BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT

1 | Building Services Systems in Old Folks Home

BUILDING SERVICES [BLD60903/ARC2423]

PROJECT 2

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS IN PUBLIC BUILDING

(OLD FOLKS HOME)

PREPARED BY:

CHOW HONG DA (0318571)

DARSHIINI VIG (0319359)

EVELIN DEVINA (0322176)

ICHE DUNSTAN OMARI (0323347)

LIM JOE ONN (0318679)

PABLO IDRIS (0321895)

TUTOR:

MR. AZIM SULAIMAN

SUBMISSION DATE:

25th NOVEMBER 2016


TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 03

INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING .......................................................................... 04

CH 01. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. Fire Protection System .............................................................................................. 05

1.2. Air Conditioning ....................................................................................................... 06

1.3. Mechanical Ventilation ............................................................................................. 07

1.4. Mechanical Transportation ....................................................................................... 08

CH 02. FINDING AND ANALYSIS

2.1. Fire Protection System .............................................................................................. 11

2.1.1. Active Fire Protection System .......................................................................... 11

2.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System ......................................................................... 18

2.2. Air Conditioning System .......................................................................................... 23

2.3. Mechanical Ventilation System ................................................................................ 28

2.4. Mechanical Transportation System .......................................................................... 31

CH 03. PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS

3.1. Fire Protection System ............................................................................................. 38

3.1.1. Active Fire Protection System ........................................................................ 38

3.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System ...................................................................... 42

3.2. Air Conditioning System .......................................................................................... 43

3.3. Mechanical Ventilation System ................................................................................ 44

3.4. Mechanical Transportation System .......................................................................... 48

SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 56

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 57


ABSTRACT

Buildings function in service for the residents. This report studies the requirements

and needs of services in a building to enhance the living of the user. The notion of building

services is a necessity of combating both comfort to people and also safety in the unpredicted

events. A brief introduction of some essential systems: Fire Protection System, Air

Conditioning, Mechanical Ventilation, and Mechanical Transportation, is initially outlined.

The discussion widens to the technology and knowledge ready on hand at present, then

focuses on how the relevant systems can be installed in the building. In regards of the

building function as a public building for old folks home, the preceding study supports the

proposal of systems to be incorporated into the building program. The choices of systems to

be applied on the building is considered in relation to the necessity of the system, space

availability, installation and maintenance cost in comparison to its worth. Laws and

regulations standardized by the nation for each system are compared to get a better

understanding of the space implications and the regulations related to different services.


INTRODUCTION TO THE BUILDING

‘Breathe’ Elderly Centre is located in Taman Kanagapuram, a community resides Old Klang

Road in Malaysia. The activity hub, designed with respect for the elderly in mind, is capable to

accommodate around 20 senior citizens inside the spaces and 2 live-in staffs with the necessary spaces

for living. The building structures are primarily reinforced concrete while other components such as

the finishing, louvers, wall surface are mostly wood. Lush vegetation surrounds the building. In

response to the Malaysian climate, the centre has open plan and spaces, giving exposure of the

residents to the green side of the tropical country.

Figure 1 & 2 : Image of Massing model of The Breathe Elderly Centre


CHAPTER

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. Fire Protection

Life safety is the ultimate consideration in building design and the risk of fire

jeopardizes this safety. Outbreaks of fire within a building is highly dangerous because it may

become fatal if the spread of fire is not controlled. Fires affect thousands of people each year

by resulting in injury and loss of valuables. By establishing a fire prevention and

preparedness program, costly damages by fire can be prevented. For fire to be produced,

three factors must be present: Fuel, oxygen, and heat.

Fire started with the three elements stated above and ignites when all three are

combined. Next, it spreads rapidly with the aid of combustible materials nearby. A rapid

growth of fire will cause development stage to happen, temperature at this stage increases

slower but if it spreads to another area the cycle will begin again (Lai, Soo, Chan et al, 2015).

Fire will only decay when the fuel and oxygen supply diminishes. But a sudden rush of

oxygen like breaking a window can reignite the fire with explosive violence (Lai, Soo, Chan

et al, 2015).

Fire protection refers to measures taken to prevent fire from becoming destructive,

reduce the impact of uncontrolled fire and save lives and property (Cintas, n.d.). It is a very

important system as it ensures the user’s safety and security. Below is the summary of

practices to help prepare facilities for a fire emergency:

1. Implement a fire emergency evacuation plan

01

Fuel

Oxygen Heat


2. Establish a fire prevention plan

3. Educate building occupants

4. Practice Proper Housekeeping Techniques

5. Preventative Maintenance

Fire protection can be further divided into two types: active and passive fire protection

systems. Both are researched in this paper together with reference of UBBL rules and

regulations.

1.1.1. Active Fire Protection System

Active fire protection system a group of systems that require some amount of

action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be

manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either

way they require some amount of action (LSS,2015). Without any signals or

responses, active fire protection system will not operate.

1.1.2. Passive Fire Protection System

Passive fire protection system is defined as a group of systems that

compartmentalize a building using fire-resistance rated walls or floor.

Compartmentalizing the building into smaller sections helps to slow or prevent the

spread of fire and smoke from one room to the next (LSS, 2015). It mitigates the

amount of damage done to a building and provides people more evacuation time.

Fire escape is also one of the major design factors that determine the effectiveness

of escaping the building during an emergency. Implementations to support it

include emergency exit signs and emergency staircase design, increasing the

chances of survival.

1.2. Air Conditioning

Malaysia is a hot and humid tropical country. Because of this, many buildings in

Malaysia need to have an air-conditioning system in place to keep them cool. This is used to

keep the temperatures in the building at a comfortable level for people to run their activities

in. So, the air conditioning system is a necessity in our building.

Air conditioning is a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature

in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions.


1.3. Mechanical Ventilation

Ventilation is a process of exchanging air. It includes both replacing air from outside or

circulating air within a space. Ventilation helps to prevent heat concentration (heat produced

by lighting, machine, and human) and air humidity. The disposal of gas plays a crucial role in

fire prevention. Therefore, a building should ensure a good air circulation for comfort and

safety purposes.

Ventilation in a building can be achieved through natural way or with mechanical

devices. Natural ventilation occurs when there is an air difference which can be achieved via

operable windows. Warm air inside the space rises to the upper openings and cool air Is

forced in to ventilated the building. Although very energy saving, this ventilation is very

climatic based and varies due to different coordinates. That’s when mechanical ventilation is

then introduced to reach the human comfort level.

Air motion and relative humidity are significant comfort determinants, Watler T.

Grondzik (2010). The determinants often require mechanical devices, this system is called

mechanical ventilation. In commercial development, mechanical ventilation is typically

driven by Air Handling Units (AHU) connected to ductwork within the building that supplies

air to and extracts air from the interior.

Mechanical ventilation may be controlled by a building management system (BMS) to

maximize occupant comfort and minimize energy consumption.

