Bridge Engineering in China

7/25/2019 Bridge Engineering in China

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF BRIDGE

ENGINEERING IN CHINA

Bao-chun CHENGui-han PENG

1. Introduction

Bridges can be characterized or classified in several ways, depending on the objective

of classification. In terms of its superstructure, bridges can be classified according tomaterial of construction, structural form, usage, deck type, etc. In this paper, two

kinds of classification are used. One is classification by its usage or function, which

will help us to have a good understand of construction, management, research and

education system of bridge engineering in China. In this classification it is generally

includes three main types: (1) Railway Bridge; (2) Highway Bridge; (3) Municipal

Bridge, as well as the other types. The other one classification is by structure, which

will be used in the last section of this paper for introduction of the bridges built in

China in recent.

1.1

Railway BridgeRailway bridge is served for the train. Compared with highway and municipal bridges,

it has higher live loads and will endure larger vibration by the train and generally it

has much narrow width.

In China, the public railways are owned and controlled by government; the highest

management of the government is the Ministry of Railway in the State of

Councilthe Central Peoples Government.

In past, all of the affairs on railway belong to the Railway Ministry, from its plan,

construction, transportation, management, research, education, etc. There in absenceof relevant departments for railway affaires in local government in China, in other

words, the railway management system is own dependent system. It is a two or

three-tier system, under the Railway Ministry, there are some branch bureaus in first

level to rule and management a district railway system which can cover several

provinces according to the railway system.

With the innovation of the government and economic system in China from planning

to market, many functions related to railways have been peel off from the Railway

Ministry now.

Railway bridges are designed almost only by design institutes which once belonged tothe Railway Ministry, such as China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance and


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Design Institute Company Limited, because the design license for the railway is

controlled and limited by the Railway Ministry. The special design codes for railway

bridges are also issued by the Ministry of Railway. All of the railway bridges have to

be built in accordance with the serial design and construction codes on railway

bridges and culverts.Railway bridges are mainly constructed by companies once belonged to the Railway

Ministry. At present some other construction companies can have opportunity to take

part in the railway bridges construction, but the cases are very few. At present, the

super-large construction companies are peeled off from the Ministry of Railway and

under the control of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration

Commission of the State Council (SASAC), such as the Zhong-Tie Construction

Group Corporation Limited. However, they still have much relationship to the

Railway Ministry and its branches.

The students in the railway colleges generally will have job in railway system. Regardon the bridge engineering, the railway bridge is the main studying object. Now some

railway colleges have been combined into other universities, such as the Changsha

Railway College to South-central University; some of them have been designated to

Ministry of Education or local government, such as the South-west Jiaotong

University and Beijin Jiaotong University.

Some of the railway research institutes have dependent from the Ministry of Railway

but the China Academy of Railway Sciences (CARS) is still scientific institute

directly under the management of the Ministry of Railway.

1.2Highway Bridge

The highway bridge plays a very important role in highway and has a large percent of

all the bridges in China. Unlike the railway, highway belongs to local governments

instead of the Ministry of Transport in the central government. From province to

county, every government has a department on traffic bureau as one of the important

component and a highway bureau which will directly management the national trunk

highway in its district and provincial highway trunks.

There are also many highway design institutes, construction firms, research institutes

as well as highway colleges were once attributive to he Ministry of Transport at pastand most of them have peeled off it now, however, compared to railways, the

highways affaire is more open.

The licenses to design and built highway bridges are not so difficulty to get, compared

to those for the railway bridges. There are many design institutes and construction

companies have the license to design and built highway bridges.

Similarly as railway bridges, almost all of the highway bridges are also owned and

controlled by government and the series design and construction codes for highway

bridges issued by the Ministry of Transport should be followed for the highway

bridge.


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1.3Municipal Bridge

Municipal bridge is a bridge located in the urban of a city or town, serve as one part

of street or road of it, and sometime it is also called as city bridge. The main live load

in municipal bridge is the vehicles similar as in highway bridges. However, many

times the passages, bicycles as well as pipelines through them should be taken intoaccount and aesthetics has always been the focus in their design. Generally it needs

wider deck width than that of a highway bridge.

Because the main usage of a municipal bridge is also for the automobiles as that of the

highway, there are not a special design code system for its design, generally the

design of the municipal design will follow or reference to the design codes for

highway bridges.

The municipal bridges are important estates of a city and they are management by

Construction Bureau of the city which is one of the important departments of the localgovernment and also accepted the leader from the construction bureau in the upper

level government. In the central government, it is the Ministry of Housing and

Urban-Rural Development (Ministry of Construction). In a big city or a city with

many municipal bridges, the construction bureau may employ some staffs majoring in

bridge engineering. But in a small city, only the transportation bureau and the

highway management bureau have some staffs of bridge engineering. In this case,

when a municipal bridge is planed to be built, the bridge engineering expert will be

ordered to take charge for the construction of it tentatively whichever department they

are served for.

With the development and enlarge of the city or town area, a bridge once is in

highway will be a municipal bridge. In this case, the bridge is built by the

transportation bureau and will translate to be managed by the municipal bureau.

In the past, the design institutes belong to the governmental construction system are

strong in architectures and house buildings but weak in road and bridge. It is the same

for the construction firms, architecture colleges as well as research institutes. Only

some few large cities have their municipal design institutes, such as the Shanghai,

Beijing and Tianjin. Of course, most of them have dependent from the governments.

1.4

Other Bridge

In addition to railway, highway and municipal bridges, there are bridges with special

utilities, such as pedestrian bridges, airport runway bridges, pipeline bridges and

aqueduct bridges. According to different owner, we have also forest way bridges,

digging way bridges, hydropower station way bridges, etc.

And some combination function bridges can also be classed into other bridges, like

road-cum-rail way bridges. It is worth to mention that the first bridge cross over the

Yangtze River is a road-cum-rail way bridge, the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge. It is

1670m long and 22.5m wide, and carries both railway in lower deck and highway

traffic in upper deck on nine continuous spans of steel trusses. The Wuhan Yangtze


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River Bridge and the other three road-cum-rail way bridges over Yangtze River

present the highest prestige of railway bridges in China, among them, Nanjing

Yangtze River Bridge is also a steel truss bridge, Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge is a

steel truss bridge strengthened by arch with a main span of 216m and the Wuhu

Yangtze River Bridge is a truss stiffened cable-stayed bridge. These four bridges arelisted in Table 1 as No.1 to No.4.

2 Codes, Design, Construction and Management of Bridges

2.1 Design program

The design for bridge project is divided into two stages: preparatory work and design

work.

Preparatory work includes pre-feasible study and feasible study. In these study works,

the pre-feasible study report and the feasible study report should be provided as the

study results. The content and purpose of the pre-feasible study report are similar tothat of the feasible study report. However, the latter is described in more details. The

necessity and economic rationality of project should be included in pre-feasible report,

while the key issue in the feasible report should lay on the feasibility of engineering

and investment with the approval of pre-feasible study report. In a word, the

preparatory works focus on the necessity and feasibility of the bridge, and location,

scale and standard of the project should also be decided at this stage.

In China, public projects like large bridge and highway, railway are authorized by the

department of Development and Reform Mission in the government depends on the

estimated investment budget of the project. After the pre-feasible study is confirmed,the project can be put into the construction plan, and continue its feasible study. The

design plan of the construction project will be compiled until the feasible report is

approved by the administrative departments, which is the basis for design work.

Three sub-stages are included in design work: preliminary design, technical design,

and design for construction. For the design of middle or small span bridge, the

sub-stage for technical design can be omitted. The design documents at each stage

should be examined and approved by the administrative department designated by the

government.

At the preliminary design stage, several critical points should be determined by the

design institute, including the bridge site, the load on bridge, and all the technical

requirements of the project according to the plan for design, and carry out the design

scheme of bridge on the basis of design criteria, such as the structure types and sizes,

construction scheme, and estimate -economic indicator.

A general bridge directly carries on construction design without technical design. But

for the new and complicated bridge, the technical design shall solve the overall or

detailed technical problems of bridge structure, such as the section, reinforcement,

structural detail, and bill of materials, etc. Sometimes, experimental research or

detailed calculation for key issues is carried out in this technical design stage. After


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the technical design is approved, the design for construction can start related to

structural design, calculation, and construction details. It is not allowed to change the

section radically, but you can make some proper changes of the details, such as the

site of reinforcements.

