with the remote

it is the speed of the blower that changes.

4. Drain Pipe:


Due to the low temperature refrigerant inside the cooling coil, its temperature is very low, usually much below the

dew point temperature of the room air. When the room air is passed over the cooling due the suction force of the

blower, the temperature of the air becomes very low and reaches levels below its dew point temperature. Due to this

the water vapor present in the air gets condensed and dew or water drops are formed on the surface of the cooling

coil. These water drops fall off the cooling coil and are collected in a small space inside the indoor unit. To remove

the water from this space the drain pipe is connected from this space extending to the some external place outside

the room where water can be disposed off. Thus the drain pipe helps removing dew water collected inside the indoor

unit.

To remove the water efficiently the indoor unit has to be a tilted by a very small angle of about 2 to 3 degrees so that

the water can be collected in the space easily and drained out. If this angle is in opposite direction, all the water will

get drained inside the room. Also, the if the tilt angle is too high, the indoor unit will shabby inside the room.

MS 1525:2007, 8.5 Piping Installation

All piping installed to serve building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive

energy losses. Additional insulation with barrier may be required to present condensation under some conditions.

5. Louvers or Fins:


The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers help changing the angle or

direction in which the air needs to be supplied into the room as per the requirements. With louvers one easily change

the direction in which the maximum amount of the cooled air has to be passed.

There are two types of louvers: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal louvers are connected to a small motor and

there position can set by the remote control. Once can set a fixed position for the horizontal louvers so that chilled air

is passed in a particular direction only or one can keep it in rotation mode so that the fresh air is supplied throughout

the room. The vertical louvers are operated manually and one can easily change their position as per the

requirements. The horizontal louvers control flow of air in upper and downward directions of the room, while vertical

louvers control movement of air in left and right directions.

6.4.3 Centralised Air-Conditioning System

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used for large buildings such as hotels, theaters, airports,

shopping mall and etcetera are functioned to be air conditioned completely. In comparison, the window and split air

conditioners are used for single rooms or small office spaces. It is not economically viable to place window or split air

conditioner in each and every room if the whole building is to be cooled. In addition, these small units can’t satisfy the

requirements to cool large halls, auditorium, receptions areas etcetera.


Figure 6.4.3.1 Centralized air conditioner system

Figure 6.4.3.2 How Centralized air conditioner system works

Components of Centralized air-conditioning system:


1. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The air handling unit (or air handler) is a central air-conditioner system that helps to treat the air that will be supplied

to the building spaces. It is a blue large metal casing of double skin insulated panels that containing fan

compartment, heating/cooling coils, filter racks, sound attenuators, dampers and ductworks. AHU is a device that

used to condition and circulate air of the auditorium. The untreated outside air will be treated by filtering, cooling and

dehumidifying before delivered to the auditorium heaters of KLPAC via duct system. There is a control panel to

switch on/off the air handling units near to the AHU room.

MS 1525: 2007 code 8.4.1.2.1 Control setback and shut-off

Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used

during periods of non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system. The following

are examples that meet these requirements:

(i.) Manually adjustable automatic timing devices;

(ii.) Manual devices for use by operating personnel; and

(iii.) Automatic control system

2. Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Fan coil units are mostly applied in the bigger spaces such as shopping complex. In KL PAC, fan coil units are mainly

used in the spacious area such as lobby, cafeteria and studios upstairs. The fan coil unit in KL PAC are controlled by

the control panel nearby or using remote control. So it can be manually turn off whenever the area is not occupied in

order to save energy. FCU can mainly be divided into two types: cassette and ceiling mounted type. In KL PAC, both

types of FCU can be found. There is one special type in KL PAC which is a duct like of FCU.


Wall mounted FCU and Suspended ceiling FCU FCU is which a system that similar to AHU but smaller in size. It is

made up with a fan, a heating or cooling coil connected to the cold water system. It can be manually controlled the

temperature of the spaces. A fan coil unit comprises a heat exchanger in which water of circulated and a fan

assembly, incorporating a filter and simple controls. The fan coil unit is installed as a part of the ducted air system.