1.3.1. Functions of mechanical ventilation (Energy Star, n.d)

1.3.1.1. Expel stale air containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne

chemicals, and other pollutants

1.3.1.2. Draw in outside air which presumably contains fewer pollutants and less

water vapour

1.3.1.3. Distribute and circulate the outside air throughout the building

1.3.2. Advantages of mechanical ventilation

1.3.2.1. Better indoor air quality. Mechanical ventilation system helps to remove

allergens, pollutants, etc.

1.3.2.2. Provides more fresh air control. It allows control with appropriate

locations for intake and exhaust

1.3.2.3. Improved comfort. It provides filtration, dehumidification, and

conditioning of the constant incoming air


1.4. Mechanical Transportation

The purpose of mechanical transportation is to transport people or goods from one

location to another through machines instead of human muscle. These transportation systems

are designed to transport their loads in the quickest and most efficient manner without the

burden of human fatigue. For a building to be built high, mechanical transportation should be

provided in the building not only for efficient circulation, but to also allow the elderly or

disabled to ascend higher levels without extensive use of ramps.

This research paper will be exploring the different types of mechanical transportation

that can be implemented into the elderly care center to serve senior citizens and the disabled.

Throughout this research paper, the rules and standards of mechanical transportation are to be

strictly adhered to meet the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) requirements.

Mechanical transportation is a mechanical system which moves people or goods from

one location to another, either vertically or horizontally, easily and efficiently. There are

many types or mechanical transportation, each serving different purposes for a building.

In a four-storey high building, the usual kinds of mechanical transportation

implemented are elevators and escalators. For the context of the elderly care center, an

elevator is the transportation of choice as the size of the building makes installing an

escalator space-consuming. An elevator not only is an efficient mechanical transport system

to travel between floors, it also fits the requirements of the elderly and the disabled, providing

them access to other floors without the laborious climbing of stairs.

There are 4 types of elevators, differentiated by the drive system it uses to pull the

elevator:

1.4.1. Traction Elevator

Traction elevators are elevators that use worm gears to

control mechanical movement of elevator cars by

"rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is

attached to a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These

machines are generally the best option for basement or

overhead traction use for speeds up to 3 m/s. A

counterweight is usually added to balance the empty

weight of the car and the live load. The machinery and

control system can be accommodated in a

separate machine room, or in the case of lifts Figure 1.4.1 Components of a traction elevator. Image source:


Figure 1.4.3: A climbing elevator in a construction site

Image Source:

without machine rooms, can be placed in the shaft.

1.4.2. Hydraulic Elevators

Hydraulic elevators uses a push cylinder,

either pushing directly or indirectly, to move

the car upwards or downwards. An electric

motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder

to move the piston. The piston smoothly lifts

the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the

release of the oil for a gentle descent. Such

low mechanical complexity of hydraulic

elevators make it suitable for low-rise

installations, provided the shaft should be

regularly checked for any fluid leakage.

1.4.3. Climbing Elevators

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator that

carries their own propulsion, which can be done with

either an electric or combustion engine. These kinds of

elevators can be found in construction sites on guyed

masts or towers, or on flight safety masts for

maintenance.

1.4.4. Pneumatic Elevators

This elevator uses a vacuum to pull the cab upwards, by using the differences

in air pressure above and below the cab as propulsion for the cab. The "shaft"

is made of acrylic, is always round due to the shape of the vacuum pump

Figure 1.4.2: Components of a hydraulic elevator Image Source:


turbine. This kind of elevator is suitable for existing homes due to their

compact nature, not requiring to excavate a pit and not requiring to install

hoist ways, but this kind of elevator have very low capacity and ca only carry

1-3 people.

Figure 1.4.4(1): A pneumatic elevator in a house. Image Source:

Figure 1.4.4(2): Components of a pneumatic elevator. Image Source:


CHAPTER

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

2.1. Fire Protection System


Outbreaks of fire are highly hazardous, making understanding and countering

unwanted fire outbreaks crucial in building design. Active fire protection design is

the usage of both mechanically activated and manually engaged equipment or

components by building occupants. Example of mechanical active fire protection

systems are water sprinklers and fire alarms while manual active fire protection

systems include fire extinguishers. Mechanical active fire protection systems are

triggered when fire or smoke is detected, warning building occupants of the

emergency, stimulating their ‘fight or flight’ response: to attempt extinguishing the

fire or flee to safety.

2.1.1.1. Smoke detector

A smoke detector is a smoke sensing

device that indicates fire. Smoke detectors

are very common in homes, offices,

schools and industries. Smoke detectors

are very useful devices as the damage

caused by fire is catastrophic

(electronicshub.org, 2016). Nowadays,

smoke detectors are easily available and

are cheap in price.

There are two basic parts of a smoke detector: a sensor to sense the smoke

and a very loud electronic horn. Smoke detectors can run off a 220-volt

house current or a 9-volt battery (electronicshub.org, 2016). There are two

types of smoke detectors, namely Ionization Detector and Photoelectric

Detector.

02

Figure 2.1.1.1(1): Smoke detector Image Source: http://www.guardhousesecurity.com/five-reasons-smoke-alarm-detector-beeping


Ionization Detector

Ionization smoke detectors contain a very

small amount of americium-241 within

an ionization chamber. They create an

electric current between two metal plates,

which sound an alarm when disrupted by

smoke entering the chamber. Ionization

smoke alarms can quickly detect the

small amounts of smoke produced by

fast flaming fires, such as cooking fires

or fires fuelled by paper or flammable

liquids (Alt, 2016). This type of smoke detector is commonly used in

kitchens.

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

Photoelectric smoke detectors contain an

Infrared LED and a Photodiode Light

Receptor. They contain a light source in a

light-sensitive electric sensor, which are

positioned at 90-degree angles to one

another. Normally, light from the light

source shoots straight across and misses the

sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it

scatters the light, which then hits the sensor

and triggers the alarm (Alt, 2016). This

type of smoke detector generally respond faster to a fire in its, early

smouldering stage.

UBBL 1984 Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies

(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices

controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force

close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam

causes the door to close within a preset time.

Figure 2.1.1.1(2): Ionization detector Image Source: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/edwards-signaling/product-9260-569429.html

Figure 2.1.1.1(3): Photoelectric smoke detector Image Source: https://www.bunnings.co.nz/our-range/building-hardware/general-hardware/fire-safety/smoke-alarms


2.1.1.2. Break Glass Call Point

A break glass call point is a device

that enables personnel to raise the

alarm by breaking the frangible

element on the fascia (Firesafe, n.d.) if

an emergency occurs. They should be

mounted 1.4m from the floor and sited

where they can be easily seen, such as

nearby stairways and at exits to open

air. When activated, the alarm bell

releases a sound of at least 65 decibels

2.1.1.3. Sprinkler

Considered as one of the key

component under the active fire

protection system, the fire sprinkler

system is extensively used

worldwide for its convenience and

efficiency (Phua, Tan, Lee et al,

2015). The sire sprinkler systems are

hooked up to water pipes in ceilings

and walls. The network of water pipes

is either filled with water at all times or hooked up to a storage tank via a

water pump or valve (Fire Sprinklers UK, n.d.).

