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Westlaw Delivery Summary Report for WL WATCH F&P,

Date/Time of Request: Friday, March 16, 2012 10:40 CentralClient Identifier: 44444-01160

Database: CA-ORCS

Citation Text: 161 Cal.App.4th 1440

Lines: 1238

Documents: 1

Images: 0

The material accompanying this summary is subject to copyright. Usage is governed by contract with Thomson Reuters,

West and their affiliates.


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Court of Appeal, First District, Division 1, Califor-nia.

Angela M. BRADSTREET, as Labor Commission-

er, etc., Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

Anna WONG et al., Defendants and Respondents.

Angela M. Bradstreet, as Labor Commissioner, etc.,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

Anna Wong et al., Defendants and Respondents;

Yan Fang Mei, Intervener and Appellant.

Nos. A113760, A114106.

April 16, 2008.

Background: Labor Commissioner brought action

against principals of closely held garment manufac-

turing corporations for liquidated damages for un-

paid minimum wages, overtime, and vacation pay,

penalties for bad payroll checks and failure to pay

wages due, and penalties payable to state treasurer.

Former employees intervened and sought restitution

under the unfair competition law (UCL). After

bench trial, the Superior Court, San Francisco

County, No. 404939,Ernest H. Goldsmith, J.,

entered judgment for principals. Commissioner and

employee appealed.

Holdings: The Court of Appeal, Stein, J., held that:

(1) action to recover wages owed under orders of

Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) was only

permitted against entities that were employers un-

der common law;

(2) principals were not employers personally li-

able for wages;

(3) principals were not deemed employers of unre-gistered garment manufacturer; and

(4) principals were not required to pay unpaid

wages as restitution under UCL.

Affirmed.

See also 2008 WL 1736063.

West Headnotes

[1] Corporations and Business Organizations

101 1958

101 Corporations and Business Organizations

101VII Directors, Officers, and Agents

101VII(E) Liability for Corporate Debts and

Acts

101k1956 Nature and Grounds in General

101k1958 k. Acting in corporate capa-

city as opposed to acting in personal capacity. Most

Cited Cases(Formerly 101k306)

Corporations and Business Organizations 101

1971




Acts

101k1971 k. Tortious acts in general.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 101k306)Under the common law, corporate agents act-

ing within the scope of their agency are not person-

ally liable for the corporate employer's failure to

pay its employees' wages, regardless of whether the

corporation's failure to pay such wages, in particu-

lar circumstances, breaches only its employment

contract or also breaches a tort duty of care.


101 1997

101 Corporations and Business Organizations101VII Directors, Officers, and Agents


Acts

101k1996 Actions to Enforce Liability

101k1997 k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

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161 Cal.App.4th 1440, 75 Cal.Rptr.3d 253, 155 Lab.Cas. P 60,607, 08 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 4490, 2008 Daily Journ-

al D.A.R. 5474

(Cite as: 161 Cal.App.4th 1440, 75 Cal.Rptr.3d 253)

2012 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Orig. US Gov. Works.
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(Formerly 101k350.1)

Labor and Employment 231H 2178

231H Labor and Employment231HXIII Wages and Hours

231HXIII(A) In General

231Hk2178 k. Payment of wages in gen-

eral. Most Cited Cases

Statute providing that Division of Labor Stand-

ards Enforcement (DLSE) may prosecute civil ac-

tions to recover wages owing under orders of the

Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) only permits

actions against entities that meet the common law

definition of employer, but not actions against

corporate agents or control figures meeting only the

definition of employer in IWC wage order applic-

able to the garment industry. West's Ann.Cal.Labor

Code 1193.6; 8 CCR 11010.

See Cal. Jur. 3d, Labor, 114; Cal. Civil Practice

(Thomson/West 2007) Employment Litigation,

4:45, 4:76, 4:87, 4:88; Chin et al., Cal. Practice

Guide: Employment Litigation (The Rutter Group

2007) 11:126 (CAEMPL Ch. 11-B).


