Brochure Presentations Waste Final Corrected 2

7/30/2019 Brochure Presentations Waste Final Corrected 2

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Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg

Liberal Arts and Sciences

Exploring Complex Problems

1st block presentations

Workgroup 3

Dealing with Waste: Matters and Problems

Lecturer Dr. Volker Balli

Zielbauer

Hgele

Torres

Mir

SchlenderScherrer

Lange

Darwish

WeinsteinGerdes

Oehlert

Stegbauer

Volmer

HesseWertheim

Schlender

Hebeis

Mller

Participants:


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Exploring Complex Problems Wor Group Dealing with Waste 1st bloc presentations Exploring Complex Problems Wor Group Dealing with Waste 1st bloc presentations

2 3

Schedule Schedule

Wednesday, 21/10/2012

Welcome and Introduction 14:30 - 14:45Panel 1: Waste and its Problems 14:45-15:45Moderator: Zielbauer Discussant: Hesse

Hgele Planned ObscolescenceTorres Recycling, Reduce, ReuseMir The Waste Crisis in Naples

Cooies and Coffee Brea 15:45 - 16:00Panel 2: Managing Wastes 16:00 - 17:00Moderator:Schlender Discussant:Darwish

Scherrer TheaftercareofGermanLandllsLange The German Dual SystemZielbauer Waste Regulation Differences by the

Example of Bhutan and the EU

Cooies and Coffee Brea 2 17:00 - 17:15Panel3:SpecicWastes 17:15 - 18:15Moderator:Oehlert Discussant:Torres

Darwish End of life: ships

Weinstein End of life: Airplanes (Airbus)Gerdes Orbital Debris

Conference Dinner (Common Room) 18:30 - 20:00

Thursday, 22/10/2012

Panel 4: Diffcicult and dangerous wastes 9:00 - 10:40Moderator:Scherrer Discussants:Gerdes + Weinstein

Oehlert Medical Waste: A General PerspectiveStegbauer Managing infectious Medical Waste in

East AsiaVolmer The chemical Waste produced by the

textile industry

Hesse Radioactive Waste Disposal in theUnited States

Brea 10:40 - 11:00

Panel 5: Investigating Future Scenarios and Solutions 11:00 - 12:40Moderator:Volmer Discussants:Hgele + Lange

Wertheim Plastics in the Ocean

Schlender Oilasaniteresourceanditsimpacton the amount of plastic waste

Hebeis Is it Possible to decouple Waste Production from economic growth?

Mller Human and Natural Waste Cycles - A

Comparison

Conclusions 12:40 - 12:50End of Conference 13:00

HAVE A NICE REFLECTION WEEk!


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Abstracts 1 Abstracts 2Mller - Comparing human and natural

wastecycles

Seen from a contrasting

point of view, waste

is an all human term

implying a concept

which fails to reintegrate

used resources into

the production cycle.

As a contrast to this, the natural waste cycle is

a system in which the waste product of one

organism constitutes food for another organism. This

presentation compares these natural cycles to the

human cycles of waste management, clarifying the

question why we humans produce waste. It further

shows concrete examples, how the natural concept

can be applied to economic processes and where

future potentials for developments which apply this

concept are.

Torres - Recycling, reduce, reuse

Dealing with waste

has become one

of the main goals of

todays society Based

on this idea, three

important concepts

are developed: reduce,

re-use and recycle;

along with their inclusion in the way of living,

some challenges overcome and need to be taen

into account. As challenges are understood, areas

in which the concepts expressed before are to be

considered. Consequently, applying these concepts

requires more than a shift of mentality in the way

waste is conceived in order to obtain results in

a greater proportion. This presentation explains

reduce, re-use and recycle; and also presents and

compares real cases.

Scherrer - The Aftercare of GermanLandlls

Over the last 10 years

the approach to

waste management has

signicantly changed in

Germany. In 2005 the

German government

implemented a law that

prohibited the disposal of unpretreated municipal

solidwaste(MSW)onGermanlandlls.Consequently

the usage oflandllswas drastically reduced and

manylandllsthatcouldnotmeetthenewstandards

were closed. In this presentation, I will explore

the bacground and consequences of the law and

highlight ways inwhich the defunct landlls have

been maintained to ensure safety for human health

and the environment.