Each sprinkler is fitted with a glass bulb containing gases and liquids that

expand under heat, or with a fusible link with seals that melt upon contact

with high heat. The contents of the glass bulb expand when a plume of hot

air is sent from the fire. The glass bulb ruptures when it is hot enough. This

releases a valve connected to the ceiling, dousing the fire with water (Fire

Sprinklers UK, n.d.). The glass bulbs and link seals are often designed to

break at specific temperatures, typically 68 degrees Celcius.

Water droplets released from sprinklers are strictly controlled to be large

enough to penetrate the core of the fire without evaporating (Fire Sprinklers

Figure 2.1.1.2: Break glass call point Image Source: ://www.vedardalarm.com/emergency-break-glass-fire-alarm-manual-call-point-p-51

Figure 2.1.1.3(1): Sprinkler Image Source: http://www.incontrolfp.com/posts/


UK, n.d.). Therefore, the fire extinguishers quickly before the chance for it

to spread.

Upright Sprinkler

Water is projected upwards from the upright

sprinkler and has a built-in deflector that

deflects water downwards. It sprays water in a

circular motion. Upright sprinklers are typically

installed in inaccessible areas such as

mechanical rooms that contain obstructions such

as ducts or areas that do not have a ceiling to

attach to.

Recessed Pendant Sprinkler

Water is shot downwards from the ceiling in

a circular motion from recessed pendant

sprinklers. This type of sprinkler is common

and are applicable to all sorts of rooms.

Connecting pipes are usually hidden behind

the ceiling for aesthetic purposes.

UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinklers

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position

on the exterior wall ad shall be readily accessible to the Fire

Authority

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest

fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the

alarm when activated.

Figure 2.1.1.3(2): Upright sprinkler Image Source: http://en.09635.com/pd/5396183/UL-Upright-Sprinkler-NX003-Brass-.htm

Figure 2.1.1.3(3): Recessed pendant sprinkler Image Source: http://www.qrfs.com/Senju-ZN-UF-True-Flush-Pendent-Standard-Response-Fire-Sprinkler


Fire Sprinkler Control Valve

The Fire Sprinkler Control Valve is attached to the

Suction Tank and pipes to all sprinklers present in

the building. It is used to switch the existing

sprinklers on or off. Sprinklers are occasionally

switched on for maintenance purposes, which is to

check if they are functioning.

2.1.1.4. Fire Hydrant

A hydrant is a valve connected to the water

main which allows fire services and

authorized users access to the main water

supply. Fire services use the hydrant for a

continuous flow of water which is vital to

firefighting operations. A fire truck carries

only enough water to make an initial fire

attack (NSW.gov,au, 2015). Firefighters

connect a hose to the hydrant and open

the valve of the hydrant to allow high

pressured water to blast out. To increase water pressure, firefighters attach

the hose to a firetruck, in which a pump boosts the water pressure.

UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed

position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to

the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the

nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay

of the alarm when activated.

Figure 2.1.1.3(4): Fire sprinkler control valve Image Source: http://ufpsys.com/en/taxonomy/term/52

Figure 2.1.1.4: Fire hydrant Image Source: http://www.kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/hydrant-system-equipment-c-21_26.html


2.1.1.5. Fire Extinguisher

The fire extinguisher is an active

fire protection device manually

used to smother small fires by

spraying onto them, cutting off

oxygen supply and overcoming

its combustive source. They can

be classified into 5 major classes,

each performing the best in specific

scenarios to overcome fire

emergencies.

Fire extinguishers are not designed to fight large or spreading fires. Even

for small fires they are useful only under certain conditions:

UBBL 1984 Section 225: Detecting and Extinguishing Fire

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and

extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated

exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the

Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant

located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire

brigade access.

(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the

provision of access for the fire appliances, additional fire hydrant

shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

UBBL 1984 Section 227: Portable Extinguishers

Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant

codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes

to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building

shall be of the same method of operation.

Figure 2.1.1.5(1): Fire extinguisher Image Source: http://www.firefightingprotectionsystem.com.my/portable-fire-extinguisher/


1) The operator must know how to use the extinguisher. There is no time to

read directions during an emergency.

2) The extinguisher must be within easy reach and in working order, fully

charged.

3) The operator must have a clear escape route that will not be blocked by

fire.

4) The extinguisher must match the type of fire being fought. Extinguishers

that contain water are unsuitable for use of grease and electrical fires.

5) The extinguisher must be large enough to put out the fire. Many portable

extinguishers discharge completely in as few as 8 to 10 seconds.

Foam Extinguishers

More effective on combustible solids such as paper and wood as wells as

flammable liquids. Its foam discharge is easier to clean up than powder. It is

not as conductive as water, so it won’t cause as much damage if sprayed on

electrical equipment.

ABC Powder Extinguishers

Figure 2.1.1.5(2): Foam extinguisher Image Source: http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-clean-up-fire-extinguisher-chemicals

Figure 2.1.1.5(3): ABC powder extinguisher Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=To9Jt1YZ_tU


Ideal as a multipurpose extinguisher and twice as effective as foam on fires

from combustible solids and very effective for burning and free-flowing

liquids. When its powder is applied to hot smoldering surfaces, the particles

fuse together and swell. This forms a barrier which excludes oxygen and

prevents reigniting. However, cleaning up its fine powder is costly and time

consuming. It also may aggravate respiratory conditions when discharged

(Fireproducts.ie, 2016).


The schematic diagram at the

right shows the chart flow of

the building’s passive fire

protection system. Passive fire

protection system is important

in preventing and protecting

the occupants during a fire

outbreak. Hence, for this

project we will be focusing on

the necessary compartment

building design and the means

of escape of occupants.

2.1.2.1. Fire Rated Door

Fire rated doors (also known as fire door) is

an essential and important fireproofing

component that need to be concerns about

the designing a building as this was a

pathway to ensure the users safety. With

having the same usage with fire wall, fire

door serves as the critical

compartmentalization of building

entrances or exits in order to prevent firs

and smoke applied the 1.5 hours fire rated door were installed at the

egress fire staircase each floor as well as office entrances.

Figure 2.1.2.1: Fire rated door Image Source: http://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/fire-resistant-doors.html


The fire door located at the side of the building, has been situated there in

the consideration in terms of circulations that allow users of the building

to walk easier however the escape routes will be protected by the fire rated

door during the fire event taking place. The door is made up of aluminium

with steel door frame which is sustainable enough to be used for a long

period. In fulfilling the requirements of By-Laws Section 164 (1),

automatic door hinges and devices are installed.