The construction program of bridge should obey these design documents once it isapproved, which is the basis for the work at next stage.

2.2 Codes, Specification and Criteria for Bridges

Regarding the design of bridge, laws and regulations related to technological index,

and design specifications should be obeyed, which are issued by the state and

corresponding ministries. The standards and criterion for structure engineering can be

divided into the following four levels:

The first level: Comprehensive basic criteria, it is the unified standards formulated by

the state, which conducts the professional basic standards, for example, Unifiedstandard for reliability design of building structures (GB 50068-2001).

The second level: professional basic standards.

The third level: professional general standards.

The fourth level: professional special standards.

As mentioned in the last section, the codes for bridges in China can be classed as

three types according to the utility of the bridges, i.e., railway bridge, highway bridge

and municipal bridge.

2.2.1 Codes for railway bridges

All of the codes for railway bridges are issued by the Ministry of Railway. They can

be divided into codes for design, construction or fabrication and management.

There are five main codes for design of railway bridges.

(1) General code for design on Railway Bridge and culvert (TB10002.1-2005),

Chinese Railway Press, 2005.

(2) Code for design on reinforced and prestressed concrete structure of Railway

Bridge and culvert (TB10002.3-2005), Chinese Railway Press, 2005.

(3) Code for design on subsoil and foundation of Railway Bridge and culvert

(TB10002.5-2005), Chinese Railway Press, 2005.

(4) Code for design on concrete and block masonry structure of Railway Bridge

and culvert (TB10002.4-2005), Chinese Railway Press, 2005.

(5) Code for design on steel structure of Railway Bridge (TB10002.2-2005),


Other codes for survey and special purpose for railway bridges are as follows:

(6) Code for survey and design on hydrology of railway engineering

(TB10017-99), Chinese Railway Press, 1999.

(7) Technical specifications for seismic appraisal and reinforcement of railway

bridge (TB10116-99), Chinese Railway Press, 1999.(8) Pot rubber bearing of railway and culver engineering (TB/T 2331-2004),


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(9) Technical specification for flexible pier railway bridge (TB10052-97),


(10) Code for hydro-geological investigation of railway engineering

(TB10049-2004), Chinese Railway Press, 2004.

Some codes for fabrication and construction of the railway bridge are listed as

follows:

(11) Code for fabrication of railway steel bridge (TB10212-98), Chinese

Railway Press, 1998.

(12) Standard for constructional quality acceptance of railway and culver

engineering (TB10415-2003), Chinese Railway Press, 2003.

(13) Safety rules for constructional technology of railway and culver

engineering (TBJ403-87), Chinese Railway Press, 1987.

(14) Regulations for railway bridge erection by girder-erecting machine(TB10213-99), Chinese Railway Press, 1999.

(15) Code for technique on construction safety of railway engineering (Volume

one) (TB10401.1-2003), Chinese Railway Press, 2003.

(16) Code for technique on construction safety of railway engineering (Volume

two) (TB10401.2-2003), Chinese Railway Press, 2003.

(17) Technical specification of precast pre-tensioned prestressed concrete

simple-supported T-girders for railway bridges (TB/T2484-2005), Chinese Railway

Press, 2005.

(18) Technical specification of precast post-tensioned prestressed concrete

simple-supported T-girders for railway bridge (TB/T 3040-2005), Chinese Railway

Press, 2005.

(19) Protective painting of railway steel bridge (TB/T1527-2004), Chinese

Railway Press, 2004.

(20) Post-tensioned pre-cast concrete simple-supported girder for railway bridge

pro-stress (TB/T 2092-2003), Chinese Railway Press, 2003.

2.2.2 Codes for highway bridges

All of the codes for highway bridges are issued by the Ministry of Transport and they

can also be divided into codes for design, construction or fabrication and managementas the code for railway bridges.

There are five main codes for design of highway bridges, one general code and the

other four codes for bridges classed by material of construction of the bridges. The

current codes are revised from the version in 1985-1986 except the fifth one (Code for

Design of Highway Steel and Timber Structural Bridges and Culverts) which is still

under revise.

(1) General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts (JTG D60-2004),

China Communications Press, 2004.

(2) Code for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete


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Bridges and Culverts (JTG D62-2004), China Communications Press, 2004.

(3) Code for Design of Highway Masonry Bridges and Culverts (JTG D61-2005),


(4) Code for Design of Ground Base and Foundation of Highway Bridges and

Culverts (JTG D63-2007), China Communications Press, 2007.(5) Code for Design of Highway Steel and Timber Structural Bridges and Culverts

(JTG 025-86), China Communications Press, 1986.

For designing highway bridges in China, loads are stipulated in General Code for

Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts (JTG D60-2004) published by China

National Ministry of Transport. The up-to-date code JTG D60-2004 (2004) was

published in 2004 to supersede the primary code JTJ 021-89 (1989). In JTJ 021-89,

four classes of truck train loads, i.e., Vehicle-over 20, Vehicle-20, Vehicle-15, and

Vehicle-10, were used as the standard traffic live loads. The number in the class

name indicates the gross weight of a truck, e.g., the truck weights approximately 20 t

(200 kN) in Vehicle-20. Fig. 1 shows the truck train load of Vehicle-over 20 and

Vehicle-20 in China JTJ 021-89. In JTG D60-2004, the system of truck train loadings

is superseded by equivalent lane loading, which consists of a uniform load

accompanied by a concentrated load. Equivalent lane loadings, Highway-I and

Highway-II (as shown in Fig. 2), are adopted to replace Vehicle-over 20, Vehicle-20,

and Vehicle-15. Vehicle-10 is abolished.

15 4 15 10 4 15 4

1.4

6013070 120120

4

13070 13070

15

(a) Vehicle-20

154

13070

4

130

34

13070

10

30

1.4

140

1.4

7

120120 140

10

70

1515 4

13070

(b) Vehicle-over 20

Fig. 1 Train Load of Vehicle -20 and Vehicle-over 20in China JTJ 021-89 (unitKN and

m)

P

kq

k

Fig. 2 Lane load in China JTG D60-2004


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Note: For Highway-, the uniform load kq10.5kN/mthe value of the concentrated load is

adopted as follows: when span jL 5m =KP 180kNwhen span jL 50m =KP 360kN

when span 5m jL50m KP can be calculated by linear interpolation. The value of the

uniform load kq and the concentrated load KP for shear should be multiplied by a coefficient of

1.2.

For Highway-, the values of the uniform load kq and the concentrated load KP are

three-fourths (3/4) as heavy as those for Highway-.

Other codes for survey and special purpose for highway bridges are as follows:

(6) Hydrological Specifications for Survey and Design of Highway Engineering

(JTG C30-2002), China Communications Press, 2002.

(7) Standard for navigation of inland riverGB 50139-2004, China Planning

Press,2004.

(8) Specifications for Survey of Highway Engineering Geology (JTJ 064-98),China Communications Press, 1999.

(9) Guidelines for Design of Highway Cable-stayed Bridge (JTG/T D65-01-2007),


(10) Guidelines for Seismic Design of Highway Bridge (JTG/T B02-01-2008),


(11) Wind-resistant Design Specification for Highway Bridges (JTG/T

D60-01-2004), China Communications Press, 2004.

(12) Plate type elastic-latex pad bearings for highway bridges (JT/T 663-2006),


(13) Code for Design of Highway and Transportation Safety Devices (JTJ

D81-2006), China Communications Press, 2006.

(14) Specifications for survey and design of highway bridge site (JTJ 062-91),


Some codes, specifications and guidelines for construction, quality control,

rehabilitation and management of the highway bridge are listed as follows:

(15) Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Bridge and Culverts

(JTJ 041-2000), China Communications Press, 2000.

(16) Estimate and Budget Compilation Directions for Road Engineering CapitalConstruction (JTG B06-2007), China Communications Press, 2007.

(17) Code for Construction Technique of Highway and Transportation Safety

Devices (JTJ F71-2006), China Communications Press, 2006.

(18) Code for Design and Construction Technique of Highway and Transportation

Safety Devices for Expressway (JTJ 074-94), China Communications Press, 1994.

(19) Standard for Inspection and Evaluation Quality of Highway (JTG

F80/1-2004), China Communications Press, 2004.

(20) Highway bridge expansion and contraction installation (JT/T 327-2004),


(21) Guidelines for Design of Highway Culvert (JTG/T D65-04-2007), China

Communications Press, 2007.


