BTS Layout and Site Selection ISSUE1.0_3.ppt
Transcript of BTS Layout and Site Selection ISSUE1.0_3.ppt
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Thank You
BTS Layout and Site SelectionISSUE1.0
Wireless Product Course Development Room
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Study Objective
Learn the contents of BTS
survey, work procedures andrelevant documentations
After the study of this course,you should
Master the conception of siteselection, principle of site selection
and factors affecting network coverage
Method of antenna and feeder selection
Master all related documentation with
site survey
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Chapter 1 Survey
Section 1 Brief Introduction
to Services
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BTS Survey Location
BTS survey is an important
step in the network planning
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The determination of the preliminary BTS layout is the
first job of BTS survey.
The BTS layout includes:
a. Estimate the number of BTSs required according to the capacity
prediction, traffic distribution and coverage requirements
b. Determine the theoretical BTS location
c. Assign values to relevant parameters of BTS (network hierarchy,
transmit power, antenna feeder system, antenna type, antenna height,
antenna angle, antenna downtilt, etc.)
To be vivid, set up a good coverage radio environment
Ideal BTS Layout
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Site Selection
Select an ideal site and confirm it.
Once the site is finalized, a detailed BTS
survey plan should be prepared.
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The BTS survey is an environmental survey of BTS after
the BTS layout is finalized, including light measurement,
spectrum measurement and site survey.
Sight measurement
Building environment and natural environment around BTS
Spectrum measurement
Electromagnetic background environment
Site survey
Installation condition of antenna and equipment
Power supply and transmission supply
Detailed Survey
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Chapter 2 Survey preparations
Section 1 Preparations
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Get familiar with the engineering survey and
collect data related to the project, including
Engineering document
Background information
Current network status
Local map
Contracted configuration list
BTS survey table in latest network planning
Project Documentation
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Prepare tools and confirm the tools are workablebefore setting about the survey.
Digital camera
GPS satellite receiver Compass
Tape
Telescope
Portable computer
YBT250
Tool Preparation
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Coordination meeting for survey preparationBefore a formal survey, call all relevant personnel together to
hold a coordination meeting for the survey preparations, mainly
including
Electromagnetic background, an electromagnetic
background test if necessary
Finalization of surveyors and cooperators
Vehicle and equipment preparations
Preparation of survey plan and finalization of survey route
Preliminary solution for transmission and power supply
Coordination Meeting for Survey Preparations
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Question
There are too many sites to be
surveyed, so what preparations can
accomplish the survey with a high
quality and a high efficiency?
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Part 1 content
Chapter 1 Survey concept
Chapter 2 survey preparation
Chapter 2 BTS Layout and Site Selection
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Chapter 2 BTS Layout and Site Selection
Section 1 Coverage
Planning
Section 2 Cell Layout and
Site Selection
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Factors Affecting Coverage
Customer requirements
QoS (quality of service) index and coverage area Equipment
Output power, receiver sensitivity, loss and gain of relevant
parts
EnvironmentThe radio wave will have different propagation characteristics in
different environments
Technical system
Soft handoff gain and system load (for CDMA and WCDMA),diversity receiving
Service
Service type, information rate
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Section 1 Coverage
Planning
Section 2 Cell Layout and
Site Selection
Chapter 2 BTS Layout and Site Selection
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Start the site selection after the preparations are all
done and the coverage requirement is obtained.During the site selection, the following information
should be considered:
Original network status
Population distribution and local customs
City structure and town distribution
Major streets and traffic volume
Natural environment, such as mountain, lake,
river and coastline
Long-term development trend
Conception of Site Selection
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Principle of BTS site selection
Population distribution
Traffic distribution
Subscriber tendencyEnvironment around BTS
Signal propagation quality
Select areas where traffic ishigh and subscribers are
densely populated
Be careful not to select high
mountains, radar, radio station,
forest, or power plant
Conception of Site Selection
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Weak Signal Area and Blind Area
The distance between BTSs is too large
The system load is too heavy
Obstructions
Poor indoor coverage
Effects of Unreasonable Cell Layout on
Network Performance
Effects of Unreasonable Cell Layout on Network
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Too large overlap coverage area
If there are too many BTSs, the distance between BTSs will be
short and the forward power distribution will be inappropriate.
A improper control of the cell coverage will result in a large overlap
area between BTSs, and eventually
a high soft handoff ratio
pilot pollution
FER increase, or even call drop
Effects of Unreasonable Cell Layout on Network
Performance
Effects of Unreasonable Cell Layout on Network
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Cross-cell Coverage
1. When the BTS is set up on a mountain or extremely high
building in an urban or suburb area, the cross-cell coverage
may occur if it is not well controlled.2. When the site and the direction of the main beam of the
antenna feeder are finalized, cross-cell coverage may occur
too, if the cell direction is consistent with that of ground
objects (such as street and rivers) that have a waveguide
effect.
