Broadband for Rural and Developing Regions: …...International Bandwidth: Asia-Pacific and Africa...
Transcript of Broadband for Rural and Developing Regions: …...International Bandwidth: Asia-Pacific and Africa...
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Broadband for Rural and Developing
Regions:Learning from Projects and Evaluating Impacts
Heather E. Hudson
Fulbright North American Policy ChairCarleton University
Ottawa, Canada and
Incoming Director, Institute for Social and Economic Research
University of Alaska Anchorage
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Broadband Impacts:Monitoring and Evaluation
• Project implementation
– The devils (devil’s) in the details
• Sustainability
– After the installation
• Short term impacts
– Jobs, jobs, and (votes)??
• Longer term impacts:
– What difference did it make?
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Evaluation Activities
• Monitor implementation
• Collect data on users and usage
• Identify user social and economic benefits
– quantify where possible
• Provide guidance for future funding
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What makes ICTs Accessible?
Criteria for access to ICT facilities and services:
– Availability
• Coverage (wireless)
• Houses passed (wireline)
– Affordability
• Price for commonly used services
• Price as percentage of disposable income
– Bandwidth
• Broadband for Internet access and multimedia services
– Quality
• Quality of Service (QOS) important for broadband
• Reliability, latency, jitter
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Monitoring Implementation
• Installation:– Was infrastructure installed:
• According to specifications• On time
• Activation:– Were facilities/services made
available• As specified• On time
– Were other usage requirements met:
• Power supply• Prepaid cards, vouchers, cash
payment options• Training, if necessary• Applications or software, if needed
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Project Implementation:Infrastructure Design and Cost
• Was the network designed to accomplish development goals?– Mesh design for local networking – National fiber backbones with rural connections
• What was the total project cost?– Backbone? Middle mile? Last/first mile equipmentPLUS:– Power supplies– Peripheral equipment– Permits, fees, taxes
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Project Implementation:Were the Specifications Right?
• Enough capacity?E.g. rural/remote Canada:
• 22% of rural/remote households without broadband access
• Satellite an option, population but satellite capacity sufficient for only 1% of households
• The right design?E.g. Tanzania: domestic fiber backbone
• To reach all District Centres (like county seats)
• But 130 Districts, and only 37 drops (termination points) in plan
• Possible impact on cost to connect DCs
• Impact on optical link budgets or capacity– Degrading signal or requiring use of dedicated fiber strands
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Technology Selection: Leapfrogging and Obsolescence
• Will the technology soon be obsolete?
• Will alternatives be cheaper or more attractive?
• Is technology upgradable to provide:– more bandwidth? – more connections? – more features?
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And what about Quality of Service (QOS) ?
Reliability?•annual down time•outages (due to storms,
power failures, etc.•mean time to repair•latency, jitter, etc.
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What about Sustainability?
• Supply side:
– Sustainable business model
– Usage
– Technology:
• reliability, Potential obsolescence
• Scalability, potential to upgrade
• Demand side:
– Number of users, subscribers
• Growth as projected
• Demographic and economic trends
– Pricing
– Useful features and applications
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Evaluating Broadband Funding Programs• Problems of competitive bids and reverse auctions:
– Not enough bidders
– Collusion
– Benchmarks set too high
– Lack of sufficient operator expertise to estimate realistic costs
• Who really pays?– USFs: “ a way of requiring that the industry at large finance
the achievement of UAS, while only operators interested in expanding to rural areas will tender for the subsidies.”
– But are the users really paying – e.g. pass throughs like US?
• One-time subsidies vs. Sustainability– “once only incentive designed to be results-oriented …”
– But do some services need ongoing subsidy?• E.g. E-rate and High Cost Fund in the US
• Expectations for instant results
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Broadband Access: Models and Criteria
Access models• Household access• Personal access
– using wireless phones, PDAs, laptops or netbooks
• Institutional access:– SMEs, NGOs, government agencies, etc.
• Public access – Single national model (e.g. post offices);– Variety of public access models (telecenters, cybercafés,
other shops, post offices NGOs, etc.);– Schools and libraries;– Other institutions, such as government offices, community
centers, banks
• Geographic access– Within specified distance of access point
• Other criteria– Population, adminstrative function, etc.
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Broadband Pricing and Affordability:
Asia-Pacific and Africa
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PCs and other devices are getting cheaper, but connectivity is still unaffordable in much of the developing world
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International Bandwidth: Asia-Pacific and Africa
40.9
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1
Bits p
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Inhabitant
Asia-Pac Low Income
Asia-Pac Lower Middle
Asia-Pac Upper-Middle
and High Income
North Africa
Sub Saharan Africa
International bandwidth remains a constraint
Poor countries in Africa and Asia have very little international bandwidth
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From Broadband to Development
• The “so what?” question --
or
• What difference did it make?
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Short term stimulus effect: Creating jobs…
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From Broadband to Development:
The Chain of Inference
• Availability ���� Utilization
• Utilization ���� Impact
– Efficiency
– Effectiveness
– Equity
– Reach ??
• Metrics: How far down the chain can we get?
– In the short term?
– With a longer research horizon?
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Connectivity: Necessary but Not Sufficient
• Access:– Availability
– Affordability plus
• Context:– Social, economic, cultural
• Need other infrastructure: transportation, power supply, etc.
• Other services: local banking, funds transfer
• Content:– Local languages
– Relevance to rural conditions
• Capacity:– Skills to use and manage information facilities
– “Infomediaries”: the information broker• Librarian, extension agent, mentor
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ICTs: Creating New Business Opportunities
• Reach– New markets, new audiences
• Market Information– Getting price information:
• Domestic and foreign markets
– Getting competitive bids• new sources of supplies
• Outsourcing/Insourcing– Doing work for distant clients– Call centers, data entry,
translation
• BUT beyond connectivity:– What skills do entrepreneurs
need?– Knowledge of foreign
markets– Access to capital– Competitive suppliers or
buyers, etc.
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Using the Internet to reach global markets:
Beyond talent – and a website:
need forFinancial services
Online banking, investingMerchant payment systemsRemittance transfers
Microfinance:Connecting lenders with small
businesses and entrepreneurs
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Health Applications
• Not always sustainable– Consultations
• Availability of physicians
• Ability to charge for remote consults
• Liability, licensing issues
– Medical records
• Require commitment to implement
• Require integrated health care system or providers’ networks
• Privacy and security issues
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Distance Education:
Not always sustainable
Issues:• Threatened teachers• Accreditation• Perceived quality• Sharing tuition revenues• Intellectual property
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Sustainable Model: Remote NW Ontario
Cree and Ojibway villages:
High school completionfor students in native communities using Broadband
Sustainable model: contracts to provide connectivity and technical support for education, health care, other public services
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Beyond Broadband:Toward a Digital Economy?
• Public service sector benefits– Health, education, e-government services
• Support for SMEs and NGOs– Engines of development and diversification?
• But what about major sectors in national economies?– Resource extraction: mining, petroleum, etc.– Agriculture and fisheries– Manufacturing– Services
Key macro-level research questions:
• How does increased access to broadband affect the key economic sectors in national economies?– Productivity, efficiency, new markets or products/services, etc.
• Does increased access to broadband facilitate diversification ofnational economies?