2.1.2.2. Emergency Exit Signage

Exit sign that are above the

fire rated doors are installed

with neon green word is to

indicate the escape way when

fire breakouts happens in the

building. There will be

emergency light lighting up

when the main electricity supply has been cut off (blackout). This signage

plays an important role in terms of fire escaping as when fire events takes

place, building will be filled up with smoke and is hardly visible, this

signs lights up in order to show the pathway of to escape fast. With the

design of the font and mechanism applied into the signage has vastly

helped to reduce the panic aggression of users. In Malaysia, the exit signs

are indicated as KELUAR in Malay language meaning exit. Based on the

image above, the exit sign is located about fire doors, which directs the

UBBL – SECTION 162 (1)

- Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided

- Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be

protected by a fore door having a FRP in accordance with the

requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to

these By-Laws

UBBL – SECTION 164 (1)

ALL fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closed of the

hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of

wire rope, weight type in the case of sliding door.

Figure 2.1.2.2: Emergency exit signage Image Source: http://eshop.vivalec.com/index.php/emergency-lighting-exit-lighting/pne-pex-215-led-wall-kuluar-sign.html


users towards the fire escape staircase. According to UBBL, the exit

signage must not be blocked by other decorations, hence it should be

located in the specified location.

2.1.2.3. Fire Emergency Staircase

Fire escape staircase is very important as

it is a pathway that leads users or

occupants of a building to a much safer

area or an assembly point in case of

emergency events. According to law, fire

escape staircase that leads to an

assembly point should be located

strategically to ensure safety of the users

of a building. This is also to ensure

they are safe from any harm and

danger.

UBBL – SECTION 172

- Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily

visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations,

furnishing or other equipment.

- A sign reading ‘KELUAR’ with an arrow indicating the direction

shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to

reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

- Every exit sign shall have the word ‘KELUAR” in plainly legible

letters not less than 150mm high with principal strokes of the

letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red

against a black background.

- All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of

occupancy.

Figure 2.1.2.3: Fire emergency staircase Image Source: https://www.google.com/search?site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1892&bih=857&q=emergency+stairs&oq=emergency+stairs&gs_l=img.3..0l6j0i30k1j0i8i30k1l2j0i24k1.2665.5566.0.5648.16.14.0.2.2.0.80.619.13.13.0....0...1ac.1.64.img..1.15.625.cUsv1EgC3Mo#imgrc=_QMi_3lDF_SwSM%3A


2.1.2.4. Separation of Fire Risk Area

By the laws, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separately

when design and by doing spatial planning would be helpful to the

building as it reduces the fire to expand from one point to another rapidly.

Based on my elderly care center, spatial planning is implemented in my

design.

With this location distribution, the risk of fire area are greatly reduced as

they are far apart from each other which helps to generate more time for

the users and occupants to escape when fire occurred. It will also allow

less damage to the building.


The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout

its length including at landings

Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall

have means of access via at least two separate staircases

The required width of staircase shall be clear width between

walls but landrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to

a maximum of 7.5 millimeters

Tiles on staircases-risers maximum 180mm and thread

minimum 255mm


No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from

story exit to the final exit


In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly,

exits to streets or large open space, together with staircases,

corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located,

separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the

occupants of the place


2.1.2.5. Fire Wall

Generally, fire wall is a fire resistant barrier that is designed to prevent the

spread of fire in a period of time. Assembly of materials that does not only

acts as a wall that separates spaces but also separates those high fire risk

area such as transformer rooms, electrical rooms and mechanical rooms.

2.2 Air

Conditi

oning

System

2.2.1. R

e

f

r

i

g

e

r

ant Cycle


The following area shall be separated from other areas of the occupancy

in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of

structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority based on the

degree of hazard:

Boiler rooms and associated fuel storage area

Laundries

Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials

Storage area of materials in quantities seemed hazardous

Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas

Linen rooms

Transformer rooms and substations

Flammable liquid stores

UBBL – SECTION 138(C)

Any wall or floor separating parts of buildings from another part of the

same building which is used or intended to be used mainly for a

purpose failing within a different purpose group as set out in the Fifth

Schedule by laws

UBBL – SECTION 148(6)

Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these

laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of

non-combustible materials apart from the ceiling, the required FRP of

wall and floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-

combustible materials


This is a process that removes heat from one place to another by using a

refrigerant. In this cycle the heat in a room is transferred through an Evaporator

and is removed to the outside through a Condenser. There are 4 components in the

refrigerant cycle which are evaporator, condenser, expansion valve and

compressor.

Components and Functions:

2.2.1.1. Evaporator

This is a heat absorbing surface. It

consists of a coil of pipe with refrigerant

inside of it that will vaporize and absorb

heat. The air that is blown over this

surface is cooled.

2.2.1.2. Condenser

This is the place where the heat absorbed by

the refrigerant in the evaporator is

dissipated. The refrigerant changes from

vapor to a liquid in the condenser, due to

this change of state a great amount of heat

is released.

2.2.1.3. Compressor

This is a component of the cycle that

compresses the refrigerant vapor from

Figure 2.2.1: Refrigerant cycle Image Source: http://www.warmair.com/images/refrigeration.gif

Figure 2.2.1.1: Evaporator Image Source: http://image.made-in-china.com/

Figure 2.2.1.2: Condenser Image Source: https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/air-condensing-unit-3-19653756.jpg

Figure 2.2.1.3: Compressor Image Source: http://autoservicecosts.com


the evaporator and pumps the refrigerant throughout the system.

Refrigerant vapor enters the compressor through the suction valve and

fills the cylinder. This refrigerant is cool, but it absorbs heat in the

evaporator. Most of this heat is absorbed while it was changing state from

liquid to a vapor.

2.2.1.4. Expansion Valve

A valve or small fixed-size tubing or orifice that

meters liquid refrigerant into the evaporator.

2.2.2. Air Cycle

This is a process that distributes treated air into the room that needs to be

conditioned. Latent heat inside the room is removed when the returned air is

absorbed by the evaporator. The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or

water. The air can either be distributed through ducts or chilled water pipes. Heat

inside the room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler.

Components and Functions:

2.2.2.1. Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Figure 2.2.1.4: Expansion valve Image Source: http://www.freongas.net/images/expansion-valves1.jpg


This is a central air conditioner station that handles air that supplied into

the buildings by ventilation ductwork. AHU treats the air by filtering,

cooling or heating, humidifying or dehumidifying.

2.2.2.2. Air Filter

Filters the dust in the air and reduce the dust

release to the room.

2.2.2.3. Blower Fan

To propel the air for distribution to remove heat from

the condenser.

2.2.2.4. Ductwork and Diffusers

Discharging supply air in different

directions and planes and arranged to

promote mixing of primary air with

secondary room air.