Effects of Unreasonable Cell Layout on Network
Performance
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d. The new BTS should be built where the traffic is convenient, mains supply is available,
environment is safe and less fertile land is occupied.
e. Avoid building any BTS near high power radio-transmitting station, radar station or other
interference source.
f. The new BTS should be built far away from forests so as to avoid the rapid fading of
receiving signals.
g. Pay attention to signal reflex and time dispersion in the environment such as mountainous
area, lake with steepy banks/dense lakes , hilly city and high metallic building.
h. For the site selection in urban building clusters, make the best of the heights of buildings
to realize the partition of network hierarchy.
i. The site selection should guarantee a good coverage in the major service areas at the first
stage of network construction when there are fewer BTSs.
j. Prevent the main beam of the antenna from radiating towards streets, rivers and other
ground objects so as to avoid the pilot pollution or isolated island effect resulting from the
waveguide effect.
Principle of Site Selection
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Question
How to select a good BTS site and how
to lay out the BTS so as to guarantee
the future network quality?
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Part 2 content
Chapter 1 antenna system
Chapter 2 feeder system
Chapter 3 how to make real site survey
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Section 1 overview
Section 2 Antenna selection
Section 3 Antenna angle
Section 4 Antenna height
Section 5 Antenna down tilt
Section 6 Antenna diversity
Section 7 Antenna installation
Section 8 Antenna isolation
Chapter 1 Antenna System
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Antenna
In the mobile communication system, the directional antenna with
a horizontal beam width of 90 and 65 and the omnidirectional
antenna are generally selected depending on the shape of
service area, service area and the number of channels.
Where the microcell is used for indoors coverage and tunnelcoverage, the spaced antenna and leaky cable can be selected.
In the densely-populated area in a city, the 65 antenna is mostly
used to reduce the interference on neighboring cells.
In the suburb area where subscribers are less dense, generally,
the 90 directional antenna or the omnidirectional antenna is
selected.
The brands of antenna available now include Kathrein, Allgon,
XianHaitian, Andrew etc.
Antenna
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Performance Index of Antenna
The performance indices of antenna diversify, but the most important
indices in the network planning mainly include the following:
Frequency Range
Gain
Polarization
Horizontal/Vertical half-power beam width)
Downtilt
Performance Index of Antenna
S d A t
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Spaced Antenna System
As the mobile communication network develops, subscribersare putting forward higher and higher demand on the mobile
communication network. To realize the high quality coverage
in special areas such as large building indoor,
highway/railway tunnel, and subway brings the demand on
spaced antenna system.
The spaced antenna system includes leaky cable, coaxial
feeder spaced antenna and optical fiber feeder spaced
antenna.
Spaced Antenna
A t S l ti
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Antenna Selection
The antenna is a very important part that determines the
network quality.
According to the coverage, service quality, traffic distribution
and terrain features in the BTS service area, select the antenna
in consideration of the coverage and interference of the entire
network.
The application environment of antenna can be classified into
the following types according to the terrain features or traffic
distribution:
Urban area, suburb area, rural area, highway,
mountainous area, offing, tunnel and indoor.
Antenna Selection
A t S l ti
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BTS antenna in urban area
a. Usually a horizontal half-power angle of 60 ~ 65.
b. Usually a moderate gain of 15dBi or so.
c. A downtilt of 3 ~ 6.
d. Dual polarization
BTS antenna in urban area
a. A horizontal half-power angle of 65 or 90 depending on the
practical situation.
b. A moderate and high gain of 15 ~ 18dBi.
c. A preset downtilt if necessary
d. Dual polarization or vertical polarization
Antenna Selection
A t S l ti
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BTS antenna in rural area
a. A 90 or 120 directional antenna or omnidirectional antenna can beselected depending on the practical situation and requirements.
b. The gain of the directional antenna is usually high (16 ~ 18dBi).
c. Usually the antenna with a preset downtilt is not selected, and the zero-filled
antenna is preferred for a high BTS.
d. Vertical polarization is recommended.
BTS antenna near highway
a. Usually a directional antenna with a narrow beam and a high gain is
selected, or an 8-shaped antenna, omnidirectional or anamorphic
omnidirectional antenna can be selected depending on the practical
situation.
b. The coverage distance of highway BTS is required to be long, so the
antenna with a preset downtilt is usually not selected.
c. Vertical polarization antenna is recommended.
d. The front-to-rear ratio should not be too large.
