Broken Windows

Kelling & Wilson

1982 Broken Windows

People are made up of “regulars” and “strangers”

What kind of policing and surveillance does this justify?

Who are “strangers”

Kelling & Wilson

1982 Broken WindowsComparison between Bronx & Palo Alto?•Stanford University•‘While the city contains homes that now cost anywhere from $800,000 to well in excess of $40 million, much of Palo Alto's housing stock is in the style of California mid-century middle-class suburbia…’

Broken Windows

Sampson & Raudenbush•Empirical•Literature

Cultural stereotypesImplicit bias & social meaning of “disorder”

“Should police activity on the street be shaped […] by the standards of the neighborhood rather than the rules of the state?” Kelling & Wilson (1984)

Assumption about the regulation of public space in the question?

Cost of Zero Tolerance…

Military Urbanism, Reconnaissance Wars & The Right to the City

Bauman• Marxist roots but...

– From economy of producers to consumers

• WWII Holocaust– Banality of evil

• Hannah Arendt– Bureaucracy– Procedural rationality– Myth of security

Liquid Fears• Illusion of security in

territoriality• Vague strangers• Even procedural

rationality will not be enough to regulate all social groups...

“There is no local solutions to global problems – although it is precisely the local solutions

that are avidly sought, though in vain...” (Bauman, 2002: 84)

Right to the City

David Harvey drawing from Henri Lefebvre

• Marxist• Jane Jacobs• Cities are full of

conflict– Material conditions

shape social conditions...

Urbanism: Surplus Production

“The city is the historical site of creative destructivism”

(Harvey, 2003:939)

Public Space as a Resource“Quality of urban life

has become a commodity...” (Harvey, 2008:p.8)

Byward Market

Ontological Security

Appearance of security...

Aesthetics of surplus value (ideology)

• Hotel room…

Politics of exclusion

New Military UrbanismJustifies the militarization

of the everyday– People background

noise..

Industry of Industry of reconnaissancereconnaissance

Can you think of an example of millitary aesthetics in Ottawa?

Propaganda

Propaganda

“...the enemy is a concept or a set of

practices rather than a holistic nation state.” (Iveson, 2010:118)

Brighenti

Social Theory LensCultural geography

What is precisely public in public space?

Defining graffiti....

Problematic…Interstitial practiceWhen interrogated from each perspective: “yes, but....”

Common denominator: materiality

Because...1. Global context &

“street”2. Legislation vs.

creativity3. Tools & techniques of

the body4. Simplistic/complex

lifestyle5. Architecture as

affordances (not things)

Walls as Walls as Artefacts: Artefacts: StrategyStrategy

Why does a Why does a municipality municipality care about care about walls?walls?

StrategyGovernmentality (Foucault)•Procedural power•Historical emergence of knowleges about such powers/populations•Application of tools

– Administrative state

Walls as Visable Territorial Devices

Graffiti as Tactical Strategy...

Citizens are ‘imagined’ in walls

(Official Graffiti, Hermer & Hunt)

Graffiti challenges these narratives with “at hand” tools (bricolage)

Public scene as compositionThe “street”: the birth and target of graffiti

Allison Young:Confusion about public space (e.g.‘education’)

Graffiti poses two questions: Public

1. What is a writer?2. What is public space?

– Restrictive/Utilitarian– Permissive/Antiquity

Walls...

“...are governmental tools that set limits and impasses, and complimentary allowed paths and trajectories...”

Writers see walls as invitations to continue the conversation about public space...

Who Benefits from War?

What of these relationships to policy creation?