Air is drawn through a fan with a motor. While the air is passing through the evaporator coil or heat exchanger, the air

is cooled or heated. Wall mounted FCU is designed to fit on the perimeter wall or a ceiling mounted FCU within the

ceiling voids. It can be configured as a cassette. It is considered as pleasing looking types of AC system as the duct

can be hidden in the ceiling. FCU system gives the individually control for zones (Figure 4.5.7) and it is lower in cost

compared to others. But, it is limited in the flexibility in the units as the manufacturers fixed the operating parameters.

3. Air Cooled Chillers

Air-cooled chiller is consisted in the chilled water air-conditioning system of KLPAC to cool down the water. For air-

cooled chillers, cooling tower is not needed because it uses the evaporation and condensation process and let heat

escape from the refrigerant. The air-cooled chiller mainly contains evaporator, condenser, compressor, and an


expansion valve that run the system. The chiller is located outside of the building due to it releases heat and make

loud noises when operating.

MS 1525:2007 code 8.2 System and Equipment Sizing

8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a

single multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load.

8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capacities exceeding the

design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence or otherwise

optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load.

4. Duct Work

Ducts are used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning to deliver and remove air. Air ducts are connected to the

AHU and function as tunnel for the circulation of air. They distribute the modified air from the AHU to the rooms and

also deliver the recycled air from the rooms back to AHU. Air ducts are one of the methods to ensure good indoor air

quality as well as thermal comfort.


MS 1525:2007, Code 8.6 Air Handling duct system insulation

All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in are on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent

excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under

some conditions.

6.4.4 Packaged Air Conditioning System

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tonnes. The

central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tonnes. However, the

packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes. The packaged air

conditioner are available in fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tonnes. These units are used commonly in

places like restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes and small halls.


6.5 Proposal of system

In the main building of the Old Folks’ Home, split unit air conditioning system is installed. Split unit air conditioning

system consist two parts: indoor and outdoor unit.

The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room, comprising compressor condenser and expanding valve etc. Meanwhile

the indoor unit is fitted in the room and usually hang on the wall, the evaporator or cooling coil and cooling fan are

inside the indoor unit. Two box office own its split unit air conditioning system. The occupants are able to control the

temperature by using the temperature control switch according to their preferences. In the next paragraphs, the

components of both units, the location consideration and the flow of the function of split unit system will be discussed.

6.5.1 Analysis and Justifications

Consideration of the placement of outdoor unit

Outdoor unit are installed at the back façade of the facade on a rigid and flat wall to sustain its heavy weight. The

area is ensured with the sufficient air flow to remove the heat produced. The work of maintenance is easily can be

done as the outdoor unit has been placed at a place that easy to access. Thus, it has avoided to spoil the

aesthetic value of Elderly care centre in overall.

Consideration of the placement of indoor unit

The ductless indoor unit is used to reduce the installation cost for air-conditioning system as compared to the other

systems.


Ground Floor Plan: Split Air-Conditioning System Outdoor and Indoor Unit

The split air conditioner are placed in the Staff office and the Game room of the ground floor to ensure better air

circulation. It is also a better choice given that the rooms are small in scale and much more economicalised in

comparison to centralised system which requires a much larger space and an significant installation cost and

maintenance fee.


First Floor Plan: Split Air-Conditioning System Outdoor and Indoor Unit

Split Air conditioning system are placed inside the Gymnasium and Library. The placement of air-con in the

gymnasium is to prevent hot and humid air to be sent out after hot and excessive exercises are performed inside.

The Split Air conditioner is also a better option as to window air conditioner because of its aesthetical appearances

and its silent operation especially in a sound prevention room like the Library.


Second Floor Plan: Split Air-Conditioning System Outdoor and Indoor Unit

Last but not least the split air-conditioner on the second floor was installed one inside the Main conference room

and each one unit within the Theatre room and the Karaoke Room. The reason being that it is appropriate that the

split air conditioner is chosen because of the enclosure of each room on the second floor do not have much window

to allow air ventilation to passes through and will cause stuffiness and airblock to the users’ experiences.


7.0 Mechanical Transportation System



7.1 Introduction

Mechanical Transportation is a device in which most cases is built in to the building that provides efficient and safe

transportation of people and goods. Helping persons move around the building is the primary function of the

transportation infrastructure. There are several difficult requirements that have to be satisfied by any passenger

transportation system, but the first one is safety.