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(22) Unified standard for reliability design of highway engineering structures

(GB/T 50283-1999), China Planning Press, 1999.

(23) Specifications for Strengthening Design of Highway Bridges (JTG/T

522-2008), China Communications Press, 2008.

(24) Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culverts (JTG H11-2004),


2.2.3 Codes for municipal bridges

There are only some special codes for municipal bridges. Besides these codes, the

codes for highway bridges should also be followed or taken as references in design

and construction of municipal bridges.

(1) Criteria of the Municipal Bridge Design (CJJ11-93), China Building Industry

Press, 1993.(2) The Standard of Loadings for the Municipal Bridge Design (CJJ 77-98),

China Building Industry Press, 1998.

(3) Technical Specifications of Urban Pedestrian Overcrossing and Underpass

(CJJ 69-95), China Building Industry Press, 1995.

(4) Standard for Inspection and Evaluation Quality of Municipal Bridge (CJJ2

90), China Planning Press, 1990.

(5) Technical code of maintenance for city bridge (CJJ99-2003), China Building

Industry Press, 1990.

(6) Specifications for Survey of Municipal Engineering (CJJ56-94), China

Building Industry Press, 1994.

2.3 Main bridge design institutes

2.3.1 Design institutes in Railway system

The main design institutes, once owned Ministry of Railway, include China Railway

Major Bridge Reconnaissance and Design Institute Company Limited, China Railway

First Survey and Design Institute Group Ltd, as well as the Second to Fifth Survey

and Design Institute Group Ltd. And there are many design institutes for railway

belong to the trunk branch of the railway, such the Zhong-tie (China Railway)

Zhengzhou Survey and Design Institute Limited Consultation, Ji-nan Railway

Administration Survey and Design Institute, etc.

Among all of these design institutes and firms, the China Railway Major Bridge

Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co Ltd. (BRDI) is the largest and strongest design

institutes not only on railway bridges but also on other bridges.

BRDI was founded in 1950 especially to undertake the design of Wuhan Yangtze

River Bridge, the first bridge across Yangtze River. Not long after that, BRDI

surveyed and designed the famous Nanjing Yangtze river bridge. Then it developed asa large specialized corporation for bridge reconnaissance and design. BRDI has


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surveyed and designed more than 600 railway, highway, municipal and other major

bridges widely scattered all over China and more than 10 countries, of which 12

crossing seas and 18 over the Yangtze River, 26 over the Yellow River. Some

examples are listed in table 1.

Tab.1 Bridge designed by China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co ltd

No 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.The first Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge,3(3128)m continuous steel truss

bridge, completed in 1957Info.

The First Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge,3(3160)+128m steel truss bridge,

completed in 1969No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.JiujiangYangtze River Bridge,

2(3162)+180+216+180+2126m steeltruss bridge, completed in 1995

Info.Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge,

(180+312+180)m , extradosed cable-stayedbridge, completed in 2000

No 5 No 6

photo photo

Info.Shantou Bay Suspension Bridge,

main span: 452m ,completed in1995

Info.

Xiling Yangtze River Bridge,main span: 900m , single span double hingesteel box stiffening girder bridge, completed

in 1996No 7 No 8

photo photo

Info.Luojiaohe Highway suspension bridge,

main span:268m,completed in 2000

Info.Hongguang suspension bridge,

main span: 380munder construction


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No 9 No 10

photo photo

Info.Yiling Yangtze River Bridge,

2348m main spans, completed in 2001Info.

Wuhan Baishazhou Yangtze River Bridge,main span: 618m, cable-stayed bridge,

completed in 2000

No 11 No 12

photo photo

Info.Qingzhou Minjiang River Bridge,

main span :605m, cable-stayed bridge withcomposite girder , completed in 2002

Info.Zhanjiang Bay bridge,

main span :480m, cable-stayed bridge withsteel box girder , under construction

No 13 No 14

photo photo

Info.Heishipu Xiangjiang River bridge,

(144+162+144)m , CFST Arch Bridge,completed in 2002

Info.Wanzhou Yangtze River Railway

bridge, 360m steel arch truss bridge,under construction

No 15 No 16

photo photo

Info.Qiandaohu Lake Bridge,

70+7105+70+40m, pc continuousrigid frame bridge , under construction

Info.Luzhou Yangtze River Bridge,

(83.95m+3144m+83.95) , pc continuousrigid frame bridge, under construction


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2.3.2 Design institutes in Highway system

The main design institutes, once owned by Ministry of Transport, include CCCC

Highway Consultants Co. Ltd, CCCC First Highway Consultants Co. Ltd, CCCC

Second Highway Consultants Co. Ltd, as well as CCCC First Harbor Consultants Co.

Ltd, CCCC Second to forth Harbor Consultants Co. Ltd, China Highway EngineeringConsultants Co. Ltd, CCCC Highway and Bridge Technology Consultants Co. Ltd,

etc., in which CCCC means China Communications Construction Corporation.

Addition to the CCCC series design institutes, each province has a design institute for

highway, such as the Design and Research Institute of Highway Planning and

Surveying of Sichuan, Communication Planning and Design Institute of Jiangsu

Province, etc.

CCCC Highway Consultants Co. Ltd, founded in 1954 and originally named as China

Communication Road Planning and Design Institute, became a company limited in

October 2006, a member company of China Communications ConstructionCorporation (CCCC).

In the past more than 50 years, the company has designed about 100 large or grant

bridges independently, of which about 50 bridges across over the Yellow River,

Yangtze River or bay. The following projects won the state awards for high-quality

projects or Zhantianyou awards: Sutong Yangtze River, Humen bridge in Guangdong,

Tongling Yangtze River, Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge, Nanjing Second Yangtze

River Bridge, Nanjing Third Yangtze River Bridge, Luoxi Bridge in Guangdong, etc.

Table 2 shows some representative projects designed by the company.

Tab.2 Bridge designed by CCCC Highway Consultants Co. LtdNo 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.TonglingYangtze River Bridge,

(190+432+290)m, cable-stayed bridge,completed in 1995

Info.Humen Bridge,

main span 888m , suspension bridge withstiffened steel box, completed in 1997

No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.Jiangyin Yangtze river bridge, main span:

1385m , suspension bridge,completed in 1999

Info.Nanjing Second Yangtze river bridge,

main span :628m, cable-stayed bridge withsteel box girder, completed in2001


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No 5 No 6

photo photo

Info.

Nanjing Third Yangtze river bridge,main bridge :648m, cable-stayed bridge

with steel box girder and steel tower,completed in 2005

Info.Sutong Yangtze River Bridge,

man span :1088m , cable-stayed bridge,completed in 2008

No 7 No 8

photo photo

Info.

Hangzhou Bay Trans-oceanic Bridge,main span of the north channel

bridge :448m. Cable-stayed bridge,completed in 2008

Info.Zhoushan Xihoumen Bridge, main span:

1650m , suspension bridge,under construction

CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co. Ltd (for short: CCSHCC) is one of the top

highway engineering investigation, design and research institutes in China, which wasestablished in 1964.

The Company has carried out survey and design works for many long and super-long

bridges over Yangtze River, Yellow River, Han River, Gan River, Liao River and other

big rivers in China and abroad. Among them there are Erzhou-Huangshi Bridge over

Yangtze River in Hubei province (the worlds third longest cable-stayed bridge of its

kind); Yumenkou Bridge over Yellow River in Shanxi province; Siduhe Grand Bridge

of the Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway in Hubei province (firstly applying the

rocket-assisted cable-crossing technique); Daninghe Grand Bridge in the area of the

famous Three Gorges of Yangtze River; No.3 Feiyunshan Bridge in Zhejiang province(side-girder cable stayed bridge with the longest culvert span among its kind in the

country), etc. Some representative bridges are shown in the Table 3.