2.2.2.5. Clean air intake

Figure 2.2.2.1: Air handling unit Image Source: http://lynettevanheukelum.com/img/portfolio/AHU.png

Figure 2.2.2.2: Air filter Image Source: http://www.acfilters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Types-of-Home-Air-Conditioner-Filters-275x300.png

Figure 2.2.2.3: Blower fan Image Source: http://www.asia-manufacturer.com/whousepic/a46/36990/pb_l3mi1296032001.jpg

Figure 2.2.2.4: Ductwork Image Source: http://www.rackettering.com/images/


To renew the contents of air to be distributed.

2.2.3. Air Conditioning Systems

2.2.3.1. Split Unit Air Conditioning System

This is one of the most common and popular type of air-conditioning units

used today. It operates silently, has elegant looks and there is no need to

make a hole in the wall to install the unit. It consists of two units, an

outdoor unit (Condenser) and one or several indoor units (Evaporators)

connected by copper tubing.

Outdoor Unit/Condenser

This is the part of the split unit that

dissipates heat to the outside thus, sufficient

flow of air is required around it to remove

the heat from compressor and condenser.

The outdoor unit unit normally contains the

compressor, condenser and expansion valve

of the A/C. The condenser within the unit

is covered with aluminum fins so that the

heat from the refrigerant can be removed

at faster rate. A propeller fan draws in the surrounding air and blows it

over the compressor and condenser thus cooling them.

Indoor Unit/Evaporator

This is the part of the split unit that

produces the cooling effect inside the

room. It contains the Evaporator,

Blower fan, Supply air louvers, Air

filter, return air grille, Drain pipe and

Control panel. The blower fan draws

in the warm room air and it passes it

through the filter and the evaporator, which leads to the cooling of the air.

This cool air is then blown back into the room, thus cooling it.

Copper Tubing

Figure 2.2.3.1(1): Condenser Image Source: http://resource.carrierenterprise.com/is/image/Watscocom/

Figure 2.2.3.1(2): Evaporator Image Source: http://www.cruiseac.com/source/images/hp/internal/


The refrigerant piping is made up of

copper tubing and it connects the indoor

and the outdoor unit while covered with

insulation. It consists of two pipes, one to

supply the refrigerant to the evaporator

and the other to return the refrigerant to

the compressor. Distance between the

indoor and the outdoor unit should be

kept as minimum as possible so that the

use of the copper tubing is kept to a minimum.

2.2.3.2. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

T

This is one of the more sophisticated technological air conditioning

systems that are used nowadays. A VRF air conditioning system consists

of an outdoor unit (comprising one or multiple compressors depending in

the number of indoor units), several indoor units, refrigerant piping,

running from the outdoor to all indoors, and communication wiring.

Communication wiring consists of a 2-wired cable, chained from the

outdoor to all indoors, creating an internal closed loop network, that is an

essential part of any VRF installation. Each indoor unit has its own

individual temperature controller and each unit functions as required to

maintain the individual room temperature for a certain space.

Figure 2.2.3.1(2): Copper tubing Image Source: https://n2.sdlcdn.com/imgs/a/s/6/Copperpiping1-8254a.jpg

Figure 2.2.3.2: VRF Image Source: https://coolautomation.com/wiki/vrv-or-vrf/


The ability to adjust itself to the outdoor conditions is one of the main

factors that makes VRF systems so efficient, compared to the traditional

water cooled systems, based on chillers and fan coils.

The only limitation for this system of cooling is, if cooling is required in

one area, it is not possible to provide heating in a different area served by

the same system because the compressors will function in only cooling

mode or heating mode.

2.3. Mechanical Ventilation System

MS 1525:2007

Where appropriate the EMS should start and stop mechanical ventilation equipment such

as supply or exhaust fans. Some applications may require a number of fans to be grouped

together as a column zone for start and stop control by the EMS. Control should be based

on, but not limited to:

1) Time schedules

2) Carbon monoxide level in parking garages or carbon dioxide level in large rooms in

highly variable occupancy

3) Duty cycling alogarithm

(Malaysian standard, 2007)

Types of Mechanical Ventilation System:

2.3.1. Natural Inlet – Mechanical Extract (Exhaust System)

A

controllable exhaust controls the ventilation capacity. Suction duct is required.

Figure 2.3.1: Exhaust ventilation air flow direction diagram Image Source: https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation


The most common type of systems used for kitchen, workshop, laboratory,

internal sanitary apartment, garage, and hall. In non-residential building, such

system is applied in places like basement, corridor, food court, and etc.

The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side which causes the air inside the

room to move towards the fan and the room air is displaced by the fresh air from

the outside of the room. The extraction of air processes a loud noise, thus, baffle

filters can be used.

Single fan is installed in the duct connect to the central exhaust point to be

expelled to outside. Passive vents are installed for the air to flow in. It however

needed a large pressure difference compare to those induced by mechanical

supply system.

2.3.2. Mechanical Inlet – Natural Extract

Fresh air is brought in mechanically, and extract naturally through the openings

from the building, it creates over pressure condition. Air is then drawn out due

to lower pressure at the outside. The air supply is located in high place and the

air inlet must have the possibility of regulated. It should not be located near the

outlet location to prevent air from escaping being circulating the building. An

air filter is connected to the inlet inside the ductwork to clean the coming air.

A fan or a set of ductwork is used to distribute the fresh air from outside or it

can be connected to the returning air duct, allowing the heating and cooling

system’s fan and ducts to process the outdoor air before being distributed.

Figure 2.3.2: Supply ventilation air flow direction diagram Image Source: https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation


The benefit of connecting to returning air duct is the outdoor air can be air-

conditioned or dehumidified before it’s introduced into the room. At the same

time, refreshing the returning indoor air. Supply ventilation system suitable for

hot or mixed climates. It is because they pressurize the house, but may have the

potential to create moisture problem in cold climates.

2.3.3. Mechanical Inlet – Mechanical Extract

Known as combined or balanced ventilation system. The air pressure of the

room is in neutral state. As the pressure created by the supply air is then

depressurized by the exhaustion of air. The system is known as the most

efficient way in ventilating the air as it is independence of outdoor weather

despite of noisy environment and high installation cost. The combination of

system requires two ducts and fan system. This system is usually applied in the

area where natural ventilation hardly access or hard to control such as basement

and suitable for all climates.

Figure 2.3.3: Combined ventilation air flow direction diagram Image Source: https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation


UBBL Section 41. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning

(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the relevant

bulding bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting, and heights of rooms may

be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in

addition to the permanent air-conditioning system, there is provided alternative

apporoved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an

hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh

air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the

air-conditioning system is not functioning.

(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are

mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,

bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the

requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws

relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,

water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

2.4. Mechanical Transportation System

2.4.1 Hydraulic Lifts

Hydraulic elevators uses a push cylinder, either pushing directly or indirectly, to

move the car upwards or downwards. Such low mechanical complexity of

hydraulic elevators make it suitable for low-rise installations, provided the shaft

should be regularly checked for any fluid leakage.

