Broadband Access Whitepaper 1007 04 for MBA

8/6/2019 Broadband Access Whitepaper 1007 04 for MBA

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Broadband Access for All A Brief Technology Guide


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A historic opportunity awaits thecommunication industry in the yearsahead a chance to connect mostof the world using wireless and wirelinetechnologies. We envisage that fivebillion people will be connected by2015, the majority always on andenjoying broadband access. Broadband

connections will be available justabout anywhere in the world, acrossdeveloped and growth markets. Todayswireline service already reaches someone billion households, and mobilenetworks connect close to three billionsubscribers, with varied capabilitiesoffering true broadband connectivity.But it will take more extensive use ofwireless access and new wirelineinstallations with improved performanceto offer true broadband connectivityto five billion customers.

Wireline delivers far higher data rates

than wireless. The wireline user datarate is some 30 times that of wireless,with both evolving in much the sameway. Applications such as IP TV havea healthy appetite for high datarates, so great in fact that only wirelinesolutions can satisfy it. But wirelessaccess can deliver most other services,including small-screen mobile TV.

Incumbent wireline operatorstraditionally leverage their legacycopper installations to offer broadbandservices with DSL to consumers.Growing end-user bandwidth demand

dictates that fiber must be broughtcloser to the subscriber. The choicesare fiber to the curb and fiber to thebuilding, with the next step up beingfiber to the home, or FTTC, FTTB,and FTTH for short. In any case,bandwidth-hungry applications likehigh-definition TV and corporateconnectivity are sure to promptoperators to improve and renewwireline networks.

Wireless technologies, in contrast,have a huge advantage they offerpersonal broadband access regardlessof the users location. That spells totalmobility for nomadic and fully mobileuse cases. Whats more, if a regionlacks wireline infrastructure, wirelesscan provide low-cost broadband

coverage at far lower cost than newwireline installations. Especially inemerging markets, this makes wirelessbroadband access an attractivealternative for densely populatedurban and sparsely populated ruralareas.

This white paper discusses todayswireless and wireline technologiesand how they are likely to evolve.Wireless technologies will sooncatapult data rates from one Mbpsbeyond 100 Mbps and boost efficiencyin data delivery. This paper describes

broadband wireless technologiespositioning in terms of spectrumassets, and introduces current andcoming wireline technologies. And itexplains how to extend the capabilitiesof copper-based DSL access andhow to deploy optical networks toboost user data rates beyond oneGbps.

Executive Summary

Contents

02 Executive Summary

03 1. Always Best-Connected The End-Users Perspective

04 2. Look at Access Networks

06 3. Nokia Siemens NetworksExpertise in Wireless andWireline Access Technologies

19 4. Choosing YourBroadband Strategy

22 5. Abbreviations

02/22 Broadband Access for all A brief technology guide


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The users view of factors affecting broadband access

Considerations Options Wishes

...which service... Voice, data, entertainment services; Freedom of choice,Delivery: Machine-to-user, peer-to-peer; FlexibilityType: Personalized, off-the-shelf;

bundles, triple/quadruple play

...at home... Devices: Mobile phone, POTS/ISDN phone, Full range of serviceslaptop/desktop, cameras, TV set, and the like available on best-suited

devices with fewestsubscriptions

...at the office... Mobile phone, desktop phone, High reliability, security,laptop/desktop PC, and performance of basiccorporate IT connectivity IT tools

...on the move... Using personal devices Seamless access to key(such as phone, PDA, notebook); services with fewest

At hotspots, in cars, trains, aircraft, walking, devicesremote location, indoor and outdoor environments

...with which Data rate, delay, user friendliness, reliability, security Speed, ease of useuser experience(performance)...

...at which price... Base price, minute prices, bundle packages, Inexpensive, transparentflat rate, price transparency and controllable pricing

1. Always Best-Connected The End-Users

Perspective

Wireline voice communication beganchanging the world in the early 20th

century, with wireless following suitin the centurys closing decade. Aconcurrent revolution, the Internet,continues to refashion the workingmethods and lifestyles of a growingshare of the worlds population.

Now for the first time in history thearrival of broadband accesstechnologies in wireline and wirelessnetworks promises seamless, all-overaccess to unlimited information andentertainment to consumers andbusiness users. Users combine thesetechnologies to stay connected atwork, at play, everywhere, all the time.

Always connectedhas become themantra for many.

Technologies and services have grownexceedingly complex, posing evenmore questions for end-users as wellas for providers and operators. A myriadof services and gadgets confront theend-user. Which service can I use onwhich device? Do I need yet anotheraccount and password? Where and

when can I use it? At home, on themove, abroad? And finally, how muchdoes it cost?

From end-users perspective, the usecase is an intricate issue compellingthem to weigh many considerations

what, when, where, how, and howmuch:



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The ideal solution is an environmentenabling the end-user to enjoy alwaysbest-connectedservice with minimum,easy-to-use equipment.

Though the demand for serviceshinges on the given market, thereare three major classes. First is voice

communication, the traditional revenuesource. Second come data servicessuch as high-speed Internet access.Finally, mature markets are seeinggrowing demand for applications andentertainment services deliveredacross the net, for instance, video ondemand and time-shifting-enabled,interactive TV.

As services grow richer and morevaried, bandwidth consumption anduser expectations for quality riseaccordingly. Broadcasts over multiplehigh-definition TV channels, high-

quality video delivery, and videocommunication are just a few casesin point. New entertainment serviceslike virtual-world gaming, whereplayers assume a virtual personain the reality represented in thegames, are in the pipeline. Andbusiness subscribers need VPNswith differentiated service levelagreements, video conferencing,and backup to the companys server.

Besides, users want to go mobilewith all the services delivered todayover their wireline connection.

Aiming to stay always connected,they want access to diversified contentwherever they go. And thoughexpectations for bandwidth and qualityare on the rise, revenue per user is

on the decline. Subscribers areunwilling to pay more for higherbandwidth and higher quality services,but operators must invest in newnetworks to prevent churn. This isa balancing act. Operators mustminimize operational costs andchoose the right technologies tobuild converged networks that providethe bandwidth pipes and mobility todeliver content and applications. Thekey to striking this balance is theinterface between the subscriberandcore network the access network.