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Tab. 3 Bridge designed by CCCC Second Highway Consultants Co. Ltd

No 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.EHuang Yangtze Bridge,

(55+200+480+200+55m), cable-stayedbridge, completed in2002

Info.Bachimen Bridge,

(90+2170+90)m , PC continuous framebox girder bridge, completed in 2003

No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.LongmenYellow River Bridge,

(174+352+174m), suspension bridge,cable-stayed bridge, completed in 2006

Info.Longtanhe Grand Bridge,

(106+2003+106)m, PC continuous rigidframe bridge , under construction

No 5 No 6

photo photo

Info.Daninghe Bridge,

main bridge :400m, Arch bridge,under construction

Info.Zhijinghe Grand Bridge,

man span : 430 m , Arch bridge, underconstruction

No 7 No 8

photo photo

Info.Thuan Phuoc Bridge,

(125+405+125m), suspension bridge, underconstruction

Info.Siduhe Grand Bridge, main span: 900m ,suspension bridge, under construction


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Design and Research Institute of Highway Planning and Surveying of Sichuan,

founded in 1953, is one top design, scientific research institute among the provincial

highway design institutes in China. Holders of the national survey, design, surveying

and mapping, consulting, supervision and environmental impact assessment and other

class certificate, the existing 594 workers, of whom 101 senior and intermediate titlesof 184 people, the existing national, the Department (province) level of 15 experts .

The institute has made unique contribution to development of bridge engineering in

China, such as the first cable-stayed bridge in China, the world longest concrete arch

bridge and the longest concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge, as well as many large

bridges over the Yangtze River in upstream.

2.3.3 Design institutes in Municipal system and others

Only big cities have their Municipal Engineering Design institutes, like municipalities

of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and the capitals of each provinces and autonomousregions.

Some of them have very big influence in the field of bridge engineering, for example,

Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute, Tianjin Municipal

Engineering Design and Research Institute.

Tab.4-4 Bridge designed by Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute

No 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.Nanpu Bridge,

Main span:423m, cable-stayed bridge,completed in 1991

Info.Yangpu Bridge,

Main span:602m, cable-stayed bridge,completed in 1993

No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.Rupu bridge, Main span:550m, Arch bridge,

completed in 2003Info.

East sea Bridge, main span :420m ,steel-concrete combined cable-stayed bridge,

completed in 2005

Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General Institute (SMEDI) was founded in

1954, and is one of the earliest established municipal engineering design institutes in


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China. In March 2008, SMEDI obtained the state engineering design comprehensive

qualification certificate Class A in the first batch of China.

The bridge engineering design specialty of SMEDI was founded in 1957. At the

beginning, there were only 15 professional technicians. After the pioneering work for

40 odd years, there are about 70 professional technicians, among them 30 seniorengineers including the professor senior engineers headed by the state class great

master of designer Mr. Lin Yuanpei.

Over 40 years, SMEDI has designed hundreds items of various bridge projects all

over China, including almost all type of bridge structures. Some famous bridges

designed by SMEDI, such as Shanghai Nanpu Bridge, Yangpu Bridge, Rupu Bridge,

are given in the Table 4.

There are many other design institutes which have the licenses and capacity to design

highway and municipal bridges, such as design institutes for architecture and planning,for water conservancy and hydropower, for forest industry, for mining industry, etc.

2.4 Construction Companies

2.4.1 Construction Companies in Railway System

Against the backdrop of a macro reorganization, China Railway Group Limited

(China Railway) was established as a joint stock company with limited liability under

PRC law on September 12, 2007, with a registered capital of RMB 12.8 billion which

is 100% held by China Railway Engineering Corporation Group (CRECG). The

history of China Railway Group Limited can be traced back to the ConstructionBureau and the Design Bureau of the Ministry of Railways established in 1950.

Currently, China Railway is a super-large integrated construction group that

encompasses infrastructure construction, survey, design and consulting services,

engineering equipment and component manufacturing, property development and

other businesses.

China Railway Group Limited has 46 subsidiaries, including 28 wholly owned

subsidiaries, 15 holding subsidiaries, 4 branch companies and 3 joint venture

subsidiaries. In the year of 2005 and 2006, China Railway was listed as the forth and

third largest construction company in the world, respectively. In 2007, CRECG wasranked 342nd in the Fortune Global 500 companies, and listed the 417th in the

Worlds 500 Most Influential Brands and the 13th in Chinas Top 500 Enterprises.

As one subsidiary of the CRECG, China Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering Group

Co., Ltd. (MBEC) is the largest firm and at top 1 in China for construction of bridges.

It evolves from former Major Bridge Engineering Bureau, Ministry of Railways after

the ownership reform.

It is a state designated first grade construction enterprise that comprises scientific

research, survey and design, construction, machinery making and bridge manufacture,

construction supervision. The Group is placed the 12th among the largest and best 500


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construction enterprises in China. The Group has been awarded the License for

Overseas Engineering Projects.

The group has designed and finalized more than 400 sets of bridges and more than

100 items of other projects at home and abroad, such as Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge,

Nanjia Yangtze River Bridge, Jiujiang Yantze River Bridge, Wuhu Yantze RiverBridge. Some projects in recent years are listed (see Table 5), which have been

completed or under construction.

Tab. 5 The Construction Projects of MBEC

No 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.Aodan Third Bridge,

(110+180+110m), cable-stayed bridgeInfo.

Fumin Bridge,(89+242+89m), cable-stayed bridge

No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.Longmen Yellow river

bridge, (174+352+174 m), cable-stayedbridge

Info.Lijiang Nanzhou Bridge,

total :328m, cable-stayed bridge

No 5 No 6

photo photo

Info. Haixin Bridge,total :1169m, cable-stayed bridge

Info. Kaifeng Yellow Second Bridge,(85 +6140 +85), cable-stayed bridge

No 7 No 8

Quanzhou Bridge,(200+165m) , cable-stayed bridge Bailu Bridge,Main span:188m , arch bridge


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No 9 No 10

photo photo

Info.Caiyuanba bridge,

Main span:420m, arch bridgeInfo.

Nachaokou bridge,Main span:208m, arch bridge

No 11 No 12

photo photo

Info.Dashengguan Yangtze River bridge,(109.5+192+336+336+192+109.5)m,

arch bridgeInfo.

Yaojiang bridge,Main span:180m, arch bridge

No 13 No 14

photo photo

Info.Pingsheng Bridge,

Main span:350m, suspension bridgeInfo.

Wanxin Bridge,Main span:160m, suspension bridge

Other construction companies under the control of China Railway Group Limited,

from China Railway first Group Limited Co. Ltd to China Railway 24th GroupLimited Co. Ltd, have also built many various bridges not only in the railways but

also in highway and other roads.

2.4.2 Construction Companies in Highway System

In highway system, there is no a special construction majoring in bridge engineering

like MBEC in railway system, but there are several big construction enterprises for

construction of highway and waterway. Among them, the China Communications

Construction Company Ltd is the biggest one, which was established on October 8,

2006, with a registered capital of RMB 10.8 billion. It is a multinational company

which owns 37 solely-invested and share-holding subsidiary companies and 19 joint


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stock companies.

The CCCC Second Highway Engineering Co Ltd, CCCC Second Harbor Engineering

Co Ltd are two major construction companies good at bridge construction owned and

controlled by China Communications Construction Company Ltd (CCCC). They took

part in the construction of Sutong Yangtz River Bridge, Chongqing ChaotianmenYangtze River Bridge, Shanghai CHEC East Ocean Bridge Project, Hangzhou Bay

Bridge, etc., some of them are listed in Table 6.

Tab.6 Some Bridge built by CCCC

No 1 No 2

photo photo

Info.Junshan Bridge, Main span:460m,

cable-stayed bridge,2001Info.

Jinzhou Yangtze river Bridge, Mainspan:500m, cable-stayed bridge,2002

No 3 No 4

photo photo

Info.Anqing Yangtze river bridge, Main

span:510m, cable-stayed bridge,2004Info.

Nanjing Third Yangtze River Bridge,Main span : 648 m, cable-stayed bridge,2005

No 5 No 6

photo photo

Info.Sutong Yangtze river Bridge, Main

span :1088m, cable-stayed bridge, 2008Info.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge,Main span: 448m, cable-stayed bridge,2008

No 7 No 8


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photo photo

Info.Edong Yangtze River Bridge,

Main span:926m , cable-stayed bridge,under construction

Info.Jingtan Bridge,

Main span:620m , cable-stayed bridge, underconstruction

No 9 No 10

photo photo

Info.Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge,

Main span:1385m, suspension bridge, 1999Info.

Wuhan Yangluo Yangtze River Bridge, Mainspan:1280m, suspension bridge, 2007

No 11 No 12

photo photo

Info.Guizhou Balinghe River Bridge, Mainspan:1564m, suspension bridge, under

constructionInfo.

