Building Science 2 Report

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Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]

Project 2: Integration with Design Studio 5

Lighting and Acoustic Analysis on Community Library

Name: Joanne Bernice Chua Yunn Tze

Student ID: 0315905

Tutor: Mr. Siva

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Table of Contents

1.0 Lighting

1.1 Natural Lighting

Children’s Area 3

1.2 Artificial Lighting

Quiet Study Area 5

Multipurpose Space 9

1.3 PSALI

Computer Space 14

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level)

Ground Floor level 21

2.2 Reverberation Time

Meeting/Discussion Room 24

Multipurpose Area 25

2.2 Sound Transmission Loss

Quiet Study Area 26

Meeting/Discussion Room 28

3.0 Appendix and Reference 30

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1.0 Lighting

1.1.1 Natural Lighting at Children’s Area

Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%

Children’s Area = 71.4m2

Area of Glass Window = 22.5m2

Day Light Factor = (22.5/71.4) x 100%

= 31.5%

31.5x 0.1= 3.15%

Children’s area needs good lighting to make the space more lively and welcoming for

children to read and play. The result for the daylighting factor is at 3.15%, which is

under the good category based on the requirement of MS 1525:2007, within the

range of 3-6. Thus this space considers having a good natural lighting. The location

of this library is at the 1st floor and facing the west direction meaning it receives the

most sunlight during the afternoon and the evening period. However during the

morning, it requires minimum artificial lighting to light up the space.

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EEi = (D x Eo) / 100

Ei = (3.15x 32000) / 100

=1008lux

The children’s area is considered an infrequent reading and writing area therefore

the range of standard illuminance is 200 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is

1008lux, which is about 5 times the amount of lux required. This is because the

design idea of having more glass at the children’s area to make it as open and

welcoming as possible. This space only receives direct sunlight during the evening

around 3pm to 5pm and it will be shaded throughout the day. The space is located

on the 1st floor meaning it is shaded by the adjacent building opposite it.

MS1525 Lighting Standard

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1.2 Artificial Lighting

1.2.1 Artificial Lighting at Quiet Study Area

Lumen Method Calculation Formula:

E x A_______ N= F x UF x MF

Proposed Lighting:

The Quiet Study Area is a working space that requires bright light for optimal reading.

Hence, the fluorescent lamp is used to create an atmosphere which is well lit for

frequent reading and writing.

Number of luminaire required by Lumen Method Calculation:

E x A_______

N= F x UF x MF

Type of luminaire Specification

18 Watt T8 Fluorescent lamp

- Color temperature 3500k

- 18W

- 2800lm

- Warm white

- To create bright reading space in

the study area

-High color temperature

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Dimension L = 7.5m W=5m

Area 37.5m²

Activity held Study area for the students

Height of ceiling 4.5m

Height of luminaire 3.5m

Height of work level 0.75m

Assumption of reflectance

White Plaster ceiling –70%

Exposed brick wall – 50%

Carpet flooring – 30%

Standard Illuminance Level 400 lux

Room Index

L x W__

(L+W)xH

7.5x5_

(7.5+5) x 3.5

=37.5/43.75

= 0.8

Utilization Factor / UF

(Based on given utilization

factor table)

0.44

Maintenance Factor / MF

0.8

=

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Lumen Method For 18 watt Fluorescent Lamp

E x A_______

F x UF x MF

400x 37.5

2800 x 0.44 x 0.8

= 15000/985.6

N=15 lamps

Hence, 15 luminaires with 2800lm is required to

illuminate the quiet study area.

Spacing to Height Ratio

Formula: SHR =1

Hm√A/N

SHR= (1 / 2.75) x√37.5/15

= 0.364 x 1.58

= 0.58

S/H = 0.58

S = 0.58H

S = 0.58 x 2.75

S = 1.6m

N=

=

=

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The spacing between each luminaire requires 1.6m away from each other.