Lange - The

German DualSystem

In Germany, private

waste companies have

been responsible for the

handling of pacaging

waste for more than20 years now. While pacaging waste accounts for

only a tiny fraction of the total waste generated, it

is still an important fraction, because in most cases,

it is highly recyclable. In my presentation, I will have

a loo at the experiences of the past 20 years and

examine whether or not the concept of having private

waste companies deal with pacaging waste was

successful. The success will be measured both from

an environmental point of view and from an economic

point of view.

Zielbauer - Waste ManagementDifferences by theExample of Bhutan

and the EU

Municipal solid waste

production increases

every day. The only

sufcientway to regulate

the enormous amount of waste produced is through

regulative laws. This presentation explores differences

between waste regulations in developing and developed

countries. Bhutan and several European countries serve as

examples. The presentation concentrates on urban areas,

and refers to current legal texts. A main problem of waste

regulation policies is the lac of data on waste production

in developing countries. The rst survey on this in

Bhutan was done in 2007. In general the latest situation

in developing countries is similar to former situations in

developed countries.

Darwish - End of

Life: Ships

Ships are not a new

technology. They have

been used throughout

history in many different

contexts andsettingssuch as in the military, shing,

recreation, etc. However, not many people now whatactually happens to ships and other sea vessels when

they are no longer useful. This presentation will discuss

different options of ship disposal, e.g. recycling,

constructioninto articialreefs,etc., andaddress some

of the issues associated with each. It will also discuss new

initiatives proposed by the European Union to cope with

many of these problems and establish new regulations

and standards on ship disposal and ship recycling plants.

Mir - The Waste Crisis in Naples

The waste crisis in Naples,

the capital of the region

Campania in south-western

Italy, has lead negative

impacts on human health as

well as on the environment.

In 1994 a State of Emergency

was declared for the rst

time.Still,insufcientandillegalwastemanagement

activities contribute to the waste crisis. In

thipresentation I will particularly focus on thereasons

for the waste crisis, especially political inactivity, as

well as the illegal activities of the Camorra, which is

thelocalMaa-organizationofNaples.

Hgele - Planned

Obsolescence

The idea of purposeful

obsolescence in

durable goods rst

appeared in 1932, during

the economic crisis.

Today it is a resurgent issue in the media as well as

in academic articles. Nowadays however it is made

a subject of discussion not because of its economic

benets,butratherbecauseshortreplacementcycles

for durable goods contribute to the contemporary

environmental problem. This research project studies

the history of planned obsolescence and examines its

ethical defensibleness. The moral responsibilities of

consumer and producer are evaluated by focusing on

general aspects of this strategy and by taing a loo at

general business ethics.


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Abstracts 3 Abstracts 4Weinstein - End of Life: Airplanes (Airbus)

In the next 20 years,

more than 6000

airplanes will reach their

end of life and will have

to be disposed. The

EADS subsidiary Airbus

taes responsibility in

ensuring an eco-friendly

approach. This does not only include the waste

management at their production sites, but also the

recycling of their airplanes. Furthermore, Airbus

is engaging in a project called PAMELA (Process of

Advanced Management of End of Life Aircraft) which

guarantees an environment-friendly way of recycling

old airplanes. In my presentation, I will focus on the

general waste management of the company and,

morespecic,how thecompanyensures thesafe

recycling of end of life airplanes including the related

problems and challenges.

Oelert - Medical Waste: A GeneralPerspective

The variety of medical

waste and how it is

managed and disposed,

varies according to

country. Medical waste

can be categorized into

pathological waste, human

blood and blood products, discarded medical plastics

and cultures, waste sharps and the rest, which can

not be categorized. Generation rates of medical

waste in different countries show the variation in

mass. Consequently, the problem of medical waste

led to the development of new disposal methods and

regulations. This presentation, will give a general

introduction to the problems and solutions arising

with the topic of medical waste, as well as examples.

Volmer - The Chemical Waste Geeratedby the Textile

Industry

The textile industry

is a branch that

is generally used to a

negative media reception,

e.g. because of poor

woring conditions or

toxic residues in the clothes that could be harmful

to the consumers health. However, the consumersin the northern hemisphere are only the last ones

to get in contact with these toxic chemicals. I will

examine the chemicals that are used, at which step

of the production chain they are used, what damage

they can cause to the environment and human

health when e.g. being dumped in water, and how

this chemical waste and the following pollution

could be prevented. The alternatives are provided by

companies who already concentrate on production

techniques that cause the least possible harm.

Hesse - Radioactive Waste Disposal in theUnited States

The current state of

affairs concerning

development of a

permanent repository for

disposal of radioactive

waste in the United

States is uncertain. This

waste, which includes spent fuel from civilian and

military nuclear reactors, as well as transuranic

waste that comes primarily from the fabrication of

nuclear weapons, is extremely harmful to all life and

will remain so for a very long period of time. My

presentation provides an overview of the different

approaches for the disposal of radioactive waste and

the current status in the United States.

Wertheim - Plastics in the Ocean

Since the 1950s,

plastic became a

fundamental part of

common use. Nowadays

one can hardly imagine

a life without this undoubtedly practical substance

although negative sides of plastics usage become

more public. Regarding its huge impacts caused by

its broad distribution, it may be worth having a loo

atitsimplicationsonspecicareas,inthiscaseonitsinuenceson oceans.In mypresentation Iwill

consider an evaluate plastics inuence on marine

environments, animals and social groups. Moreover

Iwillputaspecialemphasisonplasticsinuences

on human and animal health e.g. its endocrine and

carcinogenic effects.

Schlender-Oilasaniteresourceandits impact on theamount of plastic

waste

There is a consensus

that oil is a nite

resource and that many

countries already used

the main part of their oil. This leads to the question

of what the consequences of an oil pea are andeven further to the scenario of a post-oil-society. In

the presentation the far-reaching impact of oil on

our daily live on social and political level as well as

onglobalizationingeneralwillbeshownbasedon

the forecast of Hubbert. Further, the question of how

oil is being connected to plastic will be considered

and thus what alternatives to oil (and plastic) could

become necessary if we are willed to continue our

style of living even though oil as a resource comes

to an end.

Gerdes - Orbital Debris

Orbital debris are

man-made objects,

everything from old

satellites to tiny paint

ecks,intheearthsorbit

which are no longer useful.

The problems connected

to orbital debris started

1957withtherstlaunchofahuman-buildobject,

the soviet satellite Sputni, into space. Since then

the amount of fragments in space has constantly

been increasing. Consequently riss of collision has

increased as well. In order to mitigate the riss, it

is important to consider technical, political and

legal aspects. My presentation will give an overview

overorbitaldebris,withanemphasizeontherisks

for humans and space missions and the challenges

connected to mitigation approaches.

Stegbauer - Managing Infectious Medical

Waste in East Asia

Asia is a continent

which has grown

richer and exponentially

faster than no other region

in the world since the

1960ies. The health caresector is no exception.

In this presentation I introduce solutions and

control measures, which demonstrate that handling

effectively infectious medical waste can reduce health

ris, save money and protect the environment at the

same time. Given the rise of immunolgical diseases of

Aids and Hepatitis B is increasingly problematic these

innovative management plans become essentially

important. Supportively I examine the disposal and

political directives in technologically advanced and

developing countries in East Asia, such as the China,

Japan, Cambodia and Vietnam.


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Abstracts 5

Sources for Further Reading 1

Sources for Further Reading 2Hebeis - Is It possible to decouple Waste Production from Economic Growth?

Waste prevention is the most important step for the European Union in

order to achieve a sustainable waste management. One instrument of

waste prevention is the decoupling of waste generation from economic growth.

The European Commission has set the target to achieve the decoupling until

2020. In my presentation, I want to explain the concept of decoupling by explaining the ey words and

differenttypesofdecouplingrst.Furthermore,IpointouthowitismeasuredandhowtheEUplansto

achieve decoupling . The focus is on Europe only and the main part of the presentation is to show the ey

arguments of the advocates and opponents of the decoupling-theory.

Hgele - Planned Obsolescence

Paul M. Gregory. (1947). A Theory of Purposeful Obsolescence.

Southern Economic Journal, (1), 2445.

