Brain Computer Interface

Brain Computer InterfaceOleh: Josan Putra1206229181M.Zaky Ramadhan1206229465 Panji Fakhruzzaman1206226412IntroductionBy reading signals from an array of neurons and using computer chips and programs to translate the signals into action, BCI can enable a person suffering from paralysis to write a book or control a motorized wheelchair or prosthetic limb through thought alone. Current brain-interface devices require deliberate conscious thought; some future applications, such as prosthetic control, are likely to work effortlessly

DefinitionBCI (brain-computer interface) adalah sistem yang dirancang untuk memungkinkan komunikasi secara langsung antara manusia dengan komputer / mesin tanpa menggunakan saluran normal dari sistem saraf otak manusia (Wolpaw, 2002).

Hubungan EEG dan BCIBCI dan EEG adalah suatu alat yang dapat menangkap/mendeteksi sinyal biomedis. Awalnya ilmuan dari Inggris, Richard Caton menemukan EEG dengan mengambil sampel data dari monyet dan kelinci, kemudian dikembangkan oleh Hans Banger pada tahun 1925 yang diukurkan pada otak manusia yang kemudian berkembang sampai sekarang dengan nama BCI (Brain Computer interface) dengan otak sebagai sumber utama. Pada era ini EEG digunakan untuk menangkap bio-signal untuk mendapatkan struktur dan pola gelombang pada manusia.Namun yang membedakan antara BCI dan EEG adalah cakupan kerjanya. Pada umumnya sistem BCI bekerja berbasis EEG, dimana BCI merupakan sistemnya dan EEG adalah ekskutor sebagai pendeteksi sinyal, sehingga sinyal yang didapatkan oleh EEG dapat langsung diproses oleh sistem BCI.

Otak menarik untuk ditelitiYang menyebabkan sinyal otak menarik untuk dieksplorasi adalah karena sinyal otak dengan menggunakan teknologi BCI dapat menjadikan interaksi antara manusia dan komputer berjalan lebih cepat, interaksi manusia dan sistem masih sangat dibatasi oleh kemampuan manusia untuk menyerap, menganalisa, menyimpan, dan menginterpretasikan informasi untuk berkomunikasi. Namun dengan kemajuan teknologi seperti BCI ini, menjadikan sinyal otak lebih menarik dieksplor karena dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media untuk berinteraksi langsung dengan komputer atau sistem yang ada

Aplikasi BCI pada dunia medisKursi roda untuk orang paralyzedKursi roda ini diintegrasikan dengan sistem BCI sebagai kontroler, sehingga orang yang menderita paralyzed tidak perlu menggunakan tangan/anggota tubuh untuk mengontrol kursi roda

Brain Frequency Stimulator (BFS)Memanfaatkan perangkat keras (BCI-Brain Computational Interface) sebagai penunjang pelatihan otak untuk meningkatkan fokus dan konsentrasi.CapnographAlat yang digunakan untuk memonitor keadaan pasien yang sedang dalam perawatan intensif atau dalam kondisi pembedahan.

Aplikasi Bci pada bidang non medisGames

Komunikasi

Driving

Hardware

electrocorticography (ECoG), intracortical electrodes (ICE), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and electroencephalography (EEG).

ecog

Masalah ketika BCI digunakan sebagai alat input

Kemampuan otak tidak terbatasBCI mempunyai keterbatasan

Otak terus berkembang dengan waktuBCI perlu di program ulang setiap waktu

Otak memiliki kemampuan untuk multitaskingJika menggunakan BCI, pengguna harus berfokus pada tugas tertentu

Pengaruh frekuensi pada otakKecepatan otak dalam menerima sinyalThe future of BCI TechnologyA. Direct ControlFrom a clinical standpoint, there are populations of patients who would greatly benefit from the ability to consciously control their own movements (e.g., wheelchairs, limbs) and devices in the world around them (lights, radios, televisions, espresso machines, computers, phones

B. Indirect Controlindirect-control application accesses the neural correlates associated with the users perceived Berror[ to influence the robotic controllers choice of manipulation strategy, but does not engage the operator directly in the control taskc. CommunicationEarly communication BCIs were designed to enable a clinical population with little to no communications capability to generate text

D. Brain Process ModificationBCI technologies can also provide the potential for users to actively modify their own brain processes or statesE. Mental State DetectionOne of the recent common themes in BCIs is the detection and use of mental states, as opposed to specific instances of neural processing such as an ERP, to modify a systeF. Opportunistic State-Based DetectionNeural state monitoring could be used in combination with pervasive intelligence to opportunistically change the environment

NeurogadgetNeurogadget.comis the first independent website dedicated to brain-computer interfaces (BCI), thought-controlled applications, mind-controlled games, bionic implants and various related topics. Wegather and summarise the latest news, and write original content related.Since our launch in 2010 we have become one of the leading sources of BCI news. Our posts are frequently cited by others, including the market leader BCI companies.

ThinkGear AM

TGAM is the core of our brainwave sensing technology. The TGAM is the worlds most popular EEG solution. Together with dry-electrode, it senses the signals from the human brain, filters out extraneous noise and electrical interference and converts to digital power. This brain-power can be used in games, applications, toys, and research

Specification ThinkGear AM

Features Direct connect to dry electrode One EEG channel + Reference + Ground Extremely low-level signal detection Advanced filter with high noise immunity RAW EEG at 512HzDimensions Size: 2.79cm x 1.52cm x 0.25cm Weight (Max) 130mgPriceUS $ 55.00eSense Brainwave Patterns RAW EEG Signal Attention Meditation Eye Blink Delta, Theta, low apha, high alpha, low beta, high beta and gamma wavesSpecifications 512Hz sampling rate 3-100Hz frequency range ESD Protection: 4kV Contact Discharge; 8kV Air Max Power Consumption: 15mA @ 3.3V Operating voltage 2.97 ~3.63V UART (Serial): 1200, 9600, 57600 baud 8-bits No parity 1 stop bit

MindWave Headsets

The MindWave headset turns your computer into a brain activity monitor. The headset safely measures brainwave signals and monitors the attention levels of individuals as they interact with math, memory and pattern recognition applications. Ten apps are included with experiences ranging from fun entertainment to serious education. This headset is useful for OEMs building games, educational applications or activities for entertainment.