There are three main types of mechanical transportation that can be found in buildings, each with their own sub

types. The three are elevator, escalator and travelators.

There are several key elements to determine the performance of any given lift,

1. Hoisting capacity, measurement of time it takes for the lift in a set to transport people to their required

destination during peak hours

2. Waiting intervals, the time it takes for any given lift to respond to a call from the patron

(Pertains to the speed in which the doors of a lift open and close, the rate at which a car accelerates, the speed of

the lift and the time it takes for patrons to leave and enter the lift )

Elevators

An elevator is a type of vertical transportation that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building,

vessel or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or

counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Types of Elevators

● Hydraulic Elevators

● Traction Elevators

● Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator


7.2.1 Hydraulic Elevators


Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric

motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from

the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet (61m)

per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Advantages

Disadvantages

● Hydraulic elevators are usually cheaper to

install than the traction variety.

(Brake,ropes,pulleys,driving sheaves or

winding gear are not necessary.)

● They also occupy less space in a building, as

the hoistway requires about 10 per cent less

area.

● These elevators are also more effective when

high loads need to be moved, as the

hydraulics provide a greater lifting force than

● Hydraulic elevator is slow speed

● Hydraulic elevators use more energy than

other types of elevators because the electric

motor works against gravity as it forces

hydraulic fluid into the piston

● The performance of the oil as a hydraulic fluid

varies with temperature, so an efficient

machine-room control system is necessary

● A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that

the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which


traction ropes.

● Their ongoing maintenance costs are lower

can cause a serious environmental hazard

Types of Hydraulic Elevators

Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators

They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the

elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole

below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevators

It has one piston and only allows about 20 feet of travel distance.

Roped Hydraulic Elevators

They use a combination of ropes and a piston to move the elevator. Maximum travel distance is about 60 feet.


Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators

In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below

the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance.


7.3 Standard Elevator Components

1. Car.

2. Hoistway.

3. Machine/drive system.

4. Safety system.

Car

The car is the component in which passengers get into when using an elevator. It is the square metal box that brings

you up and down.

Hoistway(Shaft)

The hoistway, better known as shaft, is the space in which the car goes up and down through. This is mainly where

the guard rails and cabling and etc. are located. It is one of the strongest parts of the elevator system.


Machine/Drive System

The machine/drive system is the component which moves the car up and down using the hoistway(shaft). Depending

on the elevator type, whether it be a pump through the hydraulic system or a traction machine through the traction

system.

Safety System

The safety system are precautions put in place if ever elevator failure or stop working. An example of would be

brakes that immediately deployed when the elevator descends too quickly.

The Hydraulic Elevators will differ from the traction elevator in the main components of:

1. Machine/drive system.

2. Safety system.

Elevator Car Standards

Standard elevator car/cabin can be classified according to the number of entrances and their locations Normal

Cabin Open, Through Cabin and Diagonal Cabin.


To prevent overloading of the car by persons, the available area of the car shall be limited and related to the

nominal/rated load of the elevator.

Number of passengers = rated load /75

Car size being utilized

7.4 Operating Principles of Hydraulic Elevators

Machine/ Drive System


1. Plunger/Piston/Jack

The cylinder shall be constructed of steel pipe of a sufficient thickness and suitable safety margin. The top of the

cylinder shall be equipped with a cylinder head with an internal guide ring and self-adjusting packing.

The plunger/Ram shall be constructed of a steel shaft of a proper diameter machined true and smooth. The plunger

shall be provided with a stop electrically welded to the bottom to prevent the plunger from leaving the cylinder

2. Hydraulic Power Unit

The hydraulic power unit consists of :

1. Tank.

2. Motor/Pump.

3. Valve.


4. Actuator.

Tank

The tank has sufficient capacity to provide an adequate reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the

system. A sight glass tube provided for checking the oil level and the minimum level mark clearly indicated. An oil

level monitoring device shall maintain a visual and audible signal in the control panel until the fault is rectified.

This liquid is usually oil based because it is non compressible and self lubricating.

Motor/Pump

The main function of the pump used in hydraulic elevator is constantly pushing Liquid into the cylinder to lift the

elevator, the pump is Submersible type with Variable Speed Valve Leveling.