Row of lamp = 7.5 / 1.6

= 5 rows

Number of lamps in each row = 15lamps / 5rows

=3 lamps

Longitudinal spacing = 5/ 2

= 2.5m

Half spacing is 1.25m

Installed Flux = 5 row x 3 lamps x 1 x 2800

Ei=42000 lumens

Installed flux per m2 = 42000 /37.5 = 1120 lm/m2

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1.2.1 Artificial Lighting at Indoor Multipurpose Area



Proposed Lighting:

The Multipurpose Area is an exhibition space that requires bright light for maximum

performance. Hence, the fluorescent lamp and track light is used to create an

atmosphere which is well lit for exhibitions or events.


T5 Fluorescent lamp with reflector

- Color temperature 3500k

- 16W

- 2800lm

- Warm white

- To create bright reading space in

the multipurpose area

-High color temperature

Ceiling Mounted Track Light

- LED light

- 1020lm

- Warm white

- Place facing the stage to

emphasize on stage activities;

Place at the corner of the area to

emphasize on works or displays

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E x A_______

N= F x UF x MF

Dimension L = 8m W=12m

Area 96m²

Activity held Hall for exhibitions and events

Height of ceiling 7m

Height of luminaire 7m

Height of work level 1m


White Plaster ceiling panel –70%




Room Index

L x W__

(L+W)xH

8x12_

(8+12) x 6

=96/120

=

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= 0.8



factor table)

0.44


0.8


E x A_______

F x UF x MF

300x 96

2800 x 0.44 x 0.8

= 28800/985.6

N=30 lamps

Hence, 30 luminaires with 2800lm is required to

illuminate the multipurpose area.


Formula: SHR =1

Hm√A/N

N=

=

=

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SHR= (1 / 6) x√96/30

= 0.16 x 1.79

= 0.29

S/H = 0.28

S = 0.29H

S = 0.29 x 6

S = 1.7m


Row of lamp = 12 / 1.7

= 7 rows


= 4.3 lamps

6 Rows will have 4 lamps while 1 Row will have 6 lamps

Longitudinal spacing = 8/ 2

= 4m

Half spacing is 2m

Installed Flux = 7 row x 4 lamps x 1 x 2800

Ei=78400 lumens

Installed flux per m2 = 78400 /96 = 816.6 lm/m2

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Light Reflectance Table

(Source: http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html)

Utilization Factor Table

(Source: http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical)

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1.3 PSALI at Computer Space:

Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100%

Computer Space = 57m2

Area of Glass Window = 15m2

Day Light Factor = (15/57) x 100%

= 26.3%.

26.3 x 0.1=2.63%

Computer space needs a good balance between daylighting and artificial lighting for

optimal working space. The result of the daylighting factor is at 2.63%, which is

under the fair category based on the requirement of MS 1525:2007, within the range

of 1-3. Thus this space consider having an average daylighting but it can be brighten

up using artificial lighting to meet the required lux for computer space. The location

of this office is at the 2nd floor and facing the west direction meaning it receives the

most sunlight during the afternoon period.

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EEi = (D x Eo) / 100

Ei = (2.63x 32000) / 100

=842 lux

The standard illuminance level for computer space is in the range of 400 lux. The

final calculation of daylighting is 842lux, which is about twice amount of the lux

requirement. This is because the area of the computer space is quite small and

which cause the lux to be twice as much as required. This space only receives direct

sunlight during the evening 3-5pm and it will be shaded throughout the day. To

reduce the lux, there will be external facade which acts as a shading device and

reduce glare.



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Proposed Lighting:

The Computer Space is a working space that requires bright light for optimal

work performance. Hence, the fluorescent lamp is used to create an

atmosphere which is well lit for frequent reading and writing. Due to the

existing of windows, some part of the artificial light is switch off a certain

period of time especially during the morning where it receive sunlight.


E x A_______

N= F x UF x MF


18 Watt T8 Fluorescent lamp

- Colour temperature 3500k

- 18W

- 2800lm

- Warm white

- To create bright at working space

in the computer room

-High colour temperature

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Dimension L = 7m W=9m

Area 63m²

Activity held Computer space for public

Height of ceiling 4.5m

Height of luminaire 3.5m

Height of work level 0.75m


White Plaster ceiling panel –70%




Room Index

L x W__

(L+W)xH

7x9_

(7+9) x 2.75

=63/44

=1.5



factor table)

0.6


0.8


=

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E x A_______

F x UF x MF

400x 63

2800 x 0.6 x 0.8

= 25200/1344

N=18.75 lamps

Hence, a minimum of 20 luminaire with 2800lm is

required to illuminate office space.

