Botany

UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU SEMESTER COURSES

FOR MASTERS DEGREE PROGRAMME IN

BOTANY

The following courses of study are prescribed for Ist, IInd and IIIrd and Ivth Semesters of the Masters Degree Programme in Botany:

FIRST SEMESTER

COURSE NO. & TITLE CREDITS

Theory Courses:

401 Cell Biology of Plants 3 402 Molecular Biology of Plants 3 403 Biology and Diversity of Viruses Bacteria & Fungi 404 Biology and Diversity of Algae, Bryophytes & 3 Pteridophytes 405 Cytology & Genetics 3

Laboratory Courses:

426 Lab. Course I 6 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 401, 402 & 405)

427 Lab. Course II 3 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 403 & 404)

Note: to meet the credit requirement of Ist. Semester a student will have to offer the courses of a total value of 24 credits, out of which 15 credits will be from Theory and 9 from Laboratory Courses.

SECOND SEMESTER

COURSE NO. & TITLE

Theory Courses:

451 Genetics and Cytogenetics 3 452 Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperms 3 453 Taxonomy of Angiosperms 3

454 Plant Physiology 3 455 Plant Reproduction 3 Laboratory Courses: 476 Lab.Course I (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 452, 453 & 455) 477 Lab. Courses II 3 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 451 & 454)

NOTE: To meet the credit requirement of Ist. Semester, a student will have to offer the courses of a total value of 24 credits, out of which 15 credits will be from Theory and 9 from Laboratory Courses.

SEMESTER-III

COURSE NO. & TITLE

Theory Courses:

501 Plant Metabolism 3 502 Plant Ecology-I 3 503 Plant Ecology-II 3 504 Plant Resource Utilization 3 Laboratory Courses: 526 Lab.Course I 6 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 502, 503 & 504)

527 Lab. Course II 3 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 501 & 505)

Optional 507 Trends in Bryology 509 Advances in Plant Pathology 510 Pollination biology of flowering plants


FOURTH SEMESTER

COURSE NO. & TITLE CREDITS Theory Courses

551 Plant development 552 Plant Resource Conservation 3 553 Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 3 554 Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microbes 3 Optional-I 3 Optional-II 3 Optionals

557 Reproductive biology of flowering plants 558 Biosystematics 559 Principles of plant pathology

Laboratory Courses:

576 Lab. Courses-I 6 (Based on Theory Courses Bearing Nos. 551 & 552) 577 Lab. Courses- II 3 (Based on 553 & 554)

Lab.Course-III (Based on optionals)


MARKS SCHEME:

The distribution of marks shall be as under:

Semester Sessional Examination Assessment

A. 3 Credit Theory Course 60 15 A. 6 Credit Lab Course 75 75 A. 3 Credit Lab. Course 50 50

SESSIONAL ASSESSMENT:

20 % of the marks in each Theory paper and 50% of the marks in each practical paper shall be reserved for sessional assessment. In case of regular students, sessional assessment received from the Post-graduate Departments will be added to the marks obtained by them in the University Examination and in case of private candidates marks obtained by them in the University Examination will be increased proportionately in accordance with the Statutes Regulations.

DURATION OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS

A. 6 Credit Lