Building Code For Rookies -...

1

The Building Code for Rookies

Or

Basic Steps for Using the 2007 Ohio Building Code Chapters 1-10

Or

All the building code stuff you forgot to ask about in college and probably didn’t have time for anyway

AIA Ohio is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA Members. Certificates of Completion are available for non-members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such., it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of the program.

Contact:

Terry Welker AIAChief Building OfficialCity of KetteringPhone: 937-296-3317

[email protected]

Learning ObjectivesOrigin & Organization of the Building CodeBasic Principles – Balancing RiskSeven Easy StepsRules of the Game (Chapter 1)

Definitions (Chapter 2)

Classifying Use & Occupancy (Chapters 3 & 4)

Height & Area Limits (Chapter 5)

Identifying Construction Types (Chapter 6)

Using Fire Resistant Construction (Chapter 7)

Bonus - Fire Protection Systems (Chapter 9)

Sacred Ground - Means of Egress (Chapter 10)

Building codes:How to look like a hero

You or your firm principal may be the “design professional in responsible charge” – responsible to the Owners, Investors and the Public.

You can have better design quality controlBetter understanding of design options for cost controlInsure public health safety and welfareControl liabilityThe Building Official, Plans Examiner and Building Inspectors are a resource, not your quality control system

You can save time and money for your firm and clientsBetter design decisions early in the project cycleFewer revisions because of misinformationFaster turnaround time for building permits

Origin of the Ohio Building Code

Based on Model CodeThe 2006 International Building CodeThree Year Code CycleOBC adoption follows the IBC adoption

The Ohio Board of Building Standards

Primarily modifies Chapter 1-AdministrationAttempts to not change the intent nor primary contents of the model code, only to clarify some conflicts, omissions or references

The Ohio changes are italicized

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Balancing Risk:People & Property

Who are the users? How many?What are they doing?

Work, play, eat, sleep, worship etc.What things/materials are there?What are the hazards?

Human behaviorFire, smoke, water, gravity, etc.

How does the building support these behaviors safely?How does the building mitigate the hazards?What happens when things go wrong?

Seven Easy Steps

1. Determine Use and Occupancy (Chapter 3)

2. Determine height, area and building location (Your design premise and Chapter 5)

3. Determine Construction Type (Table 503 & Chapter 6)

4. Determine materials and fire resistance (Chapter 7)

5. Determine any special use and occupancy (Chapter 4)

6. Determine existing building issues (Chapter 34)

7. Review each section of the OBC for applicable requirements

Chapter 1: Administration“Rules of the Game”

101 - Scope & Intent101 - Referenced Codes103 - Building Departments105 - Approvals106 - Construction Documents110 - Certificate of Occupancy112 - Appeals113 - Violations

Reference Codes: 101.4Ohio Mechanical CodeOhio Plumbing CodeNational Electric CodeOhio Fire CodeBoiler CodePressure Piping CodeInt’l Fuel Gas CodeASHRAE 90.1Int’l Energy Cons. CodeADAAG (28 CFR Part 36 Appendix A)

Go to ada.gov

Ohio Elevator Code

Construction Documents: 106

Evidence of Responsibility

Design ProfessionalName, Address, PhoneAuthorized Corp.

Seal RequirementsBoard of Examiners of Architects rules“design professional in responsible charge”

Chapter 2:Definitions

Chapter 2 Master ListBeginning of each chapterWithin certain sectionsExamples:Chapter 5

AREA, BUILDING.The area included within surrounding exterior walls (or exterior walls and fire walls) exclusive of vent shafts and courts. Areas of the building not provided with surrounding walls shall be included in the building area if such areas are included within the horizontal projection of the roof or floor above.

HEIGHT, BUILDING.The vertical distance from grade plane to the average height of the highest roof surface.

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Chapter 3:Use & OccupancyClassification

Assembly Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5Business: Group BEducational: Group EFactory and Industrial: Groups F-1 and F-2High Hazard: Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5Institutional: Groups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4Mercantile: Group MResidential: Groups R-1, R-2,R-3 and R-4Storage: Groups S-1 and S-2Utility and Miscellaneous: Group U

Chapter 4:Special DetailedRequirements

Covered Mall BuildingsHigh-rise BuildingsAtriumsMotor Vehicle Related OccupanciesGroup I-2 (Hospitals)Group I-3 (Prisons)Special Amusement BuildingsStages and PlatformsCombustible StorageHazardous Materials

Elements of Occupancy RiskWhether Occupants Are Sleeping

Familiarity With Surroundings

Travel Distances/Multiple Floors

Capability of Responding

Number of Occupants in the Space

Sensory Impairments or Limitations

Likelihood of Panic in an Emergency

Exposure to Potential Hazards

Special Loads

Risk Management Strategies

Evacuation –Time and distance while protectedEvacuation options

Protect in PlaceMaterial ContainmentMaterial Limits and DispersionEmergency Response

Risk Management Tools

Construction Type

Allowable Height and Area

Fire Protection Systems

Egress/Exiting Systems

Fire Resistance/Fire Separation

Structural Requirements

Mechanical and Electrical Systems

Chapter 5:Height & Area Limits

DefinitionsTable 503MezzaninesArea Modifications

Sprinkler Increase = 300% for 1 story / 200% otherwiseOpen Perimeter Increase

Unlimited Area BuildingsMixed Use and Occupancy

Separated / Non-separatedIncidental Use AreasAccessory occupancies (10% max)

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Decision Variables

Occupancy Classification (Chapter 3)

Height and Area Limits (Chapter 5)Height ModificationsArea Modifications

Construction Type (Chapter 6)

Table 503

Table 503

Balancing Risk

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Bldg #1 Bldg #2 Bldg #3

Construction Type

Height & Area

Occupancy

Table 503Allowable Height and Building Areas (Excluding H Group)

13500 (2)21000 (4)38500 (5)26000 (4)39000 (4)26000 (4)39000 (5)79000-11UL (UL)area (st)S2406.3***

BAHTBABABA

TYPE VTYPE IVTYPE IIITYPE IITYPE I

5500 (1)9000 (2)18000 (4)8500 (2)14000 (3)8500 (2)19000 (4)35500 (5)UL (UL)area (st)UNA

9000 (1)14000 (3)25500 (4)17500 (3)26000 (4)17500 (3)26000 (4)48000-11UL (UL)area (st)S112000

9000 (1)14000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R40

UL (3)UL (3)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R30

7000 (2)12000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R20

7000 (2)12000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R10

9000 (1)14000 (3)20500 (4)12500 (4)18500 (4)12500 (4)21500 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)M12000

9000 (1)18500 (1)25500 (3)13000 (2)23500 (3)13000 (2)26500 (3)60500 (5)UL (UL)area (st)I4NA

5000 (1)7500 (2)12000 (2)7500 (1)10500 (2)10000 (1)15000 (2)UL (4)UL (UL)area (st)I3NA

NP (NP)9500 (1)12000 (1)NP (NP)12000 (1)11000 (1)15000 (2)UL (4)UL (UL)area (st)I2NA

4500 (2)10500 (3)18000 (4)10500 (3)18000 (4)10000 (3)19000 (4)55000 (9)UL (UL)area (st)I10

13000 (2)21000 (3)50500 (5)18000 (3)28500 (4)23000 (3)37500 (5)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)F20

8500 (1)14000 (2)35500 (4)12000 (2)19000 (3)15500 (2)25000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)F12500**

9500 (1)18500 (1)25000 (3)14500 (2)23500 (3)14500 (2)26500 (3)UL (5)UL (UL)area (st)E20000

9000 (2)18000 (3)36000 (5)19000 (4)28500 (5)23000 (4)37500 (5)UL (UL)UL (UL)area (st)BNA

UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)area (st)A51000*

6000 (1)11500 (2)15000 (3)9500 (2)14000 (3)9500 (2)15500 (3)UL (UL)UL (UL)area (st)A412000




40506555655565160ULHGT (ft.)HGT (st)

GROUPthreshold(sf)

CONSTRUCTION TYPESprinkler System

Required(903.2)

* Accessory Use Areas ** Woodworking shops ***See 406.3 special limits for Open Parking Garages

Chapter 6: Construction Types

Type I Construction Type II Construction

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Type III Construction Type IV Construction

Type V ConstructionTable 601

Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements(In hours)

BAdHTBABABA

0 1 cHT 0 1 c0 c1 c1 c1 ½ c

Roof ConstructionIncluding supporting beams and joists

01HT010122Floor ConstructionIncluding supporting beams and joists

Exterior – See Table 602Interior – See Section 602

Nonbearing Walls and Partitions

ExteriorInterior

00

11

21/HT

20

21

00

11

22b

33b

Bearing WallsExterior Interior

01HT01013b3b

Structural Frame aIncluding Columns, Girders, and Trusses

Type VTypeIVType IIIType IIType IBuilding

Element

Table 602Fire Resistance Rating Requirements for Exterior Walls

Based on Fire Separation Distance

000AllX =>30

101

101

211

IA, IBIIB, VBOthers

10<= X <30

11

21

32

IAOthers

5<= X <10

123AllX<5c

Group A, B, E, R,

S2, U

Group F1, M, S1

Group H

Type of Construction

Fire Separation

Distance = X

Example 12 Story Medical Office Building

First Floor = 10,000sfSecond Floor = 8,000sf

What is the correct Use Group?What are the Height and Area Limits?What is the minimum Construction Type?What are the Construction Type options?Is Fire Suppression required or optional?Are any area increases available?What is the Total Allowable Area for the Minimum Construction Type?

80 ft.

125 ft.

25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site Plan

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Seven Easy Steps

1. Determine Use and Occupancy (Chapter 3)

2. Determine height, area and building location(Your design premise and Chapter 5)

3. Determine Construction Type (Table 503 & Chapter 6)

4. Determine materials and fire resistance (Chapter 7)

5. Determine any special use and occupancy(Chapter 4)

6. Determine existing building issues (Chapter 34)

7. Review each section of the OBC for applicable requirements



What is the correct Use Group?

Section 304: Group BEven though this is medical facility, 24 hour care and adult day care is not permitted as in an I-2 or I-4 facility.

80 ft.

125 ft.

25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site Plan



What are the Height and Area Limits? What is the minimum Construction Type?What are the Construction Type options?

See Table 503

80 ft.

125 ft.25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site Plan

Table 503Allowable Height and Building Areas (Excluding H Group)

13500 (2)21000 (4)38500 (5)26000 (4)39000 (4)26000 (4)39000 (5)79000-11UL (UL)area (st)S2406.3***

BAHTBABABA

TYPE VTYPE IVTYPE IIITYPE IITYPE I

5500 (1)9000 (2)18000 (4)8500 (2)14000 (3)8500 (2)19000 (4)35500 (5)UL (UL)area (st)UNA

9000 (1)14000 (3)25500 (4)17500 (3)26000 (4)17500 (3)26000 (4)48000-11UL (UL)area (st)S112000

9000 (1)14000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R40

UL (3)UL (3)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R30

7000 (2)12000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R20

7000 (2)12000 (3)20500 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)16000 (4)24000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)R10

9000 (1)14000 (3)20500 (4)12500 (4)18500 (4)12500 (4)21500 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)M12000

9000 (1)18500 (1)25500 (3)13000 (2)23500 (3)13000 (2)26500 (3)60500 (5)UL (UL)area (st)I4NA

5000 (1)7500 (2)12000 (2)7500 (1)10500 (2)10000 (1)15000 (2)UL (4)UL (UL)area (st)I3NA

NP (NP)9500 (1)12000 (1)NP (NP)12000 (1)11000 (1)15000 (2)UL (4)UL (UL)area (st)I2NA

4500 (2)10500 (3)18000 (4)10500 (3)18000 (4)10000 (3)19000 (4)55000 (9)UL (UL)area (st)I10

13000 (2)21000 (3)50500 (5)18000 (3)28500 (4)23000 (3)37500 (5)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)F20

8500 (1)14000 (2)35500 (4)12000 (2)19000 (3)15500 (2)25000 (4)UL (11)UL (UL)area (st)F12500**

9500 (1)18500 (1)25000 (3)14500 (2)23500 (3)14500 (2)26500 (3)UL (5)UL (UL)area (st)E12000

9000 (2)18000 (3)36000 (5)19000 (4)28500 (5)23000 (4)37500 (5)UL (UL)UL (UL)area (st)BNA

UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)UL (UL)area (st)A51000*





40506555655565160ULHGT (ft.)HGT (st)

GROUPSprinkler903.2 (sf)

CONSTRUCTION TYPE

* Accessory Use ** Woodworking shops ***See 406.3 special limits for Open Parking Garages



What is the minimum Construction Type?What are the Construction Type options?

5A: protected construction; may cause difficulties integrating systemsType 4: Heavy timber (uncommon)3B: Exterior walls must be fire rated (Table 602)2B: Noncombustible construction

Is Fire Suppression required or optional?

No for the above choicesYes for 5B construction because the sprinkler increase must be used

80 ft.

125 ft.

25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site PlanExample 1

2 Story Medical Office BuildingFirst Floor = 10,000sfSecond Floor = 8,000sf

Are any area increases available?Frontage increase:

No: See 506.2 and subsectionsEven though the building is open on four sides, less than 25% faces Main Street and the side yards are less than 20 feet wide; even though the rear yard is 25 wide it can’t be used for frontage increase because the fire lane is less than 20 ft. wide

Automatic Sprinkler System IncreaseFor type 5B a 200% increase in the tabular area per floor is allowed

80 ft.

125 ft.

25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site Plan

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What is the Total Allowable Area for the Minimum Construction Type?

Choose Type 5B ConstructionThe Tabular Area of 9000sf can be increased 200%Therefore the allowable area per floor is 27,000sf and automatic sprinklers are required if this construction type is usedSPRINKLER BONUS: No rated corridors! One open stair!

80 ft.

125 ft.

25 ft.

100 ft.

15 ft.15 ft.

Main Street

Site PlanNext Steps

1. Determine materials and fire resistance (Chapter 7)♦ In this case the fully sprinklered building interior and exterior walls are not

required to be fire resistance rated (Tables 601 and 602). Fire partitions (708) for the corridors have a 0 fire resistance rating (Table 1004.3.2.1)

♦ Incidental use or accessory use areas must also be sprinklered.

2. Determine any special use and occupancy (Chapter 4)♦ Check Section 404 for Atrium requirements

3. Determine existing building issues (Chapter 34)♦ There are no existing buildings in this example

4. Review each section of the OBC for applicable requirements♦ Chapter 10 - Determine Occupant Loads; at least 2 exits required♦ Sprinkler bonus: in this case one interior stair can be open! (1005.3.2)♦ Each Chapter may have criteria important to your project

Exterior WallsFire WallsFire BarriersShaft EnclosuresFire PartitionsSmoke BarriersSmoke PartitionsHorizontal AssembliesPenetrations & JointsOpening ProtectivesConcealed Spaces

Chapter 7:Fire-Resistance-RatedConstruction

DefinitionsFIRE AREA.

The aggregate floor area enclosed and bounded by fire walls, fire barriers, exterior walls or fire-resistance-rated horizontal assemblies of a building.

FIRE WALLA fire-resistance-rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.

FIRE BARRIER.A fire-resistance-rated vertical or horizontal assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected.

FIRE PARTITION. A vertical assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected.

SMOKE BARRIER.A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke.

Exterior Walls:Fire Resistance Functions

To prevent the spread of fire between buildingsTo prevent the spread of fire between stories in a single building

Fire Walls:Fire Resistance Functions:

Fire walls are used to create “separate buildings”All provisions of the code are applied to each building

Structural stabilityStructural independenceFire resistance

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Fire Barriers:Fire Resistance FunctionsUsed to create separate Fire AreasMultiple applications:

Separate mixed occupancies and incidental usesCreate areas of refugeSeparate shafts and exit enclosures

Lower level of protection than a fire wall

Shaft EnclosuresPurpose is to minimize the passage of smoke and fire through vertical openings that connect two or more storiesFire resistance rated with protected openingsA number of practical exceptions

Penetrations - 712Specific requirements for maintaining the integrity of the fire resistance rated assemblyThrough-penetrations fire-stop (TPFS) systemsMembrane penetrations

Electrical boxes and sprinkler heads

Horizontal assembliesNon-fire-resistance-rated assemblies

Combustible and noncombustible requirements

Opening Protectives - 715

Fire Doors and FramesSmoke and Draft Control DoorsFire-protection-rated glazingWired Glass

Chapter 8:Interior Finishes

Chapter9:Fire Protection Systems

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Fire Protection Systems

Automatic Sprinkler SystemsSupervisory ServiceNFPA 13Consider limitations on size and location of Fire Area

Standpipe SystemsAlternative Systems

Hood SuppressionFire Alarm and Detection Systems

NFPA 72Consider when a manual and/or automatic system is required

Portable Fire Extinguishers

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

NFPA 13A Standard – not a codeLevel of Protection

Classification of occupancy hazardLight, ordinary (group 1 & 2), extra (group 1 & 2 )

All areas of the buildingLimited area system (20 heads or less)

Can work off the domestic water systemApplied to incidental uses

NFPA 13R – for residential up to 4 stories

907: Fire Alarm & Detection Systems

NFPA 72A Standard – not a code

Chapter 10: Means of EgressSacred Ground

1002: Definitions1003: General Means of Egress1004: Occupant Load1005: Egress Width1006: Egress Illumination1007: Accessible Means of Egress1008: Doors1009: Stairways1010: Ramps1011: Exit Signs1012: Handrails1013: Guards

Means of EgressThe Structure of Chapter 10

1014: Exit Access1015: Exit & Exit Access Doorways1016: Exit Access Travel Distance1017: Corridors1018: Exits1019: Number of Exits & Continuity1020: Vertical Exit Enclosures1021: Exit Passageways1022: Horizontal Exits1023: Exterior Stairs & Ramps1024: Exit Discharge1025:Assembly1026: Emergency Escape & Rescue

Means of Egress

1004 Design Occupant Load1004.1 Design occupant load.

Based on primary area plus accessory areas moving through it.

1004.1.1 Number by Table 1004.1.1.

Exception: Lower number where approved.

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Table 1004.1.1Table 1004.1.1

1014 Exit AccessThe exit access is the path of travel that leads from the most remote point in a building to an exit.Examples:

Aisles or CorridorsPassageways bounded by walls, office partitions or furnishingsPassageways bounded by seats, shelves or countersAn aisle accessway is the area between seats that leads to the aisle

1014.2 Egress through intervening spaces –prohibited through kitchens and storages spaces

New exception for Group M1014.3 Common path of egress travel – 75 ft.

B/F/S sprinklered = 100ft.; B/S/U occupant load<30= 100ft.

1015 Exit & Exit Access Doorways

1015.2 Exit access doorway arrangement. Where two exits or exit access doorways are required, from any portion of the exit access, the exit doors or exit access doorways shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served measured in a straight line between exit doors or exit access doorways. See exceptions.

Exit Access

1016 Travel Distance1016.1 Exit access travel distance. Exits shall be so located that the maximum length of exit access travel, measured from the most remote point to the entrance to an exit along the natural and unobstructed path of egress travel, shall not exceed the distances given in Table 1016.1

Table 1016.1

1018 & 1019 Exits

1018.1 General. An exit shall not be used for any purpose that interferes with its function as a means of egress. Once a given level of exit protection is achieved, such level of protection shall not be reduced until arrival at the exit discharge.

1019.1 Minimum number of exits. Table 1019.1

Table 1019.1

Minimum number of exits for occupant load

Exits

1020 Vertical Exit Enclosures (Stairways)

1020.1 Vertical exit enclosures. Interior exit stairways shall be enclosed. Vertical exit enclosures four stories or more shall be 2-hour fire-resistance rated. Vertical exit enclosures less than four stories shall be 1-hour fire-resistance rated. Some Exceptions:Sprinkler Bonus: 50% of egress stairs can be open to two stories.

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1024 Exit Discharge

1006.1 General. Exits shall discharge directly to the exterior of the building. The exit discharge shall be at grade or shall provide direct access to grade. The exit discharge shall not re-enter a building. See exceptions.

Cool Tools

TABLE 1Separated

0.750.001.75

TABLE 2Use Base Allowable sf Conv. Factor Total Allowable sf Actual SF % of Allowable

(from 303) (f rom Table 503) (total increase %) (base x conv. factor) (f rom plans) (actual / allow able)

1 Eat at Joes A2 9500 1.75 16625 3256 19.5850%2 Auto Club B 23000 1.75 40250 8240 20.4720%3 Dance Studio A3 9500 1.75 16625 2470 14.8571%4 Squarespace Hats M 12500 1.75 21875 3000 13.7143%5 Squarespace B 23000 1.75 40250 1544 3.8360%6 Pizza Carryout B 23000 1.75 40250 1706 4.2385%7 Barber B 23000 1.75 40250 750 1.8634%8 Travel Agent B 23000 1.75 40250 750 1.8634%9 Dentist B 23000 1.75 40250 2256 5.6050%

10 Squaretown Church A3 9500 1.75 16625 1994 11.9940%

25966 98.0286%Yes

Tenant

Squarspace PlazaArea Limits Calculations (Section 302.3.3 Mixed Use/Separated Uses)

A2=9500, A3=9500, B=23000, M=12500Base Allowable Areas:

Sprinkler Increase %: 0% (from 506.3) Conversion factor:Total Increase %:

Construction Type:

TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF ALLOWABLE AREA (Must be less than 100% - sum of ratios less than one)

BUILDING CONFORMS TO HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITS OF MIXED USE/SEPARATED REQUIREMENTS (Yes or No):

Frontage Increase %:Mixed Use Separation:

Conversion factor:

2B - Not Sprinklered

75% (from 506.2)

75% (from 506) Total Conversion factor (1.00 + the above):

Life Safety Plan – Code Data Sheet

Mixed Use Separated Spread Sheet

SummaryOrigin & Organization of the Building CodeBasic Principles – Balancing RiskSeven Easy StepsRules of the Game (Chapter 1)

Definitions (Chapter 2)

Classifying Use & Occupancy (Chapters 3 & 4)

Height & Area Limits (Chapter 5)

Identifying Construction Types (Chapter 6)

Using Fire Resistant Construction (Chapter 7)

Bonus - Fire Protection Systems (Chapter 9)

Sacred Ground - Means of Egress (Chapter 10)

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