Taizhou Bridge , Total span : 9726 m,cable-stayed bridge, under construction

No 13 No 14

photo photo

Info.Chongqing Chao Tian Men Yangtze River

Bridge, Main span:552m, arch bridge, underconstruction

Info.Mingzhou Bridge, Main span:450m, arch

bridge, under construction

No 15 No 16


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photo photo

Info.Moshuihu Bridge, Total span:1614m, arch

bridge, under constructionInfo.

Huanghai Bridge, Total span:6090m, girderbridge, under construction

It is a big market for bridge construction in home of China. However, many

construction companies have also projects abroad. The China Road and Bridge

Corporation (CRBC) is a company majoring road and bridge construction projects

abroad, which is also a subsidiary of CCCC. CRBC has succeeded in constructing

many famous projects like the Fourth and Fifth Mosul Bridges in Iraq, the FriendshipHarbor in Mauritania, Malta Dry Dock (300,000 DWT), Suramadu Sea-Cross Bridge

in Indonesia, etc.

China Road and Bridge Construction Group International Construction Company

Limited (CRBC International Co. Ltd) is also a big construction company which has

built many famous bridges in China. It is a company listed on the Shanghai Stock

Exchange listing with a registered capital of 408 million RMB Yuan. It took part in

the construction of Xiamen Haicang Suspension Bridge, Shanghai East-China Sea

Bridge, the Hangzhou Bay Bridge, Siduhe Suspension Bridge in Shanghai-Chengdu

Expressway, the Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge, Jintang Bridge in Zhoushan Island

project, etc.

There are many road and bridge construction enterprises have background of

Department of Transport of its province or its city. Some of them are very good in

construction of bridges in one special structure types or various. For examples, the

Hunan Road and Bridge Construction Group Corp has successfully built many

cable-stayed bridges, such as the Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge with a main

span of 628m, Dongting Lake Bridge in Hunan Province which is a three-pylon four

span cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 310m; Road and Bridge Construction

Group Corp in Sichuan, Guangxi and Guizhou are very good at construction of arch

bridges. They have built many long span arch bridges, including the longest concrete

arch bridges in the world--the Wanxian Yangtze River Bridge with a main span of

420m and the longest CFST arch bridgesthe Wuxia Yangtze River Bridge with a

span of 460m, as well as the Yajisha Bridge, the 4thQianjiang Bridge, etc.

3 Education, Research, Academic Exchange and Publications

3.1 Education

3.1.1 Main Colleges

The professional higher-education of bridge engineering consists of undergraduateand postgraduate education. Undergraduate education is the basis for training


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professionals of high quality and versatility and postgraduate education aims to

nurture high-level professional talents of versatility and capability.

The colleges provided the education in bridge engineering can be classed as colleges

in railway system, highway system and general university.

Colleges with strong bridge engineering discipline in railway system are the

Southwest Jiaotong University, Central South University (Changsha Railway College),

Beijing (North) Jiaotong University, Lanzhou Jiaotong University (College), etc. They

once were owned and controlled by the Ministry of Railway and now are leaded by

the Ministry of Education or local provincial government.

Colleges with strong bridge engineering discipline in highway system are the

Changan University (Xian Highway College), Chongqing Jiaotong University

(College) and Changsha Tech University (Changsha Jiaotong College), etc.

Colleges with strong bridge engineering discipline in general university includeTongji University, Fuzhou University, Southeast University, etc.

3.1.2 Main Courses

The degrees in China include bachelors degree, masters degree, or doctoral degree.

In China, in order to enter into college study, students after graduation from high

school should take part in and through the National Entrance Examination for

College.

For the undergraduate students, two majors issued by the Ministry of Education can

provide the courses in bridge engineering. One major is the Civil Engineering, whichis combined from Civil and Industrial Building Engineering, Bridge Engineering,

Highway and Bridge Engineering and other relative majors in 1999. At present, more

than 300 colleges have the major of Civil Engineering, some of them divided the

students in 3rd years into various directions, such as building engineering, bridge

engineering, underground structure engineering. The other major is Road, bridge and

River crossing engineering, which only appear in five colleges.

Tongji University, Southwest Jiatong University and some other colleges provide

bridge engineering, highway engineering separately as a discipline direction in the

civil engineering or in the major of Road, Bridge and River crossing engineering. Themajor courses correspondence to bridge engineering generally include Structural

Design Principle, Bridge Engineering, Hydrology of Bridge Engineering,

Foundation of Bridge Engineering, Construction Techniques of Bridge, Steel

Bridge, etc. And the graduate design projects are all on bridge design.

Fuzhou University, Zhejiang University and others colleges provide transport

structure engineering as a discipline direction which including highway and bridge

engineering in a direction. In this direction, both the courses on highway and bridges

are included. Therefore, the courses on bridge engineering are less both in number and

in time compared with the discipline of bridge engineering as mentioned before.


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Students with bachelors degrees may apply for admission to master's programs also

through a national examination, while students with a master's may apply for

doctorate programs. Generally speaking, it is four years of undergraduate study, two

and half to three years of masters study and three to five years of doctorate study for

whole time students. For postgraduate students both for Masters degree and phDdegree, the major name is Bridge and Tunnel Engineering.

3.1.3 Brief Introduction of Some Colleges

(1) Tongji University

Tongji University, located in Shanghai, is one of the leading universities directly

under the State Ministry of Education in China. Based on the first bridge and tunnel

major established by the state in 1952, the Department of Bridge Engineering have

masters, PhD programs of bridge and tunnel engineering, and wind engineering. The

department now registers over 400 students at all levels under the college of civilengineering, among whom there are about 100 master degree candidates and 200

doctorial degree candidates.

The department is rich in expertise and resources. There are 87 staff members in the

department, 25 are full professors and 27 are associate professors. In addition, there

are two academicians of Chinese Academy of Engineering, Xiang Haifang, who is a

pioneer of studying on wind resistance for bridges and served as vice chairman of

International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, and academician Fan

Lichu, who is the deputy chairman of China Civil Engineering Society.

The department boasts world-first class facilities for its the boundary layer WindTunnel Laboratory and Shaking Table Laboratory, which has been at an

internationally leading edge in terms of the scale of facilities and technology, have

undertaken a number of major research projects.

The department of bridge engineering has the traditionally advantageous bridge

engineering programs that are the oldest, strongest and most comprehensive in Tongji

University and in the whole China. Bridge and Tunnel Engineering is listed as the

State key programs. The department has obtained national and the provincial or

ministerial level scientific research achievement rewards about 50 items.

(2) Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU)

Southwest Jiaotong University was founded at Shanhaiguan in 1896, named as

Imperial Chinese Railway College, then Tangshan Jiaotong University. It once was

owned and control by the Ministry of Railway, China and now transferred to Ministry

of Education, but it has still very strong link with the railway system in China. Now it

is located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province,

Currently, the university has 18 schools, 3 departments and 2 divisions, with students

totaling more than 38000, teachers and staff over 3900.

Department of civil engineering is the only department when the university was built


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in 1896. In 1990 the new college of civil engineering was established, including

department of road and railway engineering, department of bridge engineering, etc.

There are 57 staff members in the department of bridge engineering, 32 are full

professors and 13 are associate professors. The department has a national key

discipline of bridge and tunnel engineering, and confers doctorates. Someacademicians and master designers are emerging among the graduates, such as Mao

Yisheng, T. Y. Lin, etc.

In recent years, the department undertakes a good number of scientific research tasks

of design and construction for many large bridges, including Humen Bridge, Shantou

Bay Bridge, Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge and Nanjing Yangtze River Second Bridge,

etc. It won the first prize, and twice second prizes and third prize of Scientific

Development Award from the State. The colleges scientific research fund is growing

rapidly during resent years. It has reached 10,000,000 RMB every year.

(3) Central South University (CSU)

Central South University, located in Changsha, Hunan Province, is a comprehensive

and national key university under the direct administration of the Ministry of

Education in China. It was established in April, 2000 on the basis of the amalgamation

of the three former individual universities, namely Central South University of

Technology, Hunan Medical University and Changsha Railway College.

At present, the total number of full-time students in the university has reached more

than 50,000, including more than 15,700 graduates working for master's and doctoral

degrees, more than 33,000 undergraduates.