N=

=

=

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Formula: SHR =1

Hm√A/N

SHR= (1 / 2.75) x√96/20

= 0.364 x 2.19

= 0.8

S/H = 0.8

S = 0.8H

S = 0.8 x 2.75

S = 2.2m


Row of lamp = 9 / 2.2

= 5 rows


=4lamps

Longitudinal spacing = 7/2

= 3.5m

Half spacing is 1.75m

Installed Flux = 5 row x 4lamps x 1 x 2800

Ei=56000 lumens

Installed flux per m2 = 56000/63 = 888.9lm/m2

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Light Reflectance Table

(Source: http://www.lightcalc.com/lighting_info/glossary/glossary.html)

Utilization Factor Table

(Source: http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical)

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Acoustic

2.1 External Noise at Ground level

Sound Pressure Level Calculation:

__1__ N= 10 x log10 1(ref)

Noise Source:

A) Busy Traffic Noise = 80dB

B) Normal Conversation = 40dB

A) Traffic Noise = 80dB

80 = 10 log10𝐼1

𝐼0

Antilog 8 = 𝑙1

10−12

8 x 108 = 𝑙1

10−12

l1 = 1 x 10−4

B) Conversation = 40dB

40 = 10 log10𝐼1

𝐼0

Antilog 4 = 𝑙1

10−12

4 x 104 = 𝑙1

10−12

l1 = 1 x 10−8

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Total Intensities =(1 𝑥 10−4) + ( 1 𝑥 10−8)

= 1 𝑥 10−4

Combined SPL = 10 log10𝐼1

𝐼0

= 10 log101 𝑥 10−4

1 𝑥 10−12

= 10 x 8

= 80dB

AcousticStandard ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008

Acoustic must provide a suitable environment within a particular space follow the

American National Standard Institute ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008 Criteria for Evaluation

Room Noise.

Type of interior, task or activity dB

Small Auditorium (<500 Seats) 35-39

Large Auditorium (>500 Seats) 30-35

Open Plan Classroom 35

Meeting rooms 35-44

Office (Small, Private) 40-48

Corridors 44-53

Library 35-40

Restaurants 48-52

Shops and Garage 57-67

Circulation Path 48-52

Open Plan office area 35-39

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The sound pressure level for a library is within 35-40dB. However the

reverberation time for the ground floor has exceeded the requirement which is

80dB. This is caused by the heavy human traffic at the back lane market

during morning hours and medium to heavy traffic along Jalan Sultan Abdul

Samad during peak hour. To reduce the noise produce by the street towards

the building, courtyard spaces has been put in between the meeting room and

noise source to act as buffer zones. The interior of the building also have

some vegetation which acts as mask noises from exterior noise.

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2.2.1 Reverberation Time at Meeting/Discussion room

Reverberation Time Calculation formula:

Reverberation Time (RT) = 0.16V/A

Building Elements

Material Colour Surface Texture

Area (metre)

Absorption Coefficient (500 Hz)

Sa

Ceiling Plasterboard White Matte 21.24 0.04 0.85 Floor Homogeneous Tiles Grey Matte 21.24 0.03 0.64 Wall Brick (Natural) Red Matte 42.75 0.03 1.28 Door/

Window Steel Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 26.55 0.04 1.06 Human Per person: 20 0.42 8.40 Total Absorption: 12.23

RT= 0.16 x V

A

RT=

0.16 x 95.58

12.23

RT= 1.25s

The meeting/discussion room has the reverberation time of 1.25s which does not

meet the recommended standard as it average in the range of 0.6-0.8. This means

the reverberation time for the meeting needed to be reduced by 0.45s. For this

meeting room, shorter reverberation time is recommended as it can reduce the echo

which produces a better sound quality in one space. In order to meet the

requirement, acoustic panel and floor finishing like carpet can be added to the space

to reduce reverberation time.