Valve

The main functions of the Valve is to let liquid out of the system, to keeps the pressure low when open and to

increases pressure when closed.

● The valve shall incorporate the following features:

● Up and down acceleration and deceleration speed adjustment for smooth starts and stops.

● Smooth stops at each landing shall be an inherent feature of the valve.

● Adjustable pressure relief valve.

● Manually operating 'DOWN' valve to lower elevator in an emergency.

● Pressure gauge indicating in P.S.I. and Bars.

● Gate valve to isolate cylinder from pump unit.

● Negative pressure switch.

Actuator

An actuator is the device that transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical energy.

7.5 Safety System


Hydraulic elevator has dominated the low-rise market because it is cheaper to build, install and service, and because

it has a decidedly better safety record than the electric elevator. Especially in earthquake endangered areas, the

hydraulic elevator has proven itself to be clearly the safer option. Due to the threat presented by swinging

counterweights and because the car is suspended from the top of the hoistway, the traction elevator is particularly

vulnerable to a shaking building compared to the hydraulic elevator which is installed practically on the building’s

foundation.

Manual reset slack rope safety switch

A "slack/broken cable" safety device shall be supplied which will stop and sustain the elevator and its rated load, if

either of the hoisting cables become slack or breaks. The safety device shall be resettable by the operation of the

elevator in the upward direction. A switch shall be mounted in such a position as to sense the operation of the safety

device, and will open the safety circuit to the controller to prevent operation of the elevator in either direction.

Final Limit Switch

The elevator shall be equipped with a final limit switch to cut off all power to the elevator if the upper normal terminal

stopping devices fail.

Seismic valve for hydraulic elevators


A valve located in the pit close to the jack that is designed to hold pressure if the hydraulic line is broken due to

seismic activity.

Buffers

The buffer-striking member on the underside of the car must stop the elevator before the jack plunger reaches its

down limit of travel.

Anti-creep device

Provision shall be made to automatically return the car to the landing level at a speed not exceeding 0.15 m/s in the

event of a leakage in the hydraulic system causing the car to move downward for more than 75 mm but within the

unlocking zone.

Manual emergency operation

Readily accessible manual devices for emergency operation shall be provided in the machine room.

Other Safety Devices

● Automatic bi-directional levelling.

● Pit switch.

● Pump run timer.

● Car top stop switch.

● Emergency battery back-up for lighting, alarm and lowering

● Cab gate safety switch.

7.6 Types of Elevators

● Hydraulic Elevators

● Traction Elevators

● Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator

Hydraulic Elevators


Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric

motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from

the piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet (61m)

per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Traction Elevators

Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft.

They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A

counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor

doesn't have to move as much weight.

● Geared Traction Elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that

moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet(152.4m) per

minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet(76.2m).

● Gear-less Traction Elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators

are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet(609.6m) per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of

around 2,000 feet(609.6m) so they are the only choice for high-rise applications.

Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator

Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator

shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or

repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the

highest landing and within around 150 feet(45.72m) of the machine.


Ground Floor Plan with Lift indications and distance


7.7 Uniform Building By-Law & Other Requirements

152. (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open one into a protected lobby unless other suitable means

of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to

open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall or be glazed with

wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of mote vision panels in

any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

Some of the more technical requirements are that the distance from the wall of the lift lobby to the lift doors must be a

minimum of 2.4m (Strakosch & Caporale 2010).

8.0 Conclusion

Through this assignment, we are able to identify types and ways of systems and components

selected to make sure it fits the users’ needs. Meet the users’ requirement to reach a total level of


thermal comfort living in a comfortable environment. We are also able to identify the estimate

dimension of components and the space required for system to perform well for these components.

Besides that, the positioning, placing and the way it built must follow the procedure UBBL and must

be based on standard rules that has been set up. Now we all now that to design a building with

applying all the services or system is not as easy as we design a building. Lastly, we are all very

thankful and grateful that we now can understand well with all the building services.


9.0 References & Citation

9.1 Fire Protection System

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9.3 Air Conditioning System

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http://www.elevatorstudy.com/2015/11/types-of-elevators-classification-of.html

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