The college of civil and architecture engineering in the university comes from the

main parts of the original Changsha Railway College, which was once own and

controlled by the Ministry of Railway, China. The department of bridge engineering is

a key department in the college and has strong background of railway system. its

bridge and tunnel engineering is one of the five national key disciplines in this field

and it employs some renowned experts, including academician Zeng Qingyuan, who

presented a time-varying systems theory for analysis of bridge-train horizontal

vibration, put forward the research of ultimate stability capacity considering the

relevance of overall buckling with local buckling for large-span cable-stayed bridge,tied arch bridge, plate-truss composite structure. The department have won the honor

of "Science and Technology Advancement Prize" awarded by the state for many

times.

(4) Hunan University

Hunan University, located also in Changsha, Hunan Province, is a key university

affiliated with China Ministry of Education and included in China 211 Project and

985 Project. It has 30 colleges, a staff of over 4500 and a student body of 30,000, of

which are 9600 of post-graduate students.

College of Civil Engineering is one of the key colleges in the university, has


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department of bridge engineering, department of civil engineering, etc. College

employed 198 staffs, has more than 2700 students, of whom more than 700

post-graduate students. The college has a wind-tunnel laboratory and other structural

laboratory. The bridge engineering has long history and is famous in China.

(5) Fuzhou University

Fuzhou University, founded in 1958, located in Fuzhou, Fujian Province (South east

of China, the west coast of Taiwan) is one of the national key universities that are

selected into the 211 Project, a Chinese government programme for the 21st century

to support 100 selected universities for their further rapid development. It is a key

comprehensive university in Fujian Province. The year 2008 is witnessing the 50th

anniversary of the founding of Fuzhou University.

In the University, there are 19 colleges mainly for undergraduate education. At present,

there is an enrollment of more than 26,000 full-time students, includingapproximately 4,000 doctoral and masters degree students. The active staff working

for the University is over 3,200 people, including over 1,700 full-time teachers.

The College of Civil Engineering was founded in 1959. At present, there are about

2000 students studying in this college, including about 1760 undergraduate students

and about 300 post-graduated students. At present, about 100 full-time academics and

faculties work for the college. Bridge engineering is one of the key disciplines in this

college. The college has a key laboratory of structural engineering in Fujian Province

and a three table system of Shaking Table Laboratory is under construction.

(6) Chang'an University

Chang'an University, located in Xian, Shaanxi Province, is a national "211 Project"

universities, was combined from Xi'an Jiaotong University (owned by Ministry of

Transport, China), Xi'an Engineering College, Northwest the merger of Architecture

and Civil Engineering.

It has 20 teaching College (Department), with more than 29,000 students. College of

Highway Engineering is one of the key colleges in the university, which now has five

departments, 201 faculty members.

The college has the Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Highway Bridge andTunnel", which focus on the research works in the bridge structure theory, evaluation

and reinforcement of bridge structures, bridges and other construction control study.

The college has the Wind-tunnel Laboratory which has a construction area of 1600

square meters, built and put into use in 2004.

3.2 Research Institutes

Many research projects and works are conducted in the universities, including

theoretical research and application research, and monitoring of construction, load

tests, appraisal of bridge engineering. Some design institutes and construction

companies also do some research work on bridge structures and construction


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techniques. The special research institutes on bridge engineering are few.

Bridge Science Research Institute Ltd. is one of them. It formerly was own by the

Ministry of Railways, founded in 1959, and now is a member enterprise of China

Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering Group Co. Ltd.

It is currently engaged in technical work and services in research of bridge the new

structure, new materials and new construction methods and calculation of the

theoretical study; inspection and testing of bridge engineering both in materials and

structures; inspection, appraisal or evaluation, rehabilitation and strengthening of

bridges; bridge structural vibration control measures, bridge construction monitoring

and so on.

The company publishes two very famous journals on bridge engineering, one is the

Bridge Construction and the other is the World Bridges.

Bridge engineering generally is also a main research project in some the researchinstitutes once own by Ministry of Railway and Ministry of Transport.

China Academy of Railway Sciences (CARS) is the largest and oldest railway science

research institute in China. It was established 50 years ago and is directly controlled

by the Ministry of Railway from then on.

Since its establishment, CARS has undertaken several thousand scientific research

topics, including railway bridge engineering.

CARS also provide the education programs for postgraduate students for master and

phD degrees on railway engineering, including the bridge and tunnel engineeringsince 1978. CARS publishes twelve kinds of academic and technical publications

(including two internal publications). CARS actively strengthens the international

cooperation and exchanges as well as extends cooperation fields.

In Highway system, the Research Institute of Highway is only one research institution

directly under the Ministry of Transport. The research works are mainly engaged in

roads, bridges, traffic engineering, intelligent transportation, highway transportation

and so on. It has more than a thousand employees at present and has a road traffic test

site rank in the top one in Asia.

Similar as Bridge Science Research Institute Ltd., it also conducts the research and

service of bridge engineering, especially on the inspection, appraisal or evaluation,

rehabilitation and strengthening of bridges. However, it puts more concern on

highway bridges. The Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and

Development published by the institute is one of the major journal in highway

engineering.

3.3 Academic Exchange (Societies of bridge engineering)

In China, the engineer societies generally have strong link and background of the

government. The main societies including the bridge engineering and the relativegovernment in China are China Railway Society related to the Ministry of Railway;


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China Highway Society related to Ministry of Transport; China Civil Society related

to Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (Ministry of Construction).

The presidents of the societies generally are retired ministers or vice ministers.

3.3.1 BridgeandStructural Engineering Subcommittee, China CivilEngineering

Society

China Civil Engineering Society is a national mass society for all engineers and

experts on civil engineering. There are 13 subcommittees, Bridge and Structural

Engineering is one of them. The society is the sponsor and editor of the China Civil

Engineering Journal, which is the most important journal on civil engineering and

was published monthly. Besides this journal, the society takes part in edition of 12

other journals, such as modern tunneling technology, Chinese Journal of

Geotechnical Engineering, Building Structure.

Bridgeand Structural Engineering Subcommittee in China Civil EngineeringSocietywas founded in 1956, and is the largest special society on bridge engineering in China.

The members come from all fields of bridge engineering as well as structural

engineering all over the China, including highway system, railway system, municipal

system, etc. The secretary is set in Tongji University. Prof. Li Guohao, Fan Lichu, was

once served as its chairman.

Now the subcommittee has joined the International Association for Bridge and

Structural Engineering (IABSE) as the Chinese Group of IABSE and Prof. Xiang

Haifan is the present chairman who is also the vice president of IABSE.

The Subcommittee organized the national conference of bridges Biennial, which isone of the most influential conferences in the field of bridges in China. The 18th

national conference of bridges was successfully held in Tianjin in May, 2008 with the

topic of strengthening innovation and stressing on aesthetics. Tab. 7 is a list of all the

conferences with its date and topics.

Tab.7 The national conferences on bridges organized by Bridge and Structural Engineering Subcommitteeof China Civil EngineeringSociety

No. Date Place Theme and ObjectiveNumber of

PersonsNumberof Papers

Background project

1 1979.7 Jiujiang Academic lecture 136 109 Jiujiang Bridge

2 1981.6 JinanPrestressed concretecable-stayed bridge 176 91 Yellow Bridge

3 1982.1 BeijingBridge and structure

engineering 180 110

4 1983.12 Guangzhou Long span bridges 229 77Rongqi Bridge, Shakou

Bridge, etc

5 1984.12 ChongqingBridge structure

modeling 84 56

6 1985.11 WuxiBridge foundation

engineering 124 62

7 1987.10 HuairouReliability for structure

engineering 93 66

8 1988.5 GuangzhouBridge and structure

engineering 151 66Luoxi Bridge, Jiujiang

Bridge, HaiyinBridge,etc.
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9 1990.4 HangzhouNew development ofbridge engineering 239 114

Qiantang Jiang SecondBridge

10 1992.11 Wuhan 290 225Wuhan Yangtze River

Second Bridge

11 1994.12 Shantou Suspension bridge 250 84 Shantou Bridge

12 1996.11 Guangzhou China bridgeengineering in the 21stcentury

368 132 Humen Bridge

13 1998.11 Shanghai 246 99Jiangyin Yangtze River

Bridge

14 2000.11 NanjingAchievements of

Chinese Bridges in thiscentury

264 147Nanjing Yangtze River

Second Bridge

15 2002.12 ShanghaiLong span bridges and

large bridge engineeringin the new century

192 96 Shanghai Lupu Bridge

16 2004.5 Changsha1.Innovation, quality,aesthetics of bridges

2.Top ten bridge vote229 116 Maocaojie bridge

17 2006.5 Chongqingstrengtheninginnovation, improving

quality and stressing onaesthetics

319 184

Caiyuanba Yangtze

River Bridge,Shibanpo Yangtze RiverBridge,

Chaotianmen YangtzeRiver Bridge,

18 2008.5 Tianjinstrengthening

innovation and stressingon aesthetics

351 233Fuming Bridge and

Guotai Bridge

3.2.2 Bridge and Structural Engineering Subcommittee, China Highway and

Transportation Society

China Highway & Transportation Society was founded in 1978, the National Highway

Traffic voluntary workers in science and technology industry, composed of academicmass organizations. The society has a total members of about 6.6 million and 12

subcommittees, including the bridges and structural engineering subcommittee. The

society is the sponsor and editor of the China Journal of Highway and Transport,

China Road as well as Traffic Information Industry in China and so on.