Antenna Selection
A t H i ht
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Design Principle of Antenna Height
The height of antennas may differ in different cells in the same BTS,
depending on the installation space in a direction or the cell planning
requirements.
The effective antenna height is usually 25m or so in a flat urban area.
The antenna height can be properly lengthened for a BTS in a
suburb county, usually 40m or so.
Too high an antenna will reduce the coverage level near the antenna
(blind area under tower), and this phenomenon is especially
obvious for an omnidirectional antenna. Too high an antenna will cause the serious cross-cell coverage,
which affects the network quality.
Antenna Height
A t A l
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Design Principle of Antenna Angle
The antenna angle should be designed in consideration of the entire network. Oncondition that the coverage requirement is met, the azimuth angle of three sectors of
each BTS in the urban area should be consistent and only need partial trimming. The
azimuth angle of antenna can be adjusted according to the major coverage objects at
the junction of urban and suburb, along the arterial traffic and in suburb isolated island.
The main beam of antenna should point to the dense traffic area, which can intensifythe signal strength in this area and improve the call quality.
The deviation of the main beam of antenna from the co-frequency cell can effectively
control interference.
The cross coverage depth of antennas between sectors in the urban area should not
exceed 10%.
The cross coverage depth between neighbor cells in suburb area and towns should
not be too high. The included angle between the antennas in neighbor sectors in the
same BTS should be greater than 90.
To avoid cross-cell coverage, the main beam of antenna should not direct to
straight streets in a densely-populated urban area.
Antenna Angle
D tilt
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Design Principle of Antenna Downtilt
The beam tilt of antenna is the basic technology of improving the
frequency reuse capability.
The antenna downtilt technology can effectively control coverage
area and reduce the system interference.
The antenna downtilt must be determined in such a way
according to the specific situation that it can not only reduce the
interference between co-frequency cells, but also meet the
coverage requirement.
The antenna downtilt should be designed in consideration of
factors, such as BTS transmit power, antenna height, cell coverage
area and radio propagation environment.
Downtilt
Beam Tilt
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The beam tilt of antenna can be obtained electrically or mechanically. The
beam tilt in the electrical way is related to the selected antenna, and
usually is fixed. The beam tilt in the mechanical way is adjustable, but is
subject to installation accessories and propagation characteristics of radio
signals, and usually does not exceed 15.
The beam tilt in the electrical and mechanical ways will generate different
surface radiations. The difference is little when the beam tilt is not large,
but it will become significant as the beam tilt increases:
Beam Tilt
Space Diversity Distance
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c. Meet the requirement of space diversity gain distance:
In the case of space diversity, the distance between two receiver antennasshould be 12 ~18.
The higher the antenna is installed, the longer the horizontal distance
between diversity antennas is. Generally, the horizontal distance between
diversity antennas is 0.11 times as long as the effective antenna height.
To achieve the same diversity effect, the vertical diversity distance must be 5
~ 6 times as long as that in the case of the horizontal diversity antenna.
To reduce the mutual influence of two antennas, the distance between
horizontal diversity antennas should be greater than 3m in the case of any
effective antenna height.
Space Diversity Distance
Installation Environment
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Pay attention to the following during installation:
a. Installation environment
The installation environment includes environment around
the antenna and that around BTS. For the environment
around antenna, the isolation between antennas and the
effects of tower and building on the antenna should be
considered. For the environment around BTS, the effects of
high buildings within the distance of 500m on the radio signal
propagation should be mainly considered.
Installation Environment
Installation Environment
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During the installation of BTS antenna, please see whether a
large shaded area will form in the coverage. Obstructions
should be avoided. For example, the barrier of the building
top to the radio signals should be avoided and the antenna
should be installed as near the edge of building top as
possible when the antenna is installed.
Installation Environment
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Sufficient space should be provided around an omni-
directional antenna and there should be enoughspace to the top of the building
when an antenna is installed at the top of a building,
assume that the vertical beam width of the antenna is
and the distance from the edge of the building to
the antenna is d, then the height between the antenna
and the top of the building is: h=dtan (/2)
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H
n
h
d
building
Distance from the antenna to the
edge of the building D (m) Distance from the bottom of the antenna tothe top of the building H (m)
0 to 1 0.5
1 to 10 2
10 to 30 3
> 30 3.5
Antenna Isolation
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b. Antenna isolation
The receiver and transmitter of the BTS should be isolated to
some extent.
The isolation between antennas is the signal attenuation from
one antenna port to another antenna port in the practicalinstallation.
CDMA system: The isolation between two transmitter antennas,
and between the receiver antenna and transmitter antenna
should be 30dB at least.