101 1644

101 Corporations and Business Organizations101VI Shareholders and Members

101VI(D) Liability for Corporate Debts and

Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k238)


1957




Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k325)


231H Labor and Employment231HXIII Wages and Hours

231HXIII(B) Minimum Wages and Overtime

Pay

231HXIII(B)2 Persons and Employments

Within Regulations

231Hk2226 Employers Included

231Hk2227 k. In general. Most

Cited Cases

Principals of closely held garment manufactur-

ing corporations were not employers under com-

mon law definition, and thus were not personally li-

able in action brought by Labor Commissioner for

corporations' alleged unpaid minimum wages, over-

time, and vacation pay, and penalties for bad

payroll checks and failure to pay wages when due.

West's Ann.Cal.Labor Code 203, 203.1, 204,

227.3, 1193.6, 1194.2.

[4] Labor and Employment 231H 2178

231H Labor and Employment

231HXIII Wages and Hours





ing corporation registered with Labor Commission-

er were not deemed employers of the employees

of unregistered garment manufacturer with which

their corporation contracted, as would make prin-

cipals liable for deemed employees' unpaid wages,

absent some basis for deeming principals to be alter

egos of their corporation; even though their corpor-

ation could have been held liable as deemed em-

ployer, principals themselves did not contract withthe unregistered manufacturer. West's

Ann.Cal.Labor Code 2677.

[5] Labor and Employment 231H 2178


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al D.A.R. 5474


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4/22





Purpose of statute providing that garment man-

ufacturers that do business with unregistered gar-

ment manufacturers are deemed employers of the

unregistered manufacturers' employees is to end the

practice of garment manufacturers reaping the be-

nefits of Labor Code violations by contracting with

an independent contractor, but shielding themselves

from liability based on the fact that the independent

contractor, not the contracting garment manufac-

turer, is the employer. West's Ann.Cal.Labor Code

2677.


101 1059


101II Disregarding Corporate Entity; Piercing

Corporate Veil

101k1057 Particular Occasions for Determin-

ing Corporate Entity

101k1059 k. Contracts in general. Most

Cited Cases

(Formerly 101k1.6(2))







When the corporate entity of a garment manu-

facturer that contracts with an unregistered garment

manufacturer is abused by individual owners or of-

ficers who disregard the separate status of the cor-

porate entity and use its assets for their personal be-nefit, then the alter-ego doctrine may be applied to

hold those owners or officers accountable as

deemed employers of the unregistered manufac-

turer's employees. West's Ann.Cal.Labor Code

2677.

[7] Antitrust and Trade Regulation 29T 291

29T Antitrust and Trade Regulation

29TIII Statutory Unfair Trade Practices and

Consumer Protection

29TIII(E) Enforcement and Remedies

29TIII(E)1 In General

29Tk291 k. Persons liable. Most Cited

Cases

An owner or officer of a corporation may be in-

dividually liable under the unfair competition law

(UCL) if he or she actively and directly participates

in the unfair business practice. West's Ann.Cal.Bus.

& Prof.Code 17200 et seq.




Consumer Protection




Cases


1644

101 Corporations and Business Organizations101VI Shareholders and Members


Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k215)


1957

101 Corporations and Business Organizations101VII Directors, Officers, and Agents


Acts



Cases

Page 3


al D.A.R. 5474


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5/22

(Formerly 101k325)

Not all remedies imposed with respect to a cor-

poration under the unfair competition law (UCL)

are necessarily equally applicable to its individual

owners or officers. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17200 et seq.




Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)5 Actions

29Tk351 k. Nature and form. Most

Cited Cases

An unfair competition law (UCL) action is

equitable in nature; damages cannot be recovered.

West's Ann.Cal.Bus. & Prof.Code 17200 et seq .

[10] Antitrust and Trade Regulation 29T

1005


29TXVIII Penalties and Fines

29Tk1005 k. In general. Most Cited Cases

Antitrust and Trade Regulation 29T 1010


29TXIX Offenses and Prosecutions


Civil penalties may be assessed in public unfair

competition law (UCL) actions, but the law con-

tains no criminal provisions. West's Ann.Cal.Bus.

& Prof.Code 17200 et seq.