Joseph Guiltinan (2009). Creative Destruction and Destructive

Creations: Environmental Ethics and Planned Obsolescence. Journal

of Business Ethics, 89 (S1), 1928. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9907-9

Hans Jonas Warum die Techni ein Gegenstand fr die Ethi ist,

fnf Grnde in Hans Len und Gnter Ropohl (Ed.) Techni und

Ethi, (Page 81-91) Philipp Reclam jun, Stuttgart

Rolf Marfeld (1975) Geplanter Verschlei: Mglichkeiten und Grenzen.

In Gerhard Bodenstein, Hans Leuer (Eds.). Geplanter Verschlei in der

Marktwirtschaft. Pages 314-338, Frankfurt/M.: Verlag Harri Deutsch.

Bernard London (1932): Ending recession through planned

obsolescence. New Yor.

Barry L. Bayus, Are product life cycles really getting shorter?, Journal

of Product Innovation Management, Volume 11, Issue 4, September

1994, Pages 300-308, ISSN 0737-6782, 10.1016/0737-6782(94)90085-

X.

katarina Lyberg, Anthony Bomboma, (2010) Planned Obsolescence

The propensity to replace a cell phone due to physical versus

technological obsolescence and the role of attitude function, Bachelor

Thesis

TimCooper,(2005)SlowerConsumptionReectionsonProductLife

Spans and the Throwaway Society, Journal of Industrial Ecology,

Volume 9, Number 12, Pages 51-67

Scherrer - The Aftercare of German

Landlls

Bayerisches Landesamt fr Umwelt (LfU) (Ed.) 2012. Deponieseminar

2012-Aktuelles zu Recht undVollzug. Augsburg: Eigendruck

Bayerisches Landesamt fr Umwelt. Retrieved from http://www.

bestellen.bayern.de

Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear

Safety. (2006). Municipal Solid Waste Management in 2006: TASi

oneyearonnowasteslandlledwithoutpretreatmentinGermany

since 1 June 2005. Retrieved from http://www.bmu.de

L

andesanstalt fr UmweltschutzBaden-Wrttemberg (Karlsruhe).

(1997). Forstwirtschaftliche Reultivierung von Deponien mit TA

SiedlungsabfallkonformerOberchenabdichtung.TexteundBerichte

zurAbfallwirtschaft:Vol.13.Karlsruhe:LandesanstaltfrUmweltschutz

Baden-Wrttemberg.

Laner,D.,Crest,M.,Scharff,H., Morris,J.W.F.,&Barlaz,M.A.

(2012). A Review of Approaches for the Long-Term Management of

MunicipalSolidWasteLandlls.WasteManagement,32(3),498512.

Rebele,F.,& Lehmann, C.(2002).Restoration ofa LandllSite

in Berlin, Germany by Spontaneous and Directed Succession.

Restoration Ecology, 10(2), 340347.

Wattendorf,P. (2001). Anforderungen an die Bepanzungvon

Deponien aus deponietechnischer, forstwirtschaftlicher

und landespegerischer Sicht eine Gratwanderung zwischen

landespegerischen Zielen und der langfristigen Sicherung des

Deponiebauwers. In U. Dr. Maier-Harth (Ed.), 4. Deponieseminar des

Geologischen LandesamtesRheinland-Pfalz.Oberchenabdichtung

und Reultivierung von Deponien. Geologisches Landesamt, Abt.

Hydrogeologie.

Zepp,H. (2010).Oberchenabdichtungnach demBoden-Natur-

Dichtungssystem (BND-System) auf der Zentraldeponie Castrop-

Rauxel.MaterialienzurRaumordnung:Vol.74.Bochum:Geographisches

Institut der Ruhr-Universitt.

Lange - The German Dual System

Amann, Melanie. Vol der Trenner und Sammler. Franfurter

Allgemeine Zeitung (2010).

Fleckinger, Pierre undMatthieu Glachant. The organization of

extended producer responsibility in waste policy with product

differentation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

15. September 2009: 57 -66.

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nemann, Agnes and Rachut Gunda. Der Grne Punt. Eine

Versuchung der Wirtschaft. karlsruhe: D.F. Mller GmbH, 1993.

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der kreislauf- und Abfallwirtschaft. Sondergutachten der

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der umweltvertrglichen Bewirtschaftung von Abfllen

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ko-Institut e.V. Jenseitsvom GrnenPunkt. Alternativenzu

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Cahill, Rachel, Sue M. Grimes und David C Wilson. Extended

producer responsibility for pacaging wastes and WEEE - a

comparison of implementation and the role of local authorities across

Europe. Waste Management & Research 12. August 2010.