Access networks connect end-usersdevices to the network core and

content and application servers.They cover the first mile to thesubscriber and the second mile,where traffic is handled and thevarious services are aggregated anddistributed.

The first mile connects the subscribersfixed or mobile terminal to the firstaccess node, say a DSLAM, basestation, or the like, and provides thebandwidth pipe to the subscriber. Thetransport medium for mobile accessis the radio interface, better known asair. For wireline access, it is copper

or fiber. Maximum bandwidth persubscriber varies according to severaldeterminants the number of

subscribers connected to the accesspoint, the distance between the

subscriber terminal and the accesspoint, and the actual transport mediumand its transmission frequencies.First-mile access technologiesprovision bandwidth and distributeservices and applications individuallyto each subscriber.

The second mile aggregates severalfirst-mile access nodes and connectsto the network core, which is calledbackhauling. Several technologiesserve to aggregate access nodes.In modern networks, most base onthe Ethernet protocol and use fiber

as the transport medium. Legacyaggregation technologies such as

ATM and TDM-based SDH and

2. Look atAccess Networks


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multi-service provisioning platformsas well as wireless microwave radiotechnologies are also widespread.

Aggregation networks must meetcarrier-grade standards, meaningthat they are highly reliable and avai-lable, and support different quality ofservice classes. They must shuttle

traffic to and from the access nodeeffectively and cost-efficiently. Andthey must support various tariffschemes such as volume tariffs andflat rates.

Today the state-of-the-art solution forthe last meters within a building is amix of wireline first-mile and wirelesslast meters, say, to connect wirelineDSL and wireless terminals and homedevices. Local access point solutions

thus extend wireline access lines towireless end-user equipment.Figure 1 shows the main networkelements mobile or fixed end-userterminals, wireless base stations,wireline first-mile access nodes,aggregation networks, and the packetcore network. The picture at the top

shows where wireless solutions fitbest; below it is the scenario wherewireline solutions are a better match.The area between the two showsend-user service scenarios that maybe served by wireline and wirelesssolutions.

The following chapters examinethe various access technologiesin detail.

Wireline Broadband Access Network

High data rate capacity to the end user

High capacity and low opex transport

Second mile aggregation and scalability

Corporatenetwork

Internet

Operatorservices

Wireless Broadband Access Network

Challenges

Stationary,shared devices

Packet corenetwork

Aggregationnetwork

First mileaccess node

Small, personaluser device

C

B

B

A

A

A

B

C


Figure 1: A look at broadband access


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Nokia Siemens Networks offers acomplete and comprehensive portfoliofor wireline and wireless access gearedto satisfy the diverse end-user andmarket demands. The following sectiondescribes these requirements.

3.1 Wireless Technology Portfolio

Licensed spectrum is the mobileoperators valuable asset the lowerthe frequency band (cell size) andthe larger the band (cell capacity),the higher its value. Paired spectrumserved by Frequency Division Duplex(FDD) technology makes up the lionsshare of licensed spectrum today.Time Division Duplex transmission(TDD) serves the 2.5 GHz and 3.5GHz range, where the uplink anddownlink share the same spectrum.Making the most of available spectrumrequires radio technologies for FDDand TDD bands.

Mobile operators with UMTS and/orGSM bands need a broadbandtechnology for the FDD spectrum.In Nokia Siemens Networks view,the primary global solution is HSPAand its evolution to LTE, and MobileWiMAX 802.16e is destined to becomethe TDD technology for 2.5 GHz and3.5 GHz bands.

A wireless solutions coverage areais significant because it determinesthe number of base stations, theinvestment they entail, and the qualityof indoor coverage. Figure 2 showsbase station coverage area as afunction of deployment frequency ina suburban application. The chart

features two cases outdoor only,and with 15 dB indoor penetrationloss. Note that it takes nearly fourtimes as many sites to deploy at twoGHz than at one GHz, and ten timesas many for 3.5 GHz. With capitalexpenditure in mind, deploying radiotechnologies at low frequency bandsis preferable. On the downside, lowerfrequencies have less bandwidthcapacity. So, the best deploymentstrategy combines low band for greatercoverage and high band for greatercapacity. Fixed outdoor antennas atthe subscribers end can increase

network coverage considerably.

40

0

10

30

35

1.0 2.5 3.5

20

5

15

25

1.5 2.0 3.0

[km2]

[GHz]

Larger cell at lowerfrequency

Larger cell if onlyoutdoor coverage

Outdoor only coverage

Indoor coverage with 15 dB penetration

BTS coverage area


3. Nokia Siemens NetworksExpertise in Wireless and Wireline

Access Technologies

Figure 2: Base station coverage area as a function of deployment frequencyNote: The actual coverage area also depends on the environment and bit rate requirements


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3.1.1 3GPP Broadband Access(HSPA, I-HSPA, LTE, EDGE)The High-Speed Downlink PacketAccess (HSDPA) air interface enablestrue broadband access with more thanone Mbps per subscriber and oneGbyte per subscriber per month. Mostof the over 150 commercial UMTS

networks have been upgraded tosupport HSDPA with peak datarates of 3.6 to 7.2 Mbps. The uplinkcounterpart providing peak datarates up to 2.0 Mbps, High-SpeedUplink Packet Access (HSUPA), isdestined for rollout within 2007.HSDPA data use has already toppedvoice traffic in some instances,signaling that customers valueubiquitous broadband data. NokiaSiemens Networks offers full HSDPA14.4 Mbps downlink capability andfull HSUPA 5.76 Mbps uplink capability.