Vertical layout of antenna: Lv=28+40log(k/)(dB)
Horizontal layout of antenna: Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-
(S1+S2)(dB)
Antenna Isolation
Isolation for Shared BTS
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CDMA and GSM share BTS
Save construction cost
Shorten construction period
Isolation between systems in the case of
construction of shared BTS
Spurious interference requirement
Isolation for Shared BTS
Isolation Requirement
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UP LINK
825 835 870 880MHZ
CDMA--GSMinterference
Frequency bands avai lable to CDMA 1X sys tem
=Isolation between two antennas:57dB
DOWN LINK
UP LINK DOWN LINK
UP LINK DOWN LINK
Frequency b ands avai labl
to Chin a Mobi le GSM
891.4
909
936.4
954
909MHZ 954MHZ
915MHZ 960MHZ
Frequency bands
available to Ch ina
Unicom GSM
Spurious interference index stipulated in the protocol: -
13dbm/100khz
Attenuation at 890MHZ: 56dB
Attenuation at 909MHZ: 80dB
Isolation Requirement
Isolation Requirement
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D=5.3m
Distance between
CDMA-GSM
horizontal antennas
Isolation Requirement
Isolation Requirement
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Distance between
CDMA-GSMvertical antennas
Isolation Requirement
D=
0.3m
Chapter 2 feeder system
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Section 1 CDU
Section 2 Feeder
Chapter 2 feeder system
Combining and Distribution Unit
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Combining and Distribution Unit
Introduction to Antenna Feeder System
The antenna feeder system consists of combining &
distribution unit, feeder, tower top amplifier and antenna.
Combining and distribution unit
Functions:
It mainly performs the transmit-receive duplex, combining
and filtering of transmitting signals, filtering of receiving
signals, amplification and division of low noise, provides a
feed circuit for the tower top amplifier, and realizes that
multiple transmitting signals and receiving signals share
one set of antenna.
Feeder
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Feeder
Common feeder types:
1/2,7/8and 5/4
Principle of feeder selection:
450MHz, usually the 7/8feeder, instead of 5/4is adopted.
800MHz, the 5/4feeder is adopted if the length is more than 80m.
1900MHz, the 5/4feeder is adopted if the length is more than 50m. The curvature of feeder should not be too large, and the external
conductor should be well grounded.
Feeder loss: 450M: about 3dB/100m for 7/8feeder and 2dB/100m for 5/4feeder.
800M: about 5dB/100m for 7/8feeder and 3dB/100m for 5/4feeder.
1900M: about 6dB/100m for 7/8feeder and 4dB/100m for 5/4feeder.
Feeder
Chapter 3 how to do real site survey
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Section 1 preparations and
steps
Section 2 how to use a GPS
Section 3 how to use a campus
Section 4 decide the shelter
and tower location
Section 5 how to take a photos
Chapter 3 how to do real site survey
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Preparation and steps
Preparations
Get all info. About the job
Contact the related engineers
Prepare related documents
Prepare the tools
Steps
Coordination meeting
Precaution in the survey
Survey end meeting
Survey report archiving
Modify survey data
How to use a GPS
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The steps of using a GPS ( simple way ) if I am on the site
Check all the hardware and accessories
You have to be on roof top
Power on
Waite till acquisition (3 received signal at least )
Take the reading (the location information )
X: longitude
Y: latitude
If we going to the site place
Arrange the car
Take your equipments
GPS with its accessories
Laptop with Maps
Connect your equipments
How to use a GPS cont
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Connect your equipments
power on all the equipments
Open the Maps using GPS software
Enter the wanted Location coordinates
Take the path to location.
After arriving, apply site selection rules to decide the
appropriate place for the site.
How to choose the shelter and tower
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location First you have to know the shelter
size and dimensions
And you have to know the tower
height
Put the tower as far as from any
obstacles
As near as possible from the shelter
Has enough space for cable trays
Choose the suitable location for the
shelter where
Easy to access (for implementationand maintenance)
near as possible from the tower to
reduce feeder length
Safety and security
How to take the photos using Digital camera
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Prepare the digital camera
Ensure its battery
Then take a good position on the site
(preferred to be on the highest position
on the site)
Start to take a photos
Shelter location photo
Tower location photo
Then take 12 photos each one is differentfrom the other by 30 degree to show all
surrounding area of the site.
Finally save all the photos in your laptop
Part3 content
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Chapter 1 site survey report
Chapter 2 engineering parameter table
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Engineering Parameter Table
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g g
Engineering parameter table
This table include many information like longitude ,
latitude and height so on
\CDMA2000 Engineering parameter summary table-
20040804-B-1.6.xls
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/CDMA2000%20Engineering%20parameter%20summary%20table-20040804-B-1.6.xls -
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Thank You