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2.2.2 Reverberation Time at Multipurpose Space

Reverberation Time Calculation formula:

Reverberation Time (RT) = 0.16V/A

Building Elements

Material Colour Surface Texture

Area (metre)

Absorption Coefficient (500 Hz)

Sa

Ceiling Plasterboard Light Grey Matte 96 0.04 3.84

Floor Carpet Dark Brown Matte 96 0.06 5.76

Wall Brick (Natural) Red Matte 215.22 0.03 6.45

Door Aluminum Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 3.78 0.04 0.15

Window Aluminum Framed Glass Transparent Transparent 63 0.04 2.52

Human Per person: 100 0.42 42

Total Absorption: 60.72

RT= 0.16 x V

A

RT=

0.16 x 672

60.72

RT= 1.77s

The multipurpose space has the reverberation time of 1.77s which meets the

recommended standard as it average in the range of 1.5-2.5s. This means the

reverberation time for the multipurpose space is optimal for both speech and music

in exhibitions and events.

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2.3 Sound Transmission Loss

2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss at Quiet Study Area

Sound Reduction Index or Transmission Loss Calculation

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1/Tav)

Materials Surface Area(m2) Sound Reduction

Index

The transmission

coefficient of

material

Brick Wall 88.4 39 1.26 x 10-0.4

Single Laminated

Glass (20mm)

7.5 41 7.94 x 10-5

Glass Door

(10mm)

3.7 37 1.99 x 10-4

Total Surface

Area

99.6

Brick Wall

39 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

Antilog 3.9 = 1

𝑇

T = 1.26 x 10-0.4

Single Laminated Glass

41 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

Antilog 4.1 = 1

𝑇

T = 7.94 x 10-5

Glass Door

37 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

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Antilog 3.7 = 1

𝑇

T = 1.99 x 10-4

Tav = [(88.4 x 1.26 x 10−4) + (7.5 x 7.94 x 10−5) + (3.7x 1.99 x 10−4)]

99.6

= 1.2 x 10-4

SRI overall = 10log10 1

1.2 x 10−4

= 39.21 dB

The overall transmission loss from the street to quiet study area is at 39.21dB. The

street has the maximum dB of 80 during the peak hour. Thus, 40.79dB of noise will

need transmitted to the Quiet Study Area. The transmission loss is inadequate for

the space as the area needs to be quiet for studying. The solution is to place the

area at the higher floors to separate the space furthest from the ground level noise

source.

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2.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss at Meeting/Discussion Room

Sound Reduction Index or Transmission Loss Calculation

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) = 10log10 (1/Tav)

Materials Surface Area(m2) Sound Reduction

Index

The transmission

coefficient of

material

Brick Wall 75.9 39 1.26 x 10-0.4

Single Laminated

Glass (20mm)

5.9 41 7.94 x 10-5

Glass Door

(10mm)

3.7 37 1.99 x 10-4

Total Surface

Area

85.5

Brick Wall

39 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

Antilog 3.9 = 1

𝑇

T = 1.26 x 10-0.4

Single Laminated Glass

41 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

Antilog 4.1 = 1

𝑇

T = 7.94 x 10-5

Glass Door

37 = 10 log10 1

𝑇

Antilog 3.7 = 1

𝑇

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T = 1.99 x 10-4

Tav = [(75.9 x 1.26 x 10−4) + (5.9 x 7.94 x 10−5) + (3.7x 1.99 x 10−4)]

85.5

= 1.26 x 10-4

SRI overall = 10log10 1

1.26 x 10−4

= 40 dB

The overall transmission loss from the street to meeting/discussion area is at 40dB.

The street has the maximum dB of 80 during the peak hour. Thus, 40dB of noise will

need transmitted to the Meeting/Discussion Room. The transmission loss is

inadequate for the space as the room needs to be quiet for discussion. The solution

is to recess the room far from the road and to design a courtyard with greenery that

acts as a buffer zone for the noise. This will reduce the noise from the road towards

the meeting/discussion room.

