Brief Response

• Was the US right to control labor and business and intern Japanese-Americans during World War II? (answer both ways: 4)

• Yes

• The war needed to be won and labor demands and uncontrolled business could slow the war effort down and help the enemy.

• Japanese-Americans might be loyal to Japan and commit sabotage. It was safer to put them in camps.

• No

• Labor, business, are citizens protected by Constitutional rights. They should be trusted more and investigated on an individual basis.

• Japanese-Americans are citizens protected by Constitutional rights. They should be trusted more and investigated on an individual basis.

Allies Achieve Victory in Europe and the Pacific

p. 484

Europe, March 1945: (2)

• Allies cross the Rhine River into Germany

• Soviet troops are closing on Berlin•

April

• Franklin Roosevelt passed away– _____ became US president– Harry Truman

• American and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River in Germany

• _______ committed suicide surrounded by Soviet troops in Berlin.

• Adolf Hitler

MayV-E Day:

• German leaders surrender unconditionally…..May 8

Nazi Germany lost because: (6)

• Fought on too many fronts– Unreliable allies

• Hitler took control of the war from his generals, fighting emotionally instead of rationally.

• Germany underestimated the Soviet Union (captured Nazi standards :50)

• US industrial production was more than enough for itself and it could also supply all the Allies with needed war materials.

• Allied heavy bombers destroyed Axis war production and population centers

• Germany and Japan were soon cut off from needed oil supplies by Allied submarines and land forces

The focus in May, 1945, now turned to the Pacific and Japan.

• Japan was victorious until June, 1942–In the west Pacific, they had

captured _______ from the US.

–the Philippines

General Douglas MacArthur:

• US Army General in charge of the Pacific war in the South and West Pacific.

• FDR ordered him out the Philippines before the fall in 1942.– EC: he promised Filipinos, “____”– “I shall return”

The focus in May now turned to the Pacific and Japan.

• Bataan Death March:• 1942, thousands of Filipino and American troops

were captured near Manila. – They were brutally force-marched to inadequate

prison camps. • Thousands died, some killed by guards, some forced to kill

each other.

– Japanese guards also punished Filipinos who tried to give food and water to the marching prisoners.

My Uncle, Don

• A similar march took place when the US fortified island of Corregidor fell. Corporal

Donald Tilghman Fugitt, US Army Air Corps.

Marched by Japanese Army to camp.

Got no medication at Cabanatuan Prison Camp, for dysentery.

Passed away May 1942.

Island hopping:

• Allies took some Japanese-held islands• useful for

– harbors – installations– airbases

• but bypassed others – That had no real purpose and were not dangerous to

Allied shipping and communications).

• This resulted in winning the Pacific war faster.

1942:• May and June saw Allied naval victories at the

______________ and _____________– Coral Sea (stopping invasion of Australia)– Midway Island (destroying Japan’s naval attack power)– one image

• The US successfully landed and began a viciously bloody battle on ____________ Island– Guadalcanal

• Three images

• Japanese and Allied navies suffered great losses in the ____ Islands group.– Solomon

General Douglas MacArthur:

• In October 1944, his troops had landed at ____, in the Philippines, and defeated the Japanese forces there.

• Leyte

SE Asia

• The Japanese were being pushed back by British forces in ___ and ___ in 1944.

• Malaya

• Burma

Japan was still dangerous.

• The Allies would pay dearly if they tried a conventional invasion: (3)– 2 million-man army– Suicidal fanaticism

• Kamikaze: • Japanese soldiers also preferred to fight to the death

– surrender would dishonor their emperor and ancestors

– Banzai charges

– Pretending to be dead, wounded, or surrender and suddenly shooting or grenading Allied troops

– Japanese troops and people fought harder and were more suicidal as the Allied forces got closer to Japan.

Central Pacific

• Meanwhile, US Navy Admiral __________ headed the retaking of the many islands in the Central Pacific.

• Chester Nimitz

• Soon, his forces captured islands close enough to launch B-29 bombers against the Japanese home islands.

• The goal: Invading Japan…..

Kamikaze:

• Japanese suicide pilots who flew one-way missions to crash into Allied warships. A B

• Approximately 2,800 Kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800.

神風： “ Divine Wind.“

Named for the winds that stopped the Mongol invasions in the 1200s.

The ultimate kamikaze

• The “Ohka”, “cherry blossom”

• piloted rocket bomb

• US called it the “Baka”, “fool”.

Operation Olympic or?

• Allied planners considered an invasion of southern Japan that would cost at least 500,000 Allied lives….

• There was a less costly possibility…..

The Manhattan Project:

• US’ secret operation to develop an atomic bomb. – Albert Einstein wrote a letter to Roosevelt,

warning that Nazi Germany would develop one.

• FDR approved funding of secret research and development centers to design and build an atomic weapon.– Germany surrendered before it made a bomb

or the US could make and use one on it.

Trinity 12/2

• The atomic-bomb (plutonium version) was successfully tested at White Sands, New Mexico, in July, 1945

Informal Surrender.

• The Japanese government surrendered on August 15th. On American calendars it’s called ____

• V-J Day

“Suffer the insufferable”• Emperor _________ decided to personally

surrender on August 10th, • Hirohito

– He asked the Japanese people to cooperate with the Allies, by radio, on August 14th.

• Japanese nationalists tried to stop him, but failed.• The Japanese people prepared for great hardship…..

– Destruction, unemployment, and food shortages.

• They were surprised that the Americans were not vengeful as they began their occupation.

Formal Surrender

• Allied forces arrived and a formal surrender took place on September 2, 1945, on the US battleship ____

• USS Missouri.

Potsdam Conference:

• Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at Potsdam (in Berlin), July,1945: What did they do there? (4)– Planned to divide Germany

– Truman announced the A-bomb to Churchill and Stalin.

– Argued about what to do about Eastern Europe.

– To warn Japan to surrender unconditionally• Japan did not answer

• Soon after, Truman approved using the A-bomb on Japan…..

hwk

Map Skills

• 2.

• By 1942, Japan controlled a large portion of the Pacific, SE Asia, and parts of northern and eastern China.

• 3.

• Japan’s Empire was far-flung.

• Many outposts on isolated islands– Difficult to supply and defend the empire.

Standards Check, p. 485

• Question:

• Germany lost because:– Location– Poor decisions by Hitler– Superior US industrial capacity

Standards Check, p. 486

• Question:

• Island-hopping

Image, p. 486

• Question:

• They were worried about the harm and destruction it might cause.

Standards Check, p. 487

• Question:

• The Americans dropped two atomic bombs on Japan

• The Soviets invaded Manchuria

Hiroshima; Nagasaki:

• Two Japanese cities on which the US dropped atomic bombs.

• A uranium (natural) device exploded above the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945; “Little Boy”

• 70,000 were killed, as they did not take cover. – Many had no idea of the bomb’s power.– They did not think a single bomber was a danger.– 2008 Japan trip

Nagasaki:

• A plutonium (man-made) device exploded above the city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945; “Fat Man”

• US needed this bombing to study the power of a man-made material– It was more powerful than natural uranium.

• 40,000 died. – Many took cover as news had spread about the bomb in

Hiroshima…..• still, many did not take the news seriously.

Brief Response (handout)

• Analyze Information Refer to the table. • (a) How do the casualty figures for the

Soviet Union compare to those of the other countries?

• (b) What conclusions can you make from this information?

• (c) How do these figures help to explain the Soviet Union’s goals in Eastern Europe after World War II?