Mir - The Waste Crisis in Naples

Calabria, E., DAmbrosio, A., & Ruggiero, P. (Directors). (2007).

Biutiful Cauntri [Motion Picture]. Lumiere& Co. Retrieved November

2, 2012, from, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcmRVHYGW0

DAlisa,G.,Burgalassi,D.,Healy,H.,&Walter,M.(2010).Conictin

Campania: Waste Emergency or crisis of democracy. Ecological

Economics, Vol. 70, 239-249. Retrieved November 3, 2012, from, http://

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800910002594

Greyl, L., Vegni, S., Natalicchio, M., Cure, S., & Freretti, J. (2010, May).

The Waste Crisis in Campania, Italy. CEECEC. Retrieved November

3, 2012, from http://www.ceecec.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/

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Sources for Further Reading 3 Sources for Further Reading 4Zielbauer - Waste Regulation Differences

by the Example of Bhutan and the EU

Europisches Parlament und Rat (2006). Richtlinie 2006/12/EG des

Europischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 5. April 2006 ber

Abflle: Amtsblatt der Europischen Union 114, 9-21.

European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2008). Directive

2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19

November2008 onwaste andrepealing certainDirectives:O fcial

Journal of the European Union 312, 3-30.

Parliament of Bhutan (2009). Waste Prevention and Management Act

of Bhutan, 2009.

Royal Government of Bhutan (2012). Chapter IV Municipal Waste

Management in Waste Prevention and Management Regulation

2012 , 20-29

Glawe, U., Visvanathan, C., Alamgir, M. (2005). Solid Waste

Management in Least Developed Asian Countries A Comparative

Analysis.

Guerrero, L.A., Maas,G., Hogland, W., (2012). Solid waste

management challenges for cities in developing countries: Waste

Management (article in press).

Punthsho,S., Dulal,S.,Yangden,D.,Tenzin,U.M.,Herat,S.,Shon,

H.,Vigneswaran,S. (2010). Studying municipal solid waste generation

and composition in the urban areas of Bhutan: Waste Management &

Research 28, 545-551.

Darwish - End of Life: Ships

Hess, Ronald W., Dennis Rushworth, Micheal V. Hynes, and John E.

Peters. Disposal Options for Ships. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2001.

Print.

Roach,John.ArticialReefsMadeWithSunkenSubwayCars,Navy

Ships. National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 18 Aug.

2006. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. .

Polovina, J. J. Fisheries Applications and Biological Impacts of

ArticialHabitats.Articial Habitatsfor Marineand Freshwater

Fisheries. By William Seaman and Lucian M. Sprague. San Diego:

Academic, 1991. 153-176. Print.

European Commission. Environment: Commission Proposes

Tighter Laws on Ship Breaing.Europa.eu. N.p., 23 Mar. 2012.

Web. 09 Nov. 2012. .

European Commission. Ship Recycling. Ec.europa.eu. N.p., 23

Mar. 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. .

U.S.GovernmentEndstheSinkingofOldShipsasArticialReefs.

Basel Action Networ (BAN). N.p., 06 Sept. 2012. Web. 09 Nov.

2012. .

Vidal, John. Bangladeshi Worers Ris Lives in Shipbreaing

Yards. The Guardian 05 May 2012. .

Weinstein - End of Life: Airplanes (Airbus)

Airbus ACADEMY. (2012). Process for Advanced Management of

End-of-Life of Aircraft. Retrieved from http://www.airbus.com/

company/environment/documentation/

Airbus. Manufacturing | Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer.