The old arrangement of a direct cylinder inside a protective tube underground is

no longer suitable due to safety requirements for the protection of groundwater.

In such cases, a pull piston can be an appropriate alternative. Machine rooms are

unnecessary in such types of lifts.


There are 2 main types of hydraulic elevators:

2.4.1.1.1. Holed (Conventional) Hydraulic Elevators

They have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which

receives the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations

have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below

the pit. Maximum travel distance is approximately 60 feet.

2.4.1.1.2. Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators

This hydraulic elevator has a piston on either side of the cab. There are 3

different sub-types hole-less hydraulic elevators:

1) Telescopic Hydraulic Elevator: This configuration has the telescoping

pistons fixed to the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole

below the pit and has 2-3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping

pistons travel up to 50 feet (approx. 15 meters).

2) Non-telescoping (single stage) Hydraulic Elevator: It has only one piston

and has a maximum travel distance of about 20 feet (approx. 6 meters).

Figure 1.4.1(1): Different varieties of hydraulic lifts.


3) Roped Hydraulic Elevator: This uses a combination of ropes and a

piston to move the elevator. This elevator can travel up to 60 feet

(approx. 18 meters).

2.4.2. Components

2.4.2.1. Piston/Plunger/Jack

Comprised of 2 parts:

1) The Cylinder- Made of a steel pipe of sufficient thickness and suitable

safety margin. The top of the cylinder shall be equipped with a cylinder

head with an internal guide ring and self-adjusting packing.

2) Plunger/Ram- Constructed of a steel shaft machined to the proper

diameter related to the cylinder. A stop is electrically welded to the

bottom to prevent the plunger from leaving the cylinder.

2.4.2.2. Hydraulic Power Unit

The power unit shall be generously rated and

shall operate with minimum noise and vibration.

The unit is mounted on vibration insulators above

the machine room floor. A silencer unit is fitted

into the hydraulics to minimize transmission of

pulsations from the pump to the car and the

elimination of airborne noise. Figure 2.4.2.2: A tank in a hydraulic lift


The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components:

1) The Tank holds the liquid used in the hydraulic system. The liquid used

is usually oil based because oil is non-compressible and self-

lubricating. The tank should have sufficient capacity to provide an

adequate reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gases into the

system. A sight glass tube shall be provided for checking the oil level

and the minimum level mark shall be clearly indicated. An oil level

monitoring device shall be provided, and if operated, shall maintain a

visual and audible signal in the control panel until the fault is rectified.

2) The Pump/Motor constantly pushes the liquid

into the cylinder to lift the elevator. The

pump is Submersible type with Variable

Speed Valve Leveling. The pump and motor

shall be mounted on one robust bedplate or

within the power unit assembly if it is

suitably rigid. The motor pump and bearings

shall be mounted and assembled that proper alignment of these parts is

maintained under all normal operating conditions. An oil filter shall be

fitted on the pump inlet. A stopcock shall be provided to enable the

filter to be cleaned or changed without significant loss of oil. The pump

motor shall be of the single speed squirrel cage or slip ring type and it

shall run with minimum noise and vibration.

3) The Valve has the function of letting liquid out

of the system, keeping pressure low when open,

and increasing pressure when closed. The power

unit control valve shall be a variable speed

proportional valve type that includes all

hydraulic control valving inherently. A

stopcock shall be provided between control

valves and cylinders, and also between the reservoir and pump if the

pump is mounted outside of the tank.

Figure 2: A hydraulic pump motor

Figure 3: a hydraulic valve


4) The Actuator transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical

energy. The actuator could be the piston because it moves up and

down.

2.4.3. Operation of System

1) The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder.

When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least

resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the

pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid

collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator car.

2) When the car approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal

to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off,

there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already

in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and

the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the car stays

where it is.

3) To lower the car, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve.

The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (Actuator).

Diagram 2.4.3: Method of operation for hydraulic elevators.


When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the

cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the

cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir.

The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control

system closes the valve again.

2.4.4. Hydraulic Elevators Machine Room

The equipment rooms for

hydraulic elevators are normally

located at the lower level of a

building, but can be at any floor

level or 50 to 100 feet away from

the elevator shaft.

1) The hydraulic pump unit, GFI duplex receptacle and fused disconnect

switches (elevator lighting) must be located in a dedicated machine room.

2) Adequate working space in the machine room includes clearance in front of

the pump unit and the proper location of the light switch and disconnect

switches.

3) Two dedicated PVC sleeves, at least 3” (76 mm) in diameter, will be

required between the hoist way and the machine room, one sleeve for the

hydraulic hose and one for the electrical conduit. This is to enable the

installers to make the connection between the cylinder and the pumping

unit. The sleeves should enter the hoist way at either corner of the support

wall.

4) The machine room must be provided with at least 100 lx lighting over the

pumping unit and disconnect switches.

5) The machine room must be provided with two lockable fused disconnects

rated for the pumping unit. Disconnect switches should be located on the

strike (lock) side of the machine room door.

Figure 2.4.4: Machine Room Electromechanical Requirements


6) At least one GFCI duplex receptacle connected to a 15 amp branch circuit

shall be installed in the machine room.

UBBL 1984

152. Openings in lift shafts.

(1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected

lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the

satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not

apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as they may be

approved by the D.G.F.S.

(2) Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the

hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which

case any vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not

be more than 0.0161 square meters and the total area of one or more vision

panel in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square meters.

(4) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 millimeters in

diameter.

(5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of

an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure.

(1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the

designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car

or landing calls and park with doors open.

(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume

normal operation:

Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of

all lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.


CHAPTER

PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS

3.1. Fire Protection


3.1.1.1. Ionization Smoke Detector

03

GROUND FLOOR

Within a house, the kitchen

possesses the highest risk of

causing a fire due to high

concentrations of oils and cooking

equipment. Therefore, Ionization

smoke detectors are installed at

the ceiling of the kitchen in the

building as they can quickly

detect the small amounts of smoke

produced by fast flaming fires,

precisely cooking fires in this

case.


3.1.1.2. Fire Extinguisher

ABC Powder

Foam

ABC Powder

Foam

GROUND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR

ABC Powder

Foam

Abiding to the laws of UBBL, fire extinguishers are

strategically placed at clearly visible areas near major

entrances for optimum reaction time of occupants if a fire

occurs. ABC Powder fire extinguisher is placed in the kitchen

as its powder is highly effective on fire from combustible

solids. However, clearing up its fine powder after a fire is

costly. Hence, Foam-type extinguishers are intended to be

used for fires from other areas. Foam also causes less damage

if sprayed on electrical equipment, which is more abundant on

rooms other than the kitchen.