381

29T Antitrust and Trade Regulation29TIII Statutory Unfair Trade Practices and

Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)7 Relief

29Tk380 Injunction

29Tk381 k. In general. Most Cited

Cases

Antitrust and Trade Regulation 29T 388

29T Antitrust and Trade Regulation29TIII Statutory Unfair Trade Practices and

Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)7 Relief

29Tk387 Monetary Relief; Damages


Cases

Under the unfair competition law (UCL), pre-

vailing plaintiffs are generally limited to injunctive

relief and restitution. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17200 et seq.


1005


29TXVIII Penalties and Fines


Civil penalties pursuant to the unfair competi-

tion law (UCL) are an available remedy only in a

public action. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. & Prof.Code

17206.


389(2)



Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)7 Relief


29Tk389 Grounds and Subjects

29Tk389(2) k. Particular cases.

Most Cited Cases

Unpaid earned wages may be recovered from a

corporation as restitution under the unfair competi-

tion law (UCL). West's Ann.Cal.Bus. & Prof.Code

17203.


291

Page 4


al D.A.R. 5474


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.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk389%282%29http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk389%282%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk389%282%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk389http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk387http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%297http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17206&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17206&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk1005http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk1005http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TXVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk388http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk388http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk388http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk387http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%297http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk381http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk381http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk380http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%297http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk1010http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk1010http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TXIXhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk1005http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk1005http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TXVIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk351http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk351http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk351http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%295http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Thttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17200&FindType=L


6/22



Consumer Protection




Cases


1644


101VI Shareholders and Members


Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k238)


1958




Acts


101k1958 k. Acting in corporate capa-

city as opposed to acting in personal capacity. Most

Cited Cases

(Formerly 101k325)


ing corporations were not required to personally

pay earned but unpaid wages to employees of the

corporations as restitution under the unfair competi-

tion law (UCL), absent evidence that principals re-

quired any employee to work for them personally or

misappropriated corporate funds for their own use;

such payment would not replace any money orproperty that principals took directly from employ-

ees. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. & Prof.Code 17203.

[15] Appeal and Error 30 837(10)

30 Appeal and Error

30XVI Review

30XVI(A) Scope, Standards, and Extent, in

General

30k837 Matters or Evidence Considered

in Determining Question

30k837(10) k. Consideration of evid-

ence not introduced or offered. Most Cited Cases

Reviewing courts generally do not take judicial

notice of evidence not presented to the trial court.

[16] Evidence 157 43(4)

157 Evidence

157I Judicial Notice

157k43 Judicial Proceedings and Records

157k43(4) k. Proceedings in other courts.

Most Cited Cases

The Court of Appeal would deny request to

take judicial notice of indictment, jury verdicts, and

judgment in federal criminal case against principals

of closely held garment manufacturing corpora-

tions, in considering whether principals were per-

sonally liable to pay earned but unpaid wages to

employees of corporations as restitution under the

unfair competition law (UCL); federal criminal pro-

ceedings commenced after trial court entered judg-

ment in state case, principals had no opportunity to

present evidence or argument on factual and legalrelevance of federal case, and for the Court of Ap-

peal to determine relevance would have required

detailed inquiry into facts and contentions in the

federal proceeding. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17203.


388



Consumer Protection29TIII(E) Enforcement and Remedies

29TIII(E)7 Relief



Cases

An order for restitution under the unfair com-

Page 5


al D.A.R. 5474


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17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=157k43%284%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=157k43%284%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=157k43http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=157Ihttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=157http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=30k837%2810%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=30k837%2810%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=30k837http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=30XVI%28A%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=30XVIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=30http://www.westlaw.com/Find/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&DB=1000199&DocName=CABPS17203&FindType=Lhttp://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=101k1958http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=101k1958http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101k1958http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101k1956http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101VII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101VIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=101k1644http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=101k1644http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101k1644http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101k1643http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101VI%28D%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101VIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=101http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk291http://www.westlaw.com/Digest/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=MCC&DocName=29Tk291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29Tk291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%291http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIII%28E%29http://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29TIIIhttp://www.westlaw.com/KeyNumber/Default.wl?rs=FIPI1.0&vr=2.0&CMD=KEY&DocName=29T


7/22

petition law (UCL) is one compelling a defendant

to return money, or earned wages for service per-

formed, obtained through an unfair business prac-

tice, to those persons in interest from whom the

property was taken, that is, to persons who had an

ownership interest in the property or those claiming

through that person. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17203.