HSPA networks up and runningtoday feature 3GPP Release 5HSDPA and Release 6 HSUPA.Figure 3 tracks the further evolutionof the 3GPP standard. Release 7HSPA Evolution leverages majorradio improvements to reduce setuptime, boost data rates, and deliverbetter performance to the user. Italso improves spectral efficiency andmobile power consumption. Theseenhancements are collectively calledHSPA+. Applying MIMO, release 7boosts the peak data rate to 28.8Mbps. By additional application of

64QAM, release 8 provides for anupward potential to 43.2 Mbps, whilereducing latency to less than 30 ms.3GPP Release 7 solutions areanother step forward in bringingHSPA capabilities up to the objectivesof 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE),paving a smooth evolutionary pathtowards LTE end-user performance.3GPP wrapped up the work onRelease 7 in the first half 2007. NokiaSiemens Networks is committed tobringing the benefits of Release 7 toHSPA networks with a remarkablycost-efficient software upgrade.

3GPP R5 3GPP R6 3GPP R7 3GPP R8

HSDPA HSUPA HSDPA Further HSPA14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 28.8 Mbps and evolution up to

HSUPA 43 Mbps11.5 Mbps

IP transport Multimedia I-HSPA flat LTE scalable

broadcast architecture bandwidthmulticast (MBMS) 1.4 - 20 MHz

EDGE evolution Long termup to 1.4 Mbps evolution (LTE):

New radio withpeak rate of173 Mbps

Most feature-rich 3GPP releasesince R99


Specified as part of 3GPP Release 8,LTEwill extend radio capabilitieseven further. With a peak downlinkdata rate up to 173 Mbps and lessthan 10 ms latency, it will deliver thebest wide-area radio performancefor the decade ahead. With its highdata rates, low latency, high capacity,and large-area coverage, LTE willallow operators to use spectrumflexibly with various bandwidths andfrequency variants, and terminalspower to be managed efficiently.

3GPP intends to complete the firstset of specifications in the first halfof 2008.

These peak data rates are availablein parts of large macro cells coveragearea. Cell interference and networkplanning impacts the actual averagecell capacity. Broadband technologiesspectral efficiency typically amountsto one to two bps per Hz per sector.If an operator has 20 MHz allocatedfor the downlink, average downlinkthroughput comes to 20 to 40 Mbpsper sector. Beam-forming solutions

and small cell deployments canimprove wireless technologiesspectral efficiency.

Figure 3: The development of 3GPP wireless broadband technologies


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Although new high bit-ratetechnologies are driving data trafficin mobile networks, operators mustcut data delivery costs to offercompetitive flat-rate charging. Newbroadband HSPA, WiMAX, and LTEradio technologies slash the highcost of data delivery associated with

earlier radio networks. Leveragingstreamlined network elements inradio and core networks, their highradio performance, effective transport,and flat network architecture upefficiency. And that makes operatorsmore competitive. 3GPP Release 7HSPA architecture, I-HSPA, uses thesame flat architecture as LTE andWiMAX. This cuts the cost of buildingnetwork capacity today and pavesthe most future-proof path totomorrows LTE for HSPA operators.This flat architecture is compatiblewith legacy Release 5 HSDPA

terminals.

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates forGSM Evolution) delivers real-worlddata rates ranging from 120 to 160kbps, covering large areas andproviding extensive terminal support.With 718 GSM networks up andrunning in more than 200 countriesworldwide (GSA April 2007), GSMtechnology is on firm footing, providingthe underpinning for the EDGE datasolution. EDGE features in 258networks in 136 countries (GSAJanuary 2007). It can extend HSPA/

WiMAX networks coverage toencompass areas where HSPA/WiMAX has yet to be built. EDGEis also an enabler for an extensiveglobal roaming network.

3GPP Release 7 encompassesEDGE Evolution, which pushesthe peak data rate up to 1.4 Mbps.Legacy EDGE networks operatingin GSM frequency bands may beupgraded with these evolutionaryfeatures. EDGE Evolution plays animportant role in complementingHSPA networks and boosting global

wireless data capabilities. NokiaSiemens Networks is committedto bringing the benefits of EDGE

Evolution to operators running EDGE-enabled networks, leveragingsoftware upgrades to add its newfeatures to existing GSM BSS.

3.1.2 IEEE802.16 WiMAXBroadband AccessFixed WiMAX 802.16dis certified

and commercial products are availablefrom Nokia Siemens Networks today.It offers an alternative to wireline

ADSL for areas in which ADSL isunavailable and carriers are unableto deliver wireline broadband cost-efficiently. WiMAX 802.16d providesFrequency Division Duplex (FDD)support for the 3.5 GHz band.

Mobile WiMAX 802.16e is looking tobe the best-positioned Time DivisionDuplex (TDD) technology for fixed,nomadic, and mobile access aimedfor the 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz bands.

WiMAX carrier bandwidth rangesfrom five to ten MHz, and may laterbe extended to 20 MHz. MobileWiMAX offers 40 Mbps peak bitrate with ten MHz bandwidth, andup to 80 Mbps with 20 MHz.

A standardized broadband accesstechnology, it is backed by manynetwork and terminal vendors,creating a global ecosystem anda future-proof way of offering mobilebroadband. Driven by economics ofscale and interoperability betweenvendors, the WiMAX market is alsoevolving from fixed WiMAX 802.16d

to mobile WiMAX 802.16e for fixedapplications. Nokia Siemens Networksoffers certified WiMAX 802.16eproducts.



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3.1.3 Other Radio Technologiesfrom Nokia Siemens NetworksMany other radio technologies beyond3GPP HSPA/LTE and WiMAX inNokia Siemens Networks portfoliocater to specific customer needs.

Defined in 3GPP Release 4,

TD-SCDMA radio technology baseson TDD technology and targets theChinese market. It is also knownas low chip-rate or narrowbandTDD mode.

An FDD technology for operatorswith access to the 450 MHz spectrum,FLASH-OFDMemploys large cellsto deliver mobile broadband servicesnationwide at low capital expenditure.In commercial use today, it is anattractive alternative for deployingbroadband services on narrowbandniche spectrum allocations. This

mobile broadband access solutionhas also proven its merits as abackhaul solution for WiFi hotspotsin buses and high-speed trains.