Bridge and Structural Engineering Subcommittee is one of the subcommittees in

China Highway and Transportation, and it is also a very important society on bridge

engineering in China.

The Bridge and Structural Subcommittee of Chinese Highway and Transportation

Society organize the other series National Conference on Bridge Engineering since

1979, which isheldeach year at present. This conference has more background of real

bridge engineering and put more attention to application research and design,

construction, management and maintain of highway bridges. The recent five annual

conferences is listed in Tab.e. Self-renovation and sustainable development are the

theme in 2008s annual meeting.
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Tab. 8 Recent five national conferences on bridges organized by Bridgeand Structural Engineering Subcommittee

of China Highway and Transportation Society

Number Date Place Theme and ObjectiveNumber of

PapersBackground project

1 2004.10 KunmingInnovation and sustainable

development176

2 2005.10 Ningbo 195 Hangzhou Bay Bridge

3 2006.11 Changshu 172Sutong Yangtze River

Bridge

4 2007.11 GuangzhouSubject lecture on new

technology 192Huangpu Bridge,

Xinguang Bridge, etc

5 2008.10 ZhoushanSelf-renovation and sustainable

development 193Xihoumen Bridge and

Jintang Bridge

Besides these two special subcommittee on bridge engineering, there is some other

society has affairs on the bridge engineering, such as China Railway Society and

China Steel Construction Society.

China Railway Society is the largest science and technology academic society groups

for Chinese railway workers. It accepts the guidance from Chinese Association for

Science and Technology and the Ministry of Civil Affairs. It is supported by the

Ministry of Railway and has very close relationship with it. There is subcommittee for

engineering which include bridges, but no special subcommittee on bridges and

nonperiodical conferences on bridge engineering for special topics only attracted of

the railway engineers.

The China Railway Society publishes two Journals; one is the Railway Journal

including research of bridge engineering focus on railway bridges and the other one is

a popular science journal Railway Knowledge.

China Steel Construction Society (CSCS) establish in1984, is a national professional

organization of economy and technology having the status of a legal person which is

composed of enterprises and undertakings from the profession of the Chinese steel

construction. It has a subcommittee on Steel Bridge Structure.

3.4 Publications

Publications on bridge engineering introduced here include proceedings of conference,

Journals and books. Regard on the proceedings of conference, the most famous are

the two national conferences on bridge engineering hold by the Bridge and structural

engineering subcommittees both of China Civil Engineering Society and China

Highway and Transportation Society.

3.4.1 Journals

(1)Special journals on bridge engineering

There are three special journals on bridge engineering in China. They are

Construction of Bridges, World Bridges and Bridges.

Both of Construction of Bridges, World Bridges are spooned and editor by BridgeScience Research Institute Ltd., as mentioned before.
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The journal Construction of Bridges was issued at the first time in 1971. It

introduces many large and representative bridges at home and abroad, promotes its

valuable experience and reports the new achievements of scientific research, design,

construction, engineering material, structural theory and method of calculation, etc.

Now it has been an authoritative academic publication in the national bridge field."World Bridge" (the original title of "foreign bridges") issued its first copy in 1973

with a main purpose to introduce development of bridge engineering abroad with

many translated papers from foreign language into Chinese. Now it also presents the

development of bridge engineering both abroad and home, including scientific

research, design, construction, engineering, materials, construction machinery,

experimental research and theory computing, engineering management and othe latest

results. It is a comprehensive report and comment on the world's newest bridge

science and technology and engineering practice of academic publications.

Bridges is a new journal on bridge engineering, not only on academic researchpaper but also information on plan, design and construction, culture, trend, interview

of experts of bridge engineering, etc. The editor also organizes some seminars on

bridge engineering.

(2)Journals publish papers on research of bridge engineering

Journals which publish papers on research of bridge engineering generally are

sponsored and editor by engineering societies and by the universities.

China Civil Engineering Journal is the major official publication of China Civil

Engineering Society (CCES) and one of the core engineering technology periodicalsin China, reports current development and updates in Chinas civil engineering,

including bridge engineering. It is published monthly.

China Journal of Highway and Transport is the most authoritative academic

publications in the road-communication field under the auspices of China Highway

and Transport Society. The content of Journal covers a wide range of highway

engineering, including bridge engineering. Meanwhile, the papers are the reports of

new technologies and skills, new material, national academic exchanges and the latest

scientific and technological information, etc.

Railway Journal is an academic publication under the auspices of China Railway

Society. The journal started publication in 1979. The papers involved in many fields,

railway bridge engineering is one of them. It is to exchange the research results with

related enterprises for making progress together and work for the development of

railway technology.

Engineering Mechanics held by Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied

Mechanics is a national comprehensive academic journal. It reports the research

results of application of mechanics in the area of engineering and structure, including

the bridge engineering. And also it publishes the papers about applications of

mechanics in research, design, construction, and teaching, which has high academic
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standard, creativity, practical value.

In China, all the universities have their journals. The journals editor by the

universities with bridge engineering discipline publish papers on research of bridge

engineering, such as the Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), Journal of

Southwest Jiaotong University, etc.

(3)Other Journals

There are some other journals which publish papers in bridge engineering both in

research and application, such as Highway, Journal of China and Foreign

Highway,

Highway was founded in 1956 and is held by CCCC Highway Construction Co.,

Ltd. It targets those who work for the technology and management of design,

construction, survey, research of road engineering. The contents of magazine mainly

cover practical technology, and also include policy, theory, and scientific experience.

Journal of China and Foreign Highway is editor by Changsha University of Science

and Technology (formerly of Changsha Communications Institute). The main sections

are: domestic and international road engineering, bridge engineering, structural

calculation, tunnel engineering, materials and testing, detection and maintenance of

road and bridge, etc. Similar as World Bridges, there are some translated papers

from abroad to introduce Chinese engineers of the new development of highway

engineering all over the world.

Journal of Railroad standard design was founded in 1957. The main contents of the

journal are practical science and technologies of railway, researching and learning of

standards and specification, as well as research and application of railway

engineering.

Some journals information is listed in appendix C.

3.4.2 Books

With the development of communications and infrastructure construction, research

and application of bridge engineering in China has been on a continuously upgrade

and there is a large requirement on books of bridge engineering, so many books on

bridge engineering are constantly published these years.

There are two main press houses publish books on bridge engineering, one is the

China Communication Press which once own by the Ministry of Transport and the

other is the China Railway Press which once own by the Ministry of Railway. Other

press houses also publish books on bridge engineering are China Water Power Press,

Tongji University Press, Technology and Science Publishing House, Southwest

Jiaotong University Press, China Architecture and Building Press, etc.

Books on bridge engineering can be divided into three kinds: textbooks, handbooks,

monographs. It is impossible to list all books one by one, so only some books most inuse are given in this section. Some books are listed in the Appendix C.


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4 Bridge Experts

This section deals with the some of the most famous

bridge experts in contemporary and modern time in

China, who have participated or are participating in

the design, construction or research of bridge project.

4.1 MAO Yisheng (1896-1989)

Mao was born in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province. He

entered Jiaotong University's Tangshan Engineering

College (now Southwest Jiaotong University) and

earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering in

1916. He earned his Master's degree from Cornell University and earned the first

Ph.D. ever granted by the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon

University) in 1919. His doctoral dissertation entitled Secondary Stress on FrameConstruction is treasured at the Hunt Library of Carnegie Mellon University.