101 1644


101VI Shareholders and Members


Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k238)


1957




Acts



Cases

(Formerly 101k325)



231HIV Compensation and Benefits

231HIV(A) In General

231Hk168 Wages and Salary

231Hk170 k. Duty to pay in general.

Most Cited Cases

(Formerly 101k325)

The duty to pay wages to employees of closely

held garment manufacturing corporations was owed

by the corporations as employers, not by the prin-

cipals of the corporations as owners, officers or

managers.


388



Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)7 Relief



Cases

Restitution to a victim of unfair competition

under the unfair competition law (UCL) requires

that the offending party must have obtained

something to which it was not entitled, and the vic-

tim must have given up something which he or she

was entitled to keep. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17203.


388



Consumer Protection


29TIII(E)7 Relief



Cases

Restitution is available to a victim of unfair

competition under the unfair competition law

(UCL) where a defendant has wrongfully acquired

funds or property in which a plaintiff has an owner-

ship or vested interest. West's Ann.Cal.Bus. &

Prof.Code 17203.

**256 Department of Labor Standards Enforce-

ment, David Balter, Napa, for Plaintiff and Appel-

lant.

Corporate Counsel Law Group, John Chu, Beverly

Hills, for Defendants and Respondents.

Women's Employment Rights Clinic, Marci Seville,

Page 6


al D.A.R. 5474


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8/22

Doris Ng, Hina B. Shah, San Francisco, Nira

Geevargis, for Intervener.

STEIN, J.*1444 These consolidated appeals are from a

judgment entered in favor of Anna Wong, Toha

Quan, and Jenny Wong, as the owners, officers, or

managers of several garment manufacturing corpor-

ations. The complaint filed by the California Labor

Commissioner (Commissioner or Labor Commis-

sioner), and a complaint in intervention filed by the

Chinese Progressive Association and two former

employees, alleged a variety of statutory and com-

mon law bases for holding defendants personally li-

able for numerous Labor Code violations arising

out of a period in 2001 when the businesses they

owned started to experience financial difficulty,

and the employees were either paid late, or not at

all. The complaint in intervention also alleged a

cause of action for violation of Business and Pro-

fessions Code section 17200, and sought an order

requiring defendants to personally pay the wages

owed by the corporations as restitution.

We shall affirm the judgment.

FACTS

Toha Quan and Anna Wong, husband and wife,

owned the capital stock, and served as corporate of-

ficers or directors, of three San Francisco garment

manufacturers, Wins of California (WCA), Wins

Fashion, and Win Industries of America

(collectively, Wins Corporations), all of which

were closely held corporations doing business since

the 1980's and early 1990's. Defendants were also

the managers and operators of these garment factor-

ies. Jenny Wong performed bookkeeping and

payroll work for the three corporations and served

on the board of directors of one or more of them.The management, manufacturing, and sales activit-

ies of the Wins Corporations were interrelated and

integrated.

**257 For several months in the summer of

2001, the Wins Corporations failed to meet

payrolls, and to pay suppliers and other expenses.

During this period, *1445 defendants told employ-

ees of the Wins Corporations that there was inad-

equate cash to meet the payroll, but that the em-

ployees would eventually be paid. Defendants is-

sued checks to some employees but told them they

could not yet be cashed, or issued only pay stubs

that defendants stated could be used to verify the

amounts owed when cash became available. De-

fendants encouraged the employees to continue

working without pay until the Wins Corporations

collected slow-paying accounts receivable and sta-

bilized their finances.

When employees began to complain about the

failure of the Wins Corporations to pay their wages,the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement

(DLSE) and the United States Department of Labor

(DOL) took action. The DOL filed suit in the

United States District Court against the Wins Cor-

porations and defendants in their personal capacity

seeking, among other things, injunctive relief that

resulted in the closing of the Wins Corporations,

and the seizure of assets and accounts receivables.