WiFi ships as a standard appointmenton new notebooks, and the range ofmobile terminals and PDAs equippedwith WiFi is growing. Todays WiFidevices base on the 802.11b and.11g standards, and are expected toevolve to 802.11n, bringing peakdata rates to 200 Mbps and beyond.

Often used indoors, WiFi may alsobe deployed in public metropolitanareas in the unlicensed 2.4 GHzand 5.4 GHz spectrum. Seeing thewidest use in North America, MetroWifihas proven its merits in providingoutdoor coverage in urban areas.Some issues concerning indoorcoverage and transport costs haveyet to be resolved. Meshed WiFientails connecting clusters of accesspoints to a backhaul network for fewerinterconnections and significantlylower transport costs. WiFi usesunlicensed spectrum, so interference

from other local equipment in thesame spectrum may affect actualWiFi performance.

3.1.4 Cdma2000 Data EvolutionCurrently just over 10 percent,cdma2000s share of the globalmobile subscriber market has beenebbing since 2004. To enjoy thebenefits of a large, open ecosystemand economies of scale for low-costmobile devices, many major cdmaoperators are turning to GSM/WCDMAfor future voice services. Theoreticallyproviding peak rates up to 3.1 Mbps

on dedicated data carriers, the cdmadata solutions EV-DO Rev.0 and Rev.Ahave been deployed commercially.For future data services, many cdmaoperators are looking at HSPA orWiMAX for the short term and 3GPPLTE for the long term.



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3.1.6 The Backhauling Challengein Wireless TechnologyBase station transport traditionallyused TDM (E1, T1) lines, eachproviding 1.5 to 2.0 Mbps capacity.Though acceptable for voice andlow data rate applications, E1capacity is inadequate for higher

wireless data rates. Figure 4 showsthe peak data rates of selectedwireline and wireless technologies.On the left are downstream peakdata rates; on the right, upstreampeak rates. HSPA and WiMAXnetworks can use DSL technologyfor backhauling. And DSL-basedtransport solutions can provide higherdata rates. They are also a far lesscostly means of data delivery thandeploying multiple E1 lines. To providepeak data rates, 160-Mbps LongTerm Evolution (LTE) requires high-speed broadband access such as

point-to-point Ethernet or passiveoptical networks (PON). The wirelinesolutions described in Section 3.2are also used effectively for wirelessaccess backhauling.

Microwave radio links today accountfor more than 50 percent of wirelessaccess transport solutions. Theiradvantage is flexibility and fast roll-out, coupled with significantly lowernetwork operating expenditure. Latest-generation microwave radios alsouse bandwidth more efficiently bytaking a hybrid approach to backhauling

Ethernet traffic alongside TDM (E1, T1)and multiplexing non-real-time packet-based traffic statistically. Newtechnologies enable microwavelinks to extend transport capacity to180 Mbps in 28 MHz RF bandwidth,which means operators can host agrowing volume of data with the sameRF spectrum license. Microwaveremains the only alternative wheregeographical and economicconstraints preclude the use ofwireline transmission media.


3.1.5 Mobile Terminals What ItTakes for Technology to SucceedEnd-users buy attractive packagesof services and terminals, not radiosystems. So a radio systems successhinges on the availability of a largeselection of low-cost terminals.Nokia Siemens Networks provides

end-to-end wireless solutionsencompassing a wide range ofNokia devices. Terminals, aboveall, drive the success of GSMtechnology for the voice market.With HSPA capability destined tosoon become a standard featureon all 3G terminals, widespreadavailability of HSPA terminals isexpected to drive data use. Morethan 300 HSDPA-enabled devices,ranging from embedded HSDPAchips in laptops to multimediacomputers and mobile terminals,have already been launched.

WiMAX terminals will be available2008. Nokia is committed to makingWiMAX-enabled multimedia computersand tablets available.

While mobile terminals outnumbernotebooks tenfold, the latter caneasily generate ten times the formerspacket data traffic. This meansintegrated radio technologiesavailability in notebooks will have amajor impact on data volume andnetwork size. Integrated HSPA-based notebook radio solutions are

widespread today, and integratedsolutions based on WiMAX will soonbecome available. Notebooks andInternet tablets larger form factormay make them more suitableterminal platforms than traditionalmobile phones for deployingadvanced antenna systems such asMIMO, designed for HSPA Evolution,WiMAX, and LTE.


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3.2 Wireline Technology PortfolioWireline broadband access greatadvantage is its ability to concurrentlydeliver highest data rates to manysubscribers. It paves the way forseveral new services such as IPTVand high-definition TV (HDTV). Thebroadband packet network allowsbusiness customers to enjoy virtual

private networks (VPNs) as well aspeer-to-peer file sharing.

Operators can reuse copper phonelines to easily offer high-bandwidthbroadband access and enrich theirservice offerings without investing innew transmission media. However,although engineers are makinggreat progress in extending DSLsper-subscriber reach and bandwidth,they will eventually arrive at coppersphysical limits. Fiber can cope withconstantly growing bandwidthdemand, and FTTB and FTTH are

sure to become the architectures ofchoice for future broadband accessnetworks.

Figure 5 outlines a wireline accessnetwork. Various first-mile technologiesare available - digital subscriberlines, passive optical networks,point-to-point Ethernet, and multi-service access nodes that combinethese technologies with classic voiceservice. Aggregation comes courtesyof Carrier Ethernet switches that

connect many first-mile accessnodes with backbone networks suchas IP/MPLS networks, the PSTN, orradio network control.

Though not covered in this whitepaper, other technologies suchas SDH-based multi-serviceprovisioning platforms, wavelengthdivision multiplexing, and microwaveradio are also options for metroaggregation.