3.1.1.3. Break Glass Call Point

Break glass call points are installed nearby major

entrances and open spaces for good visibility by

building users. Users break the glass to activate

the fire alarm if a fire is noticed, indicating people

to evacuate the building immediately.



3.1.1.4. Water Sprinkler

3.2.1.1. a

s

daddad

Upright sprinkler

Recessed pendent sprinkler

Water

Tank

Water from upstairs

Recessed pendent sprinklers are installed in

average ceilings while upright sprinklers are

installed at places where the ceiling is

unavailable such as in this case, upstairs

where the roof structure is exposed. These

water sprinklers are right above areas of

higher fire hazard such as the kitchen, gym

and sewing room.

Below roof



The diagram above shows the passive fire protection system chosen which are the

emergency staircase (in red coloured box) with the “KELUAR” sign ( in green

coloured box). The type of the stairs chosen for this building in the return staircase

type which is mainly used in a lot of commercial and public buildings. This type

has been chosen for the suitability of this building due to its usability during fire

breakouts or any evacuation emergencies. The return staircase is a safe staircase

that is recommended under the BOMBA requirements which is safe for the people

always. Hence, being it installed in this elderly centre would much be a good use.

Last but not least, active and passive fire protection in this elderly centre is complete and

have been installed according to the Uniform Building By-Law of Malaysia and also the

BOMBA requirements. The overall system is systematic as it has its own control panel to

control the entire system. Hence, this allows people who are in charge to be well aware of

any fire breakouts and also to prevent any false alarm of fire breakouts in happening to avoid

any inconveniences in the building. Therefore, if there were any emergency to take place, the

building is prepared has vast damages can be avoided as well the people in the building will

be more safe.


3.2. Air Conditioning System

For the elderly home, we have chosen to use the VRF Air-conditioning system. The reasons we

chose this system is that:

3.2.1. There won’t be any need to install multiple outdoor units since only one will be used.

3.2.2. The only outdoor unit will be placed on the roof, where it won’t be seen by the users.

3.2.3. All the indoor units can be controlled separately with their own control panels and, all at

once with a master control panel.

3.2.4. Since Malaysia is a hot country, it is most likely that all the units will be used for

cooling and no problems will arise where both cooling and heating is needed within the

building.


3.3. Mechanical Ventilation System

3.3.1. Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation – Supply Only

Whole-house mechanical ventilation is a relatively new system which moves air

throughout a house continuously at a relatively low flow rate. The purpose of

this system is to provide a continuous air change for fresh air in the building to

maintain healthy living conditions for the occupants and the building itself, not

to cool the temperature of the living space. Taken into consideration how the

occupants are to be senior citizens, having too much of artificial air temperature

with air conditioner or wind from fans may be vulnerable to the body of the old.

With this system, the air quality is maintained fresh, without any direct wind to

the residents, circulating the air continuously so the toxic air in the interior

space will keep being excreted.

Basic benefits of mechanical ventilation system:

1) Provides consistent supply of outdoor air for improved air quality and

occupant comfort

2) Dilutes indoor contaminants

3) Helps to control relative humidity and reduce moisture accumulation

There are three types of whole-house mechanical ventilation system:

Exhaust only, supply only, and combined system. The one proposed for the

building is the supply-only whole house mechanical ventilation. Reason being,

the cost is relatively inexpensive, considering the building is not a big

commercial space, gives better filtering of outdoor air into the space and more

control compared to the other two systems, and works well in hot climate. Its

main function is to draw clean outside air into the interior living space which

keeps moisture out in hot and humid climate compared to exhaust-only system

which focusing more into getting the indoor air substances out whilst in this

project, the spaces are not for heavy usage which may cause heavy pollution.

This system may have weakness towards cold climates, which is not a problem

for hot and humid climate in Malaysia. Oppositely, the exhaust fan works

better in cold climate which is not Malaysia. Combine system apparently is

much more expensive in installation cost whilst the maintenance cost is still

the same. The intake source is only at one point, so it won’t disturb the

building appearance with outlets.


Ventilation System

Pros Cons

Exhaust Relatively inexpensive and simple to install

Work well in cold climates.

Can draw pollutants into living space

Not appropriate for hot humid climates

Rely in part on random air leakage

Can increase heating and cooling costs

May require mixing of outdoor and indoor air to avoid drafts in cold weather

Can cause backdrafting in combustion appliances.

Supply Relatively inexpensive and simple to install

Allow better control than exhaust systems

Minimize pollutants from outside living space

Prevent backdrafting of combustion gases from fireplaces and appliances

Allow filtering of pollen and dust in outdoor air

Allow dehumidification of outdoor air

Work well in hot or mixed climates.

Can cause moisture problems in cold climates

Will not temper or remove moisture from incoming air

Can increase heating and cooling costs

May require mixing of outdoor and indoor air to avoid drafts in cold weather.

Balanced Appropriate for all climates Can cost more to install and operate than exhaust or supply systems

Will not temper or remove moisture from incoming air

Can increase heating and cooling costs.

Figure3.3.1: Diagram of supply-only system Source:http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Ventilation_Supply_Only.php

Table 3.3.1: Comparison of systems Source: https://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation


3.3.2. Local Exhaust Fan

One single unit of exhaust fan is to be

installed at the kitchen area, on top of

the stove area to help de-pressuring

the air of the kitchen where heat is

sourced, and so heavy substances

such as oil and smokes can be

transferred outside of the building, maintaining more fresh air inside. The single

unit is easy to install and relatively inexpensive, affordable for households.

3.3.3. Air-Vent

Another exhaust system installed at

the washrooms of the building. The

same with the local exhaust fan, it is

installed separately from each other,

giving more freedom and choices.

Air vents are installed at the

bathrooms to vent out unwanted

odours which may originated from

the toilet.


3.3.4. Components in Mechanical Ventilation System applied

3.3.4.1. Axial Fan

Functions:

1) Removes heat, humid and polluted air

2) Bring in outdoor air for comfort ventilation

(people) and convection cooling (building)

3.3.4.2. Filter

Functions:

1) Shift the external air before releasing into room

2) Trap and prevent dust, smoke, and bacteria from

entering building

3) Usually installed at the inlet grille

3.3.4.3. Ductwork

Functions:

1) Channel outside air towards the room or

the air from the room towards the outside

2) Usually in round or rectangular section

3.3.4.4. Fire Dampers

Placed at compartment wall to avoid the fire from spreading from room to

room

3.3.4.5. Diffuser

Located at the edge of the ductwork where the air is

released into the room

3.4. Mechanical Transportation System

3.4.1. Hydraulic Lift

The type of lift proposed for the elderly care center is machine room less

telescopic hydraulic elevator. The reasons are:


1) Low maintenance to reduce repair costs imposed on

the elderly care center.

2) Able to reach up to 15m, which is sufficient to carry

people throughout the building.

3) Because the lift shaft is self-supporting, no

reinforcement is necessary, and less load is imposed

onto the building itself.