The MindWave family consists of MindWave and MindWave Mobile today. The MindWave is designed for PCs and Mac. MindWave Mobile, is also compatible with mobile devices like the iPhone, iPad, and Android. If you want a mobile compatible device, please check out the MindWave Mobile. Both headset in the MindWave family share the following characteristicsSpecification MindWave Headsets

1. Hardware Overview:- Portable EEG brainwave headset - TGAM1 module, with TGAT1 ASIC - Automatic wireless computer pairing - Static headset MAC address (ID) - Single AAA battery - 6-8 hours battery run time

Lightweight Wireless Safe passive biosensors 8-hour AAA battery life Includes bonus CD with 10 neuroscience apps SupportsWindows XP / Vista / 7 Supports Mac OS X 10.5.8, 10.6.x,and 10.7.x

Neurosky Cardiochip

The NeuroSky CardoChip offers a low-noise design. LowNoiseAmplifier and ADC are the main components of the CardioChip analog front-end (AFE).

The CardioChip offers extremely low system noise and programmable gain ensuring it can detect biosignals and convert them into digital words using a 16bit ADC.

The AFE also contains a sensoroff detection circuit.

The heart of the BMD101 digital circuit is a powerful system management unit. It is in charge of overall system configuration, operation management, internal/external communication, proprietary algorithm computation, and power management.Specification The NeuroSky CardioChip

- Sensor Electrode, Sensor Materials:Silver-Silver Chloride (AgAgCl)Silver Coated CopperGoldStainless SteelConductive FabricConductive Rubber- Clocking Scheme :Built-in RC Oscillator- Small Form FactorSON8

- Target Applications:Mobile health and wellnessPortable ECG, Heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) monitorPortable health condition monitor (Stress Meter)Sports and trainingHeart rate monitor for recreationHeart rate or HRV guidance device (fatigue meter for an athlete)- Flexible Interface :UART (57600 Baud Rate)Output raw data, real time heart rate, sensor on or off flag.

- Low Power ConsumptionSingle 3.3V (10%) Power Supply with OnChip 1.2V RegulatorLow current consumption- ESD Protection with External Diodes8kV Air Discharge4kV Contact Discharge- Sensor DimensionsRecommended diameter of Sensor is ~10mm

Muse : the brain sensing headband is a brain fitness tool that helps do more with your mind by helping you calm and settle your mind.Muse is a comfortable, lightweight headband with 7 sensors designed to detect and measure your brain activity, just as a heart monitor measures your pulse.

Muse uses 7 sensors to detect and measure your brain activity. This activity is converted into information you can track on your phone or tablet.Muse training sessions can done in as little as 3 minutes a day, with audio and visual feedback of your brains response in real time. This helps you improve your mind, your concentration and your focus each time you use Muse.

Specification

Muse Headband: Flexible, adjustable, lightweight headband with 7 EEG sensors capable of reading 4 channels of data two on the forehead and two at the top of the ears Produces bipolar readings using Fpz(center of forehead) as the reference for TP9(left ear), Fp1(left forehead), Fp2(right forehead), TP10(right ear). 1 reference sensor at Fpz and 2 DRL sensors on the forehead. The 7sensor montage enables estimation of hemispheric asymmetries (with an emphasis on the prefrontal lobe) and thus facilitates brainstate discrimination that depends on asymmetry, such as emotional valence (positive vs. negative emotions). EEG signals are oversampled and then downsampled to yield an output sampling rate of 220 Hz with 2uV (RMS) noise. Active noise suppression is achieved with a DRL REF feedback configuration using centrally positioned frontal sensors. Input range of AC coupled signal (low cutoff at 1 Hz) is 2 mV pp.

An onboard 3axis accelerometer enables motion input for games and for quantifying head movements. Communicates over bluetooth and is compatible with iOS (iPhone 4+, iPad 2+, iTouch 5+), Android 2.3+, Mac OS (OSX 10.8+), Windows 7 & 8 and Ubuntu Linux LTS releases. Rechargeable lithiumion battery (charge via microUSB jack, just like most cell phones). Lasts up to 5 hours of use per charge. Typical lithiumion batteries last a minimum of 500 charge cycles. Thus if you use Muse for 15 minutes a day, the battery should last at least 27 years. Battery fuel gauge which measures the amount of remaining battery. 5 LEDs which display various states of operation

OpenBCI stands for open-source brain-computer interface (BCI). The OpenBCI Board is a versatile and affordable analog-to-digital converter that can be used to sample electrical brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (EMG), heart rate (EKG), and more. It is compatible with any type of electrode and is supported by an ever-growing, open-source framework of signal processing applications.

Conclusion However, to reach their full potential, the development of BCI technologies over the coming decades will have to overcome a number of obstaclesIn the far term, we envision a more holistic approach to BCIs that merges critical brain, behavioral, task, and environmental information obtained with advanced per- vasive, multiaspect sensing technologies, sophisticated analytical approaches, and enabled by advances in com- putational infrastructure such as extensions of cloud technologies