Ethernet10 G

0.1 M

1 M

100 M

1 G

10 M

Downstream / Downlink Upstream / Uplink

GPON

VDSL2 withDSM L3

VDSL2

ADSL2+

ADSL

SHDSL.bis

E1

LTE

WiMAX

HSPA

EDGEevolution

EDGE

Ethernet

GPON

VDSL2 withDSM L3

SHDSL.bisADSL2+

E1

VDSL2

ADSL

LTE

WiMAX

HSPA

EDGE evolution

EDGE

Peakdata rate

Very high data rate solutions beyond 100 Mbps

High data rate solutions beyond 10 Mbps

Voice and low data rate solutions


Figure 4: The development of wireline and wireless data rates


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Aggregationswitches

Mobile access

Mobile network control RNC/BSC

Video on demand

Broadcast TV

Middle-ware

BRAS

IP Edge

Softswitch

IP/MPLSBackbone

Voicegateway

PSTN

POTS/ISDN

MSAN

EthernetAccessswitch

Ethernet NT

BTS / Node B

High-speedInternet

IPTV, VoD

POTS/ISDN

End usercustomer premises

First mile access Metro aggregation Edge / Core

Media content provisioning

xDSL DSL modem

DSLAM

L2 CETBackbone

PON

OLT

Splitter

SFU

MDU

The following subsections summarizethe technologies available for wirelineaccess over copper and fiber.

3.2.1 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)Although well known as the classicbroadband access technology anddelivered alongside phone service

on twisted pairs of copper wire, DSLactually entails many technologiesdistinguished by data rates, reach,and application. Asummary of themost significant follows.

ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2plus(Asymmetric DSL, ITU-TG.992.1/3/5). The ADSL family isthe most commonly deployed DSLtechnology, with up to 20 Mbpsdownstream capacity and peakupstream capacity of one to threeMbps. The downstream-to-upstreamperformance ratio of 10:1 is perfect

for IPTV services with highdownstream data rates and high-speed Internet browsing.

Voice over IP demanding 120 kbpscan run in parallel on the ADSLlink. ADSL lines span distances upto five km, enabling deploymentfrom a central office. Copper loopsin the downtown areas of manycountries cities are some two kmlong, which translates to 16 Mbps.

Continuing standardization effortsin ITU-T aim to further improveimmunity against impulse noise.Nokia Siemens Networks DSLAMsoffer ADSL line cards featuring

ADSL2plus, ADSL2 and ADSL.

Figure 5: Aschematic view of the wireline access network


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Although the VDSL2 standard wasapproved in 2005, major effortsare still underway to further developthe technology. They aim mainly toimprove VDSL2s immunityagainst interference and mitigatecrosstalk to boost data rates. Thelatter effort is referred to asDynamic Spectrum ManagementLevel 3 (DSM L3). Engineersexpect to double the data rate and

significantly extend VDSL2sreach.

Figure 6 shows how data ratesdepend on loop length.

[Mbps]

200

2

8

60

100

20

VDSL2 withDSM L3

VDSL2

ADSL2plus

SHDSL.bis

1 km 4 km2 km 3 km 5 km

ADSL2

High data rate

Long loop

Line length

Data rate

VDSL2 with DSM L3 is expected to double legacyVDSL2 data rates and thus to increase reach

VDSL2 offers the largest bandwidths at shortest

loop lengths in both asymmetrical and symmetricalmodes of operation

ADSL2plus offers high downstream bit rate up to 3 km after that, it behaves the same as ADSL2

ADSL2 can operate at up to 5 km depending onloop conditions and noise interference

SHDSL.bis offers symmetrical services at longdistances from the central office

SHDSL/SHDSL.bis (Single-pairHigh-Speed DSL, ITU-T G.991.2).SHDSLs upstream and downstreamcapacities are equal. Its peakcapacity is 2.3 Mbps at up tofive km loop length, which maybe multiplied by using regenerators.Enhancing the SHDSL standard,

SHDSL.bis offers up to 5.7 Mbpsdownstream and upstream.Bonding several lines can multiplythese rates to N x 5.7 Mbps.Nokia Siemens Networks DSLAMscover both SHDSL and SHDSL.bis.With upstream and downstreamperformance being equal, SHDSL/SHDSL.bis is best suited forbusiness applications (peer-to-peer file sharing) and mobilebackhauling.

Achieving up to 100 Mbps in eitherdirection, VDSL2 (Very high-speed

DSL, ITU-T G.993.2) is the solutionfor todays bandwidth-hungryapplications. Encompassing multiplehigh-definition TV channels, high-speed Internet access, and VoIP,it enables a true triple playexperience. On the downside, ittakes copper lines shorter than500 meters, which is less thanthe average loop length in most ofthe world, to achieve data rateshigher than 50 Mbps. This meansVDSL2 DSLAMs must be broughtcloser to subscribers with FTTCarchitecture. FTTB, where VDSL2

runs over legacy in-house cabling,can further boost VDSL2 bandwidthup to 100 Mbps symmetrical.This ability to deliver very high,symmetrical bandwidth tosubscribers is the enabler for truetriple play services, peer-to-peerapplications such as video sharing,and community services. And itharbors the greatest revenuepotential.


Figure 6: The downstream data rates of various DSL technologies


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Optical linetermination

Ethernetnetworktermination

Multi dwellingoptical networktermination

Single familyoptical networktermination

Multi dwelling optical network terminations

SubtendedDSLAM

Passiveopticalsplitters

DSL is the technology of choicefor operators who are able to reusetelephone wiring. ADSL/VDSL usesthe spectrum above POTS/ISDN,leaving phone service intact.

Alternatively, ADSL/VDSL maybe operated without underlyingPOTS/ISDN by unbundling services.

Competitive local exchange carrierscan then tap new businessopportunities by offering voiceas VoIP across DSL.

Nokia Siemens Networks offers anextensive line of DSLAMs featuringa full range of DSL and Ethernetsubscriber interfaces. Deeplycommitted to driving the developmentof tomorrows VDSL2 technology,Nokia Siemens Networks leveragesbest-in-class performance and featuresensuring outstanding quality of serviceto provide the best alternative available

today for broadband access overcopper lines.

3.2.2 Optical AccessUsing fiber in place of copper boostsdata rates and extends reach manytimes over. Fiber may be deployedin point-to-point connections from acentral access switch or an opticalline termination to the subscriberspremises or to a subtended DSLAM.