4) Higher load capacity for wheelchair users.

5) For a holeless hydraulic system, no digging of holes

are needed, just a pit is needed.

6) No machine room is necessary, as the machinery is

placed in the pit itself.

Diagram 2.4: Components of a telescopic hydraulic elevator

50 | P a g e

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF

ELEVATOR

51 | P a g e

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF

ELEVATOR AND DUMBWAITER

52 | P a g e

Plan and Section drawing of hydraulic lift:

3.4.2. Vertical Transportation System (Dumbwaiter)

3.4.2.1. Hoistway

Hoistway is the space enclosed by fire

proof walls and elevator doors for the

travel of one or more dumbwaiters or

material lifts. It includes the pit and

terminates at the underside of the overhead

machinery space floor or grating or at the

underside of the roof where the hoistway

does not penetrate the roof.

53 | P a g e

It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead

machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof where the

hoistway does not penetrate the roof.

3.4.2.2. Guided Rail

Guide Rails are Steel Tracks in the form of a “T” that run the length of the

hoistway, round, or formed sections with guiding surfaces to guide and

direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights

and usually mounted to the sides of the hoistway. Car Guide rails are fixed

to the hoistway by means of steel brackets. While counterweight guide rails

are fixed to the hoistway by means of side steel brackets

Counterweight counterbalances the load of the elevator carriage, so the

motor lifts much less of the carriage's weight (specifically, the

counterweight is the weight of the carriage plus 40-50% of its rated

capacity). The counterweight also increases the ascending acceleration

force and decreases the descending acceleration force to reduce the amount

of power needed by the motor. The elevator carriage and the

counterweights both have wheel roller guides attached to them to prevent

irregular movement and provide a smoother ride for the passengers.

3.4.2.3. Suspension Cable

Suspension cables are suspension means for car and counterweight, which

are represented by steel wire ropes. They are used on traction type

elevators, usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the

machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the

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counter weights. Hoisting cable are generally 3 to 6 in number. These ropes

are usually 1/2”or 5/8” in diameter.

3.4.2.4. Car Buffer

An Oil Buffer is type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators

with speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a

combination of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or

counterweight and are most commonly located in the elevator pit, because

of their location in the pit buffers have a tendency to be exposed to water

and flooding. They require routine cleaning and painting to assure they

maintain their proper performance specifications. Oil buffers also need

their oil checked and changed if exposed to flooding.

3.4.2.5. Geared Traction Machine

Geared traction elevator have

a gearbox that is attached to

the motor, which drives the

wheel that moves the ropes.

Geared traction elevators are

capable of travel speeds up to

3 m/s. The maximum travel

distance for a geared traction elevator is around 75 metres.

Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost,

ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. It is important that

traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a regular basis.

As they wear, the traction between the sheave and the cables is reduced and

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slippage becomes more regular, which reduces the efficiency and can

become dangerous if left unchecked.

Advantages and reasons for using dumbwaiter:

An integral part of modern buildings; used to move goods vertically.

It is normally used as small lifts to carry objects rather than people. Usually

found in multilevels restaurants and hospitals. Provide an immediate means

of transportation. Quick and efficient, no waiting time required. Should be

located close to spaces that small objects to transport, such as food, goods

baggage, etc. Intended for vertical movements.

The standard car size is 610mmx760mmx760mm. The range of safe

working load is 50 KG to 200KG. It normally serves up to 6 floors. There is

a standard vertical bi parting door in stainless steel hairline finish come

with electrical mechanical interlock. The standard electric supply is of

415V 3 phanse isolator at top floor dumbwaiter area. The enclosure should

be always brickwall.

Dumbwaiter within modern structures, including both commercial, public

and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. Here is

normally a termination in the kitchen, when installed in restaurants, schools,

kindergartens, hospitals, retirements homes or in private homes. A

dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope an a pulley,

guided by rails, and a smaller capacity than passenger elevators.

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SUMMARY

Through this project, we had studied the services systems which are necessary in a

building program for the safety and comfort of the residents, which is the ultimate goal of a

building, to enhance people’s lives. The study classified the availability, necessity, and

importance of building services. We learnt how each system plays its role in the building, and

each component of the system serves its function.

Going further, with the study of the systems available, the project allowed us to

understand and be able to choose the most suitable system for the project on the run. Each

system has its own strength and weakness, it serves particular functions which may not be

relevant to another project.

Understanding about the existing law written for the standard of a building worthiness

is to be taken seriously. The laws and regulations are to keep harms away and ensure the

safety of the living being who are to reside in the space. Lives of many people are to be at

risk if the planning of the building services not considered seriously.

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REFERENCES

Adib, M. 2016. Air-Conditioning Systems [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from

https://times.taylors.edu.my/pluginfile.php/2015246/mod_resource/content/2/Air-

Cond%20Systems.pdf

Baiche, B., Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. 2011. Architects' data (4th ed., pp. 128-133). New

York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley-Blackwell.

Cool Automation. 2016. VRF or VRV?. Retrieved from https://coolautomation.com/wiki/vrv-

or-vrf/

Daytona Elevator: Residential Elevators - Home Elevators,Pneumatic Vacuum

Elevators,Wheelchair Lifts,Stair Lifts and Dumbwaiters. (1999).

Daytonaelevator.com. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from

http://www.daytonaelevator.com/pneumatic%20vacuum%20elevator%20main%20pa

ge2.htm

Friedman, Daniel. Supply-Only Fresh Air Ventilation System Design. Retrieved 16

November 2016 from http://inspectapedia.com/BestPractices/Ventilation_

Supply_Only.php

Hall, F. (Fred), 2001. Building Service Handbook/Fred Hall and Roger Greeno.

Home Innovation Lab. 2015. Whole-House Mechanical Ventilation: Exhaust, Supply,

Balanced, and Backdrafting. Retrieved 08 November 2016, from

http://www.protradecraft.com/whole-house-mechanical-ventilation-exhaust-supply-

balanced-and-backdrafting

Hydraulic Elevators Basic Components. 2012. Electrical-knowhow.com. Retrieved 16

November 2016, from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-

elevators-basic-components.html

UBBL 1984 pdf - slideshare.net. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2016, from

http://www.slideshare. net/ JoshuaLee68/ubbl-1984-pdf.

http://www.daytonaelevator.com/pneumatic%20vacuum%20elevator%20main%20page2.htm

http://www.daytonaelevator.com/pneumatic%20vacuum%20elevator%20main%20page2.htm

http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-elevators-basic-components.html

http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-elevators-basic-components.html

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Uniform Building By-laws 1984 (G.N. 5178/85). 2013. (1st ed.). Petaling Jaya, Selangor

Darul Ehsan.

Whole-House Ventilation. Retrieved 10 November 2016 from

http://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation

BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT

Engineering

Transcript of BUILDING SERVICE PROJECT 2 FINAL REPORT