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Appendix

Absorption coefficients of common building materials and finishes

Floor materials 125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

carpet 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.45

Concrete (unpainted, rough finish) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Concrete (sealed or painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Marble or glazed tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Vinyl tile or linoleum on concrete 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Wood parquet on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07

Wood flooring on joists 0.15 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.07

Seating materials 125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

Benches (wooden, empty) 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Benches (wooden, 2/3 occupied) 0.37 0.4 0.47 0.53 0.56 0.53

Benches (wooden, fully occupied) 0.5 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.8 0.76

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, empty)

0.32 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.48

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, 2/3 occupied)

0.44 0.56 0.65 0.72 0.72 0.67

Benches (cushioned seats and backs, fully occupied)

0.5 0.64 0.76 0.86 0.86 0.76

Theater seats (wood, empty) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08

Theater seats (wood, 2/3 occupied) 0.34 0.21 0.28 0.53 0.56 0.53

Theater seats (wood, fully occupied) 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.76 0.8 0.76

Seats (fabric-upholsterd, empty) 0.49 0.66 0.8 0.88 0.82 0.7

Seats (fabric-upholsterd, fully occupied) 0.6 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85

Reflective wall materials 125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

Brick (natural) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07

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Brick (painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Concrete block (coarse) 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25

Concrete block (painted) 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08

Concrete (poured, rough finish, unpainted)

0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Doors (solid wood panels) 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

Glass (1/4" plate, large pane) 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Glass (small pane) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02

Plasterboard (12mm (1/2") paneling on studs)

0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonry) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on wood lath) 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over 31.7mm(1-1/4") airspace)

0.15 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08

Plywood (3mm(1/8") paneling over 57.1mm( 2-1/4") airspace)

0.28 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08

Plywood (5mm(3/16") paneling over 50mm(2") airspace)

0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05

Plywood (5mm(3/16") panel, 25mm(1") fiberglass in 50mm(2") airspace)

0.42 0.36 0.19 0.1 0.08 0.05

Plywood (6mm(1/4") paneling, airspace, light bracing)

0.3 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1


0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.1 0.11


0.2 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.1 0.1

Absorptive wall materials 125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

Drapery (10 oz/yd2, 340 g/m2, flat against wall)

0.04 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.3 0.35


0.05 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.32 0.35


0.05 0.12 0.35 0.48 0.38 0.36

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Drapery (14 oz/yd2, 476 g/m2, pleated 50%)

0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.7 0.6

Drapery (18 oz/yd2, 612 g/m2, pleated 50%)

0.14 0.35 0.53 0.75 0.7 0.6

Fiberglass board (25mm(1") thick) 0.06 0.2 0.65 0.9 0.95 0.98




Open brick pattern over 75mm(3") fiberglass

0.4 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.6

Pageboard over 25mm(1") fiberglass board

0.08 0.32 0.99 0.76 0.34 0.12


0.26 0.97 0.99 0.66 0.34 0.14


0.49 0.99 0.99 0.69 0.37 0.15

Performated metal (13% open, over 50mm(2") fiberglass)

0.25 0.64 0.99 0.97 0.88 0.92

Ceiling material 125 Hz

250 Hz

500 Hz

1 kHz

2 kHz

4 kHz

Plasterboard (12mm(1/2") in suspended ceiling grid)

0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08

Underlay in perforated metal panels (25mm(1") batts)

0.51 0.78 0.57 0.77 0.9 0.79

Metal deck (perforated channels,25mm(1") batts)

0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27

Metal deck (perforated channels, 75mm(3") batts)

0.73 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.52 0.31

Plaster (gypsum or lime, on masonary) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster (gypsum or lime, rough finish or timber lath)

0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

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3. References

1. Reverberation Time. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2015, from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/revtim.html

2. Noise: Building Acoustics and Reverberation Time. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4,

2015, from http://www.noisenet.org/Noise_Room Acoustics_Reverb.htm

3. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk,. (2014). Building acoustics 2.4.4. Retrieved 3 December 2015,

from http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_4/2_4_4.html

4. Noise &Radiation - health Effect. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2015, from

http://www.slideshare.net/shahidsethi66/noise-amp-radiation-health-effect

5. Sae.edu,. (2014). Coefficient Chart. Retrieved 3 December 2015, from

http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm

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