Also, several subscribers may sharefiber in passive optical networks.Figure 7 shows these options, andthe following sections outline them.

Figure 7: Optical access solutions


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3.2.2.1 Passive Optical Networks(PON)Passive optical networks exploit fibersability to deliver highest data rates tosubscribers. What makes PONs soattractive is that they use passiveoptical components that may be

buried in cable ducts and need nodedicated power supplies. PONsystems allow operators to sharea single fiber access line among acluster of buildings, using passivesplitters to distribute traffic to individualhomes as shown on the right ofFigure 7. Able to cover up to 20 kmbetween a central office andsubscribers, todays PONs outreachDSL many times over, at the cost ofinvesting in fiber architecture.

PONs comprise optical line terminals(OLT) deployed at the central officeand optical network terminals (ONT)at the customer premises.Designed for residential and businessapplications, ONTs offer a wide rangeof subscriber interfaces.

PON systems vary in performanceand supported bearer protocols(ATM, Ethernet, and TDM). Table 2summarizes the various flavorsof PON technology.

PON technologies

BPON GEPON GPON NG-PON

DS bit rate 622 Mbps 1.2 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 10 Gbps

US bit rate 155 Mbps 1.2 Gbps 1.2 Gbps 2.5 Gbps

Splitting factor 32 Min 16 Max 64 Max 512

Payload ATM cells Ethernet ATM / Ethernet / TDM ATM / Ethernet / TDM

3rd wavelength for Standardized Non-standardized Standardized Standardizedcable TV overlay



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Based on ATM transmission andwidely used in North America,BPON (Broadband PON) supports622 Mbps downstream and155 Mbps upstream.

The First Mile project (IEEE 802.3(2005) specifies GEPON (Gigabit

Ethernet PON) as a technology fordelivering Ethernet connectivity tothe home. It transmits variable-length Ethernet frames to do this,and it is remarkably cost-effectivebecause it uses widespreadEthernet technology.

A new solution on the opticalaccess market, GPON (Gigabit-capable PON) offers bit ratesranging up to unprecedented2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbpsupstream. GPON outperformsexisting PON technologies withthe lowest overhead of just seven

percent. With Ethernet (10/100/1000BASE-T), ADSL2plus/VDSL2,E1 leased lines, and POTS, it alsooffers the greatest flexibility inservice and subscriber interfaces.Various network termination units

single family and single businessas well as highly flexible andscalable multi-dwelling units

support these services.

NG-PON (Next Generation PON)is a GPON enhancement. NokiaSiemens Networks is currentlyexploring its merits. NG-PONspans 100 km between the OLTand up to 512 ONTs, which meansfar fewer central offices and farless costs for carriers. With 10 Gbps

downstream and 2.5 Gbps upstream,it is able to serve many moresubscribers, and deliver higherrates to each subscriber.

With GPON and GEPON, NokiaSiemens Networks today offersfuture-proof, high-bandwidth accesssolutions. GEPON capitalizes onEthernet technologys economiesof scale, and GPON solutions offerthe highest efficiency and greatestflexibility.


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3.2.2.2 Point-to-point EthernetAccessWidespread and state-of-the-art,Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) offersstandardized interfaces, off-the-shelf components, and high marketpenetration, which adds up to cost-efficient networks. As Figure 7 shows

on the left, point-to-point Ethernetaccess may serve as a high-bandwidth pipe to a single subscriberor to connect a remote access nodesuch as a subtended DSLAM.

Nokia Siemens Networks offerspoint-to-point Ethernet access fromits optical line terminations, whichalso serve passive optical networks.Operators may choose between linecards with multiple Gigabit Ethernetports for point-to-point fiber accessor those for passive optical networks.Both options deploy from the same

box, so operators need not installadded equipment, yet still retain totalflexibility. Just one box leaves asmaller footprint and cuts operatingexpenditure.

3.2.3 Multi-Service Access Node(MSAN)Carriers are looking to triple playservices and PSTN substitution toprevail in a fiercely competitivemarket. To capitalize on both, theymust be able to flexibly stagegreenfield deployments and extendlegacy access networks. New

subscriber interfaces, reliability,and QoS are essential for enablingPSTN functionality in the packetaccess network.

A solution featuring a multi-serviceaccess node (MSAN) can rise to allthese challenges. To do this, theMSAN must comprise an extensiverange of subscriber interfaces suchas DSL, Gigabit Ethernet (GE), legacyPOTS/ISDN, and GPON, and several10GE network interfaces.

Flexibility also means freedom ofchoice will it be copper or activeor passive fiber at the subscribersend? The answer depends on thedeployment scenario, be it the classiccentral office, FTTC, FTTB, orFTTH. Nokia Siemens NetworksMSAN supports them all. It scales

to suit demand, supports POTSinterfaces with conversion to H.248or SIP, and features state-of-the-artDSL, GE, and GPON interfaces.

A future-proof MSAN solution mustencompass easy migration to anH.248 or SIP-based NGN, yet supportlegacy POTS/ISDN interfaces tosubscribers. This enables carriers totransition networks to NGN withoutdisrupting service to POTS/ISDNphone customers.

A comprehensive MSAN solution

such as this helps keep customers,provide new services, win newcustomers, drive revenue, migratethe network to NGN, and transitionit to IP/Ethernet. Whats more, PSTNsubstitution can slash operational cost.

3.2.4 TV CableTV cable technology plays a prominentrole in the North American market.Cable operators in some Europeancountries have begun seriouslycompeting with incumbent carriersby delivering triple play servicesacross cable with native TV built

in. On the downside, up to 2,000subscribers share the cable in aneighborhood. This entails lowerdata rates for each subscriber anda potential security risk because ofweak encryption.


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3.2.5 Metro AggregationA few IP routers at the edge of thebackbone network can serve manyaccess nodes and cover a largegeographic area. While connectingedge routers and access nodes iseasily done with an Ethernetaggregation network, ensuring

QoS is not quite so easy.