The DOL notified all customers that the Wins Cor-

porations had been closed down, and invoked a

lock-box procedure that required all customer

payments to go to the DOL. These actions made itimpossible for the Wins Corporations to consum-

mate a previously approved $1,000,000 bank loan,

forcing them to declare bankruptcy.FN1

In reliance

upon federal labor law that permits, in some cir-

cumstances, holding corporate principals personally

liable for wages not paid by the corporate employ-

er, the DOL obtained a stipulated judgment against

defendants for approximately $500,000.

FN1. The court found that, in the summer

of 2001, at the time of the DOL takeover,

the Wins Corporations had accounts re-

ceivable in the approximate amount of $1

million. As of the time of trial the DOL

had not accounted to the DLSE or to de-

fendants regarding collection of those ac-

counts.

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9/22

In the meantime, the Commissioner paid wage

claims of the Wins Corporations employees from

an account established pursuant to Labor Code sec-

tion 2675.5.FN2

A portion of the annual registra-

tion fee paid by garment manufacturers is deposited

in this account to ensure the payment of wages and

benefits to workers in the garment industry. Pursu-

ant to sections 98.3 and 1193.6, the Commissioner

then filed the instant lawsuit seeking to hold de-

fendants personally liable for unpaid wages owed to

the employees of the Wins Corporations.FN3

The

commissioner sought liquidated damages for un-

paid minimum wages and overtime ( 1194.2), un-

paid vacation pay ( 227.3) and penalties for bad

payroll checks ( 203.1). The Commissioner also

sought waiting time penalties for failure to paywages due at the time of termination ( 203) and

for failure to pay wages at the times specified in

section 204, and penalties *1446 pursuant to sec-

tion 210 that are recoverable in an action by the

Commissioner and payable to the state treasurer.

FN2. Further statutory references are to the

Labor Code unless otherwise noted.

FN3. The Commissioner and the individual

employees must reimburse the garment

fund with any wages recovered in thiscase. ( 2675.5, subd. (a).)

As the legal basis for imposing personal liabil-

ity on defendants, the Commissioner's original

complaint relied exclusively on a provision in the

Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC) wage order

applicable to the garment industry that defines

employer as: [A]ny person as defined in Section

18 of the Labor Code, who directly or indirectly, or

through an agent or **258 any other person, em-

ploys or exercises control over the wages, hours, or

working conditions of any person (Cal.CodeRegs., tit. 8, 11010, subd. 2(F) [hereafter the IWC

employer definition] ). The Commissioner alleged

that defendants employed or exercised control over

the wages, hours, and working conditions of the

Wins Corporations employees and therefore were

personally responsible for Labor Code violations

arising out of the failure of the corporation to pay

wages.

In February 2004, the Commissioner amended

the complaint to allege additional factual and legal

bases for imposing personal liability on defendants.

The Commissioner's amended complaint alleged

that defendants had so abused the corporate entity

and the limited liability it provides that they should

be deemed the alter egos of the Wins Corporations.

It further alleged that defendants were guarantors

for the wages not paid by Wins Corporations be-

cause they are persons as defined in section 2671,

and were deemed employers within the meaning

section 2677.

The Chinese Progressive Association and two

former employees, Yan Fang Mei and Li Qin Yang

Zhou, obtained the court's permission to file a com-

plaint in intervention, which they also later

amended. The two former employees alleged claims

for the same unpaid minimum wages, overtime, and

penalties sought by the Commissioner, and alleged

the same bases alleged in the Commissioner's

amended complaint for holding defendants person-

ally liable. In addition, the Chinese Progressive As-

sociation alleged violations of many of these same

Labor Code sections as predicate violations for acause of action pursuant to Business and Profes-

sions Code section 17200, also known as the Unfair

Competition Law (hereafter UCL). The UCL claim

sought restitution from defendants to the two

named former employees and all the other former

employees of the Wins Corporations, consisting of

the wages owed but not paid by the Wins Corpora-

tions.

The matter was tried to the court, and it issued

a tentative decision holding defendants personally

liable for $1 million in unpaid wages and vacationpay, and imposed statutory waiting time penalties

pursuant to section 203. It also held that the failure

to pay wages constituted an unfair business practice

under the UCL. Although it did not order payment

of wages as restitution, it *1447 did tentatively or-

der defendants to pay another $25,900 in penalties

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