Returning to China, Mao held a variety of posts. As the director of Project Office of

Hangzhou Qiantang River Bridge, which is the first dual-purpose road-and-railway

bridge in China, he built the first modern bridge in China. He also participated in the

construction of China's first modern bridge -- Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, as

chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee.

He assumed the office of President of Jiaotong University, Director of Railway

Institute under the Ministry of Railway, President of Railway Scientific Research

Center, Chairman of Beijing Science Association, etc., and was regarded as thefounder of modern bridge engineering in China.

Fig. 3 Hangzhou Qiantang River Bridge

4.2 T.Y. Lin (1912-2003)

Considered one of the greatest structural engineers of his time,

Lin earned a reputation for combining elegance and strength in

his designs. Evidence of Lin's work can be seen worldwide, from

San Francisco's Moscone Convention Center to the Kuan Du

Bridge in Taiwan to the roof of the National Racetrack inCaracas, Venezuela. The Moscone Center's 22,000-square-foot

Fig. 2 Mao Yisheng

Fig. 4 T.Y. Lin
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Exhibition Hall was the world's largest underground room at the time it was

constructed in 1982.

Born in Fuzhou, China, in 1912, Lin was raised in Beijing. In 1931, at the age of 19,

Lin earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the college. He then left for

the United States and began his graduate studies at UC Berkeley. Early in his career,Lin gained recognition in his field with his master's thesis on direct bending moment

distribution. The innovative paper advanced structural analysis and was the first

student thesis published by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

After receiving his UC Berkeley master's degree in civil engineering in 1933, Lin

returned to China to work with the Chinese Ministry of Railways. He quickly moved

up the ranks, becoming chief bridge engineer of the Yunnan-Chongqing Railway four

years later at the age of 25. In his position, Lin oversaw the survey, design and

construction of more than 1,000 bridges throughout China's mountainous regions.

After the end of World War II, he accepted an invitation to join UC Berkeley's faculty.

It was here that Lin began his groundbreaking research in prestressed concrete

structure. In 1954, Lin founded the firm T.Y. Lin and Associates to help move

prestressed concrete from the realm of research into real-world applications. The

firm's name changed to T.Y. Lin International by the late 1960s to reflect the

company's growth and worldwide presence.

4.3 LI Guohao (1913-2005)

Li Guohao was born in Meixian County, Guangdong Province on 1913. He began the

preparatory course at Tongji University, Shanghai, in1929 at the age of 16; and two years later he took up

undergraduate courses. In 1936 he graduated and

became an assistant professor at Tongji University. In

1937, Li Guohao took over from his German

predecessor and became responsible for teaching Steel

Structures and Steel Bridges in the university. In 1939,

under the instruction of Prof. K. Kloppel of TH

Darmstadt, he completed his doctoral dissertation. Later,

he was invited to assist Prof. Kloppel for the

compilation of German DIN 4114 Structural Stability

Code.

In 1956, he was appointed Vice President of Tongji

University. In the early 1960s, he established the

Research Group of Structural Theory in Tongji

University. By 1966, he had extensively researched

bridge structures, engineering mechanics and

explosion-resistant engineering; and had trained a large

number of talents in these fields, who later became the

core researchers who contributed notably to ChinasFig.6 Lis Doctoral Thesis

Fig. 5 Li Guohao


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development in the 1980s.

Professor Li was a pioneer in chinas bridge construction and was a generation with

worldwide fame. He initiated and established the Bridge and Structural Engineering

Subcommittee in the China Civil Engineering Society and was president of its first

Executive Council.

As a veteran member of IABSE, a Permanent Committee member, and Chairman of

its Chinese group, Li Guohao was elected in 1981 by IABSE as one of the Ten

World-famous Experts of Structural Engineering, and was awarded the International

Award of Merit in Structural Engineering in 1987.

4.4 XIANG Haifan (1935- )

XIANG Haifan was born in Shanghai in 1935. He is a Member of Chinese Academy

of Engineering and a national level expert. He

obtained his first degree in bridge and tunnelengineering from Tongji University in 1955. He

was awarded his master's degree in bridge

engineering from Tongji University in 1958 and

works as a professor there since then on.

As a well-known expert in bridge and structure

engineering, Prof. Xiang has been involved in

the research on the theory of bridge structure

and engineering control for decades, and is one

of pioneering researchers on wind engineering in China, especially wind resistance oflong-span bridges. His research works promote the application of long span

cable-stayed bridge and other long span bridges in China.

Prof. Xiang is the vice president of IABSE, a standing member (representing China)

and won the Anton Tedesko Award in 2008. He is also an international correspondent

for the United Bridge Design Committee of American Society for Civil Engineering

(ASCE) and American Concrete Institution (ACI).

4.5 FAN Lichu (1933- )

FAN Lichu was born in Zhenhai, Zhejiang Province in1933. After graduated from Tongji University in July

1955, he has been a teacher in this university more than

50 years, and now he is also a part time professor in

Fuzhou University. He is Chairman of IABSE Chinese

Group; President of Bridge and Structural Engineering

Association of CCES. He was elected a Member of

Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2001.

Prof. Fan has been engaged in teaching and research for

over forty years and has made outstanding achievementsin the theory of bridge structure design and in seismic

Fig. 7 Xiang Haifan

Fig. 8 FAN Lichu


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design of bridges. He established a research center for seismic design of bridges in the

State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering and has formed a

stable research team with high academic caliber.

Prof. Fan has conducted international academic cooperation with America, Canada,

Germany and other countries. The US National Earthquake Engineering ResearchCentre has invited Professor FAN to establish an academic organization to organize

seminars annually on seismic design for special bridges.

4.6 ZENG Qingyuan (1925- )

Zeng Qingyuan, born in Taihe County, Jiangxi

province, graduated from Nanchang University in

1950, and graduated as a postgraduate from

department of civil engineering in Tsinghua University

in 1956. He is a professor in Central South University.Prof. Zeng Qingyuan has been engaged in the teaching

and research of bridge vibration and stability for a long

time. He has established a set of new theories for

lateral vibration analysis of train-bridge time-varying

system. In 1999, Prof. Zeng was made academician of

Chinese Academy of Engineering.

4.7 LIN Yuanpei1936 --

Lin Yuanpei, born in Shanghai, graduated from

Shanghai school of civil engineering. He served as

chief engineer of Shanghai municipal Engineering

Design Institute and now he is also a part time

professor in Fuzhou University. In 2005, Lin

Yuanpei was made academician of Chinese

Academy of Engineering.

He was the great master of design. As a chief

designer, he successfully complete the design tasks

of many major projects, including Jialing River

Shimen Bridge, ShangHai Yangpu Bridge

(cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 602m), Nanpu Bridge (cable-stayed bridge

with a main span of 420m), Lupu Bridge (Steel Arch Bridge, main span:550m,

Eugene C.Figg Jr prize awarded by IABSE) and the East Sea Bridge (sea-crossing

bridge, total span: 32Km).

He also attained to great heights in the field of theory and contributed important

academic papers and published books on bridge engineering, such as Cable-stayed

Bridge, Handbook of Bridge Engineers.

Fig. 9 ZENG Qingyuan

Fig. 10 LIN Yuanpei


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4.8 FANG Qinghan 1925 -

Born in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, he

graduated from civil engineering of Tsinghua

University in 1950. At present he is a senior

engineer of China Railway Major Bridge

Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co Ltd and

China Railway Major Bridge Engineering

Group Co Ltd, and the honorary head of college

of civil engineering and mechanics of Huazhong

University of Science and Technology.

After graduation, he was assigned to enter the design of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge.

From 1954 to 1958, he was in charge of the design of Xiangjiang Bridge and Wujiang

Bridge. From 1958 to 2004, he worked in steel beam design and research of some

national key projects, such as Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, Jiujiang Yangtze River

Bridge and Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge. Academician Fan Qinghan won five national

science and technology advancement prizes, who was a member of Chinese Academy

of Engineering in 1997.

Fig.14 Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge Fig. 15 Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge

Fig. 11 Yangpu Bridge Fig. 12 Lupu Bridge

Fig. 13 FANG Qinghan


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4.9 ZHENG Jielian1941 --

Zheng Jielian, born in Neijiang, Sichuang Province, graduated from Chongqing

Jiaotong University in 1965. He once doubled as deputy-director of Department of

Transportation, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region and chief engineer.

Now he is the chairman of Guangxi Hi

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