Many technologies can serve toset up dedicated tunnels in anEthernet network, which is intrinsicallyconnectionless. These include virtualLANs (VLANs, Carrier Ethernettechnology), added labels to frames

(Layer 2-MPLS technology), andVLANs with MAC addresses (PBB-TE technology, with standardizationcommencing in IEEE 802.1). QoSparameters such as bandwidth,delay, and the like may be assignedto traffic in these tunnels. NokiaSiemens Networks supports VLANs,

Layer 2-MPLS, and PBB-TE ondemand.

Figure 8 shows applications fortunnels running through the packetswitched Ethernet network. VLANs,Layer 2-MPLS, and PBB-TE serveto build these tunnels.

Residential

VoIP

IPTV

WWW

Tunnel

VLANs

Business

Mobile Backhaul

Node B

VoIPTunnel

WWW

Tunnel

VLAN#1

VLAN#2

VLAN#N

User

Control

O&M

Tunnel

VLANs

Tunnel

Tunnel

PSTN

User

Control

O&M

Tunnel

Mobile Backhaul

Business

VLAN#1

Tunnel VLAN#2

VLAN#N

RNC

WWW

PacketNetwork

Business

VLAN#1

TunnelVLAN#2

VLAN#N

TV/Video Server

Tunnel

Network nodes must be tremendouslyflexible and scalable to meet thedemands of applications such aswholesale business environments.

To achieve both ends, Nokia SiemensNetworks develops customer-specific traffic engineering solutionsfor its feature-rich product families.

Figure 8: Aggregation network tunnels for QoS assurance


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take advantage of the benefits ofhome wireline connections and thewide availability of 3G radio in mobileterminals. All promise to bring highdata rates to end-users 3G terminalsat home without burdening theoutdoor 3G network.

3.3 Broadband Access and FixedMobile Convergence (FMC)Broadband user access providesthe underpinning for delivering allmanner of user services regardlessof the means of access. VoIP is atypical example of a broadbandaccess-enabled user service. Fixed

broadband access availability hasprompted a major shift in the wayvoice services are provided.

From a network perspective,broadband access is the key enablerfor the transition from vertical tohorizontal networks. Traditionalnetworks were vertical in the sensethat carriers deployed dedicatedcombinations of access, aggregation,and core networks for voice anddata as well as for mobile and fixednetworks.

Broadband-enabled networks useIP bit pipes with enough bandwidthto deliver all kinds of services to theend-user. Now metro aggregationand backbone networks are migratingtowards pure packet networks, andservice control core networks towardsunified IP service control. The servicecontrol and application layers areaccess-independent. A horizontallayered network is emerging. TheIP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)enables unified IP service control,as well as fixed-mobile convergence(FMC) towards next-generation

converged networks.

From an end-user perspective,convergence centers on userdevices and services that is, anyservice on any device, in a waybest fitting the devices capabilities.WLAN-enabled mobile phones canbe used for VoIP over WLAN withUMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access)and Voice Call Continuity (VCC)based on IMS. Desktop computersand notebooks have been the primarybroadband access devices inhomes, but with adequate indoor

coverage available, wireless personalbroadband devices will see increasinguse. Femto home base stations also

4. Choosing YourBroadbandStrategy

Economic conditions differ markedlyacross the globe, so one mustexamine individual markets to fullyunderstand the telecom industryssituation worldwide. Regulationcontinues to play a key role, aswireless spectrum is a regulatedasset. Wireline connections to homesare under regulatory scrutiny becausemore than one line entering a buildingis rarely feasible.

Many emerging markets lack

competition because of regulatorybarriers. In markets where fewproviders do business or monopoliesstill prevail, services are expensivefor customers and consumers. Oftenthere is much room for improvementin bandwidth, quality of service, anddelivery costs. Re-regulation enablingfair competition is likely to extend thescope and cut the cost of servicesas more players go to market withvarious alternative (wireline andwireless) technologies.

This would foster investments inaccess, aggregation, and transportnetworks, which boosts bandwidthavailability and affords customers andconsumers better quality at lowerprices. And as network and serviceproviders operate more efficiently,their profit margins grow. Beyondthat, more available, more affordableservices can bring socio-economicbenefits to customers and consumers.


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4.1 Business Environment and

Network Operator ModelsAccess network operators may beclassed in three general categoriesbased on the type of access theyprovide mobile, wireline, andhybrid operators. Another distinctioncan be made between incumbentsand new entrants based on theircompany history and businesssituation. Challengers may ponderentering the business of providingaccess for many. ISPs (Internetservice providers) may seek toleverage their brand and offer a fullsolution including access and services.

Broadcasters may also wish to offercommunication services. One wayfor a challenger to become a networkoperator is to start off as a virtualnetwork operator (VNO) and graduallyinvest in an infrastructure, or disruptservice and invest heavily in deployinga new access technology to reachend-users.

By choosing to don the mantle ofintegrated communications providers,operators can create what industrypundits have dubbed quadruple playservices sticky bundles of wireline

voice, broadband data, TV services,and mobile access. With easy-to-useservices, one-on-one customerrelations, a single bill, and a stronglock-in, the benefits are certainlypersuasive.

The wireline backbone andinternational connections in manyemerging markets merit improvement.

A mobile operator may not be ableto lease transmission lines, or theremay be no Internet backbone for anoperator (wireline or wireless) toconnect to. Although a situation such

as this may well be an opportunityfor securing a strong foothold in bothwireline and wireless domains, itmay also entail spreading investmentsover a very wide range of technology.

4.2 The Best Technology for YouEstimates put the worlds installedcopper base at one billion households,serving some two billion people.That is not enough. Nokia SiemensNetworks envisages five billion usersconnected to the Internet by 2015. Itwill take extensive use of wirelessaccess as well as new wireline

installations to reach that number.