(2012). Retrieved from http://www.airbus.com/innovation/eco-

efciency/manufacturing/

D

urgahee, A. The place where dead airplanes come bac to life -

CNN.com. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/15/

business/airplane-recycling-tarmac/index.html

EADS. EADS Annual Report and Registration Document 2006 -

Performance and Best Practices. (2007). Retrieved from http://2006.

reports.eads.net/2006/en/boo3/3/5/3.html

European Commission. (2011). End-of-life aircraft recycling offers

high grade materials - Eco-innovation Action Plan. Retrieved from

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/good-

practices/eu/719_en.htm

Mar Gilbert, S. M. ISO 14001 Environmental Management

Standard,ISO14001Certication.Retrievedfrom http://www.

isoqar.com/u/standards/iso14001/ISO-14001-About.aspx

Y

ang, Y. et al. (2012). Recycling of composite materials: Delft

Syline Debate. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process

Intensication,51(0),5368.doi:10.1016/j.cep.2011.09.007

Gerdes - Orbital Debris

Brian Dunbar. (2011). NASA - Frequently Ased Questions: Orbital

Debris. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/news/debris_faq.html

Department of State - USA. Outer Space Treaty 1967. Retrieved from

http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/space1.html

kessler, D. J., & Cour-Palais, B. G. (1978). Collision Frequency

ofArticial Satellites:TheCreationof aDebris Belt.Journal Of

Geophysical Research, 83(A6). Retrieved from http://webpages.charter.

net/dkessler/les/Collision%20Frequency.pdf

Liou, J.-C., & Johnson, N. L. Ris in Space from Orbiting Debris.

PLANETARY SCIENCE. Retri eved from http://www.sciencemag.o rg/

content/311/5759/340.summary

Stuart, Clar. How dangerous is space debris? TheGuardian.

Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.u/science/across-the-

universe/2012/oct/04/astronomy-space

Weeden, B. (2010). 2009 Iridium-Cosmos Collision: Fact Sheet.

Retrieved from http://swfound.org/media/6575/2009%20

iridium-cosmos%20collision%20factsheet.pdf

Weeden, B. (2011). Overview of the legal and policy challenges of

orbital debris removal. Space Policy, 27(1), 3843. doi:10.1016/j.

spacepol.2010.12.019


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Oehlert - Medical Waste: A GeneralPerspective

AVaccine for Medical Waste Burning (2004). In: Environmental Health

Perspectives 112 (14), S. A 805. Available online at http://search.

ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=byh&AN=14944200&site=eh

ost-live.

Birchard, karen (2002): Out of sight, out of mind... the medical waste

problem. In: Lancet 359 (9300), S. 56. Available online at http://search.

ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=byh&AN=5805056&site=eho

st-live

Boening, Dean W.; Vasconcelos, George J. (1997/01//1997): Persistence

and antibiotic immunity of bacteria from a wetland used as a medical

wastelandll.In:JournalofEnvironmentalHealth59(6),S. 6.Available

online at http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=byh&A

N=9701216686&site=ehost-live.

Connett, Paul (1997): Medical Waste Incineration. A Mismatch Between

Problem and Solution. In: The Ecologist Asia 1997, March/April 1997

(Vol.5,No.2). Available online at http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd48/

mismatch.pdf.

Jang, Y. C. (2011): Infectious/Medical/Hospital Waste: General

Characterist ics. Editor-in-Ch ief: Jerome O. Nriagu (Hg.) In:

Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Burlington: Elsevier, S. 227231.

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B9780444522726005080.

katella,kathy (2011): Recycled medical supplies are helping third world

patients. Available online at http://www.yalemedicalgroup.org/

remedy11

Mohamed,L.F.;Ebrahim,S.A.;Al-Thukair,A.A.(2009):Hazardous

healthcare waste management in the kingdom of Bahrain. In:

Waste Management 29 (8), S. 24042409. Available online at http://www.

sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09000919.

Sources for Further Reading 5 Sources for Further Reading 6Stegbauer - Managing Infectious MedicalWaste in East Asia

al- Muneef, Maha, Ziand A. Memish (2003) Effective medical waste

management: It can be done. American Journal of infection

control. 31(3): 188-192.

Calltoscrapburninginnewmedwastemanualintensies,Health

Care Without Harm. 26. Aug. 2010. http://www.noharm.org/

seasia/news_hcwh/2012/aug/hcwh2012-08-29.php.

k

hling, Jan-Gerd, Ute Pieper, (2012); Management of healthcare

waste:developmentsinSoutheastAsiainthetwenty-rstcentury.

Waste, Management and Research Journal. 30 (9): 100-104

Lee, C.C., George L. Huffman, Richard P. Nalesni (1991) Medical

waste management- the state of the art Environmental, Science

and Technology Journal 25 (3): 360363

Miyazaki, M.;H. Une, (2005);Infectious waste management

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