ADSL

1-3 Mbps

ADSL2plus16-20 Mbps

GPON*100 Mbps

NG-PON*DSM L3

GPRS*0.075 Mbps

UMTS*0.384 Mbps

HSDPA*1.8 Mbps

LTE*WiMAX*HSPA MIMO*

HSDPA*

3.6-7.2 Mbps

ADSL6-8 Mbps

VDSL225-50 Mbps

1,000

0.01

0.1

10

100

2000 2005 2010

1

Wireless

Wireline

User data rate[Mbps]

* Bandwidth of shared media (e.g. wireless,PON) are commercial offers per subscribers

Year of user availability

Figure 9: The development of real-world wireline and wireless user data rates


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Again, wireline can offer clearly higherdata rates than wireless solutions.Figure 9 tracks the bit rate evolution.The wireline user data rate is some30 times that of wireless, with bothon a similar evolutionary trajectory.Wireless data rates have attained alevel enabling satisfying performance

for most services, with the notableexception of IP TV and its big appetitefor high data rates.

Incumbent wireline operators leveragelegacy copper assets to offerbroadband services with DSL. Inview of constantly growing end-userbandwidth demand, fiber must bebrought closer to the subscriber.FTTC and FTTB are the fiberdeployments of choice. The nextstep up is FTTH, where fiber runsright to the subscribers home.Bandwidth-hungry applications like

high-definition TV and corporateconnectivity will drive the demandfor wireline network deployments.

Carriers wishing to provide high-speedwireline connections beyond 8 Mbpsto suburban and especially ruralareas across copper lines face theformidable challenge of loop lengthconstraints. High bit rate offeringsfeasibility hinges on how close thefiber connection is to the home andhow much it costs to put fiber in theground.

Of course, any scenario mandatingmobility or nomadic use entailswireless technology, but if a regionlacks wireline infrastructure, wirelesscan also provide broadband coverageat far lower cost than new wirelineinstallations. This makes wirelessbroadband access an appealing

option for densely populated urbanand sparsely populated rural areas,especially in emerging markets. Whatsmore, prices for wireless handsetsare eroding fast, and consumer pricingstrategies can be geared to aligndemand and available capacity.

Wireless broadband data requireshigh-capacity transport to the basestation, which microwave radio isequipped to provide. Aggregateconnections may demand highercapacity with fiber connections.And having fiber connections available

for transport to at least some of thebase station sites will be the trueenabler for mass market wirelessbroadband data.

To choose the wireless technologythat suits their purposes best,operators must analyze assets suchas their wireline network, frequencylicenses, legacy equipment andsites, the underlying network andcompatibility requirements, andthe services they wish to deliver.

There are a number of different

broadband access technologiesavailable today. Nokia SiemensNetworks has the widest range ofbroadband access solutions in theindustry. Nokia Siemens Networkscan help the operators to select thebest solution for them with respect toCAPEX, OPEX, roll-out speed andsupport for their planned services.


Unique in the market, Nokia Siemens Networks comprehensivesolution portfolio and long experience in wireline and wirelessbroadband access covers different operator needs on a broad

front. We provide standardized, complementing, and integratedbroadband access network solutions that deliver the necessarydata rates at best cost per bit ratio.


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ADSL Asymmetric DSLATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBRAS Broadband Remote Access ServerBSS Base Station SubsystemBTS Base Transceiver StationCAT5/6/7 Category class 5/6/7 of twisted-pair copper cables

for data transferCAPEX Capital Expenditure

CATV Cable TVCET Carrier Ethernet TransportCLEC Competitive Local Exchange CarrierCPE Customer Premises EquipmentDSL Digital Subscriber LineDSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access MultiplexerDSM L3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Level 3EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutionEV-DO Evolution data only (of cdma2000)FDD Frequency Division DuplexFMC Fixed Mobile ConvergenceFTTB Fiber To The BuildingFTTC Fiber To The CurbFTTH Fiber To The HomeGE Gigabit Ethernet

GSM Global System for Mobile communicationHSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High-Speed Packet Access (= HSDPA + HSUPA)HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet AccessIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersI-HSPA Internet HSPAIMS IP Multimedia SubsystemIMT International Mobile TelephonyIP Internet ProtocolISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

5. Abbreviations


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ITU International Telecommunication UnionLTE Long Term Evolution of UMTS Radio AccessMDU Multi-Dwelling UnitMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMNO Mobile Network Operator MPLS Multi-Protocol Label SwitchingMSAN Multi-Service Access NodeMVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator

NGN Next Generation NetworkOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOLT Optical Line TerminalONT Optical Network TerminalOPEX Operating ExpenditurePBB-TE Provider Backbone Bridge with Traffic EngineeringPDA Personal Data AssistantPON Passive Optical Network (B-, E-, G-, GE-, NG-)POTS/PSTN Plain Old Telephone Service/Public Switched

Telephone NetworkSFU Single Family UnitSHDSL Single-pair High-Speed DSLRF Radio FrequencySIM Subscriber Identity ModuleTDD Time Division Duplex

TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple AccessUMA Unlicensed Mobile AccessUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemVCC Voice Call ContinuityVDSL Very high-speed DSLVoIP Voice over IPWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple AccessWiFi/WLAN Wireless Fidelity/Wireless Local Area NetworkWiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access


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Order-No. C401-00131-WP-200711-2-ENThe contents of this document are copyright 2007 Nokia Siemens Networks. All rights reserved.

A license is hereby granted to download and print a copy of this document for personal use only. No other license to anyother intellectual property rights is granted herein. Unless expressly permitted herein, reproduction, transfer, distribution orstorage of part or all of the contents in any form without the prior written permission of Nokia Siemens Networks is prohibited.

The content of this document is provided AS IS, without warranties of any kind with regards its accuracy or reliability, andspecifically excluding all implied warranties, for example of merchantability, fitness for purpose, title and non-infringement.In no event shall Nokia Siemens Networks be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages, or any damageswhatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, arising out of or in connection with the use of the document. NokiaSiemens Networks reserves the right to revise the document or withdraw it at any time without prior notice.

Nokia Siemens Networks

P.O. Box 1FI-02022 NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKSFinland

Visiting address:Karaportti 3, ESPOO, Finland

Switchboard +358 71 400 4000 (Finland)Switchboard +49 89 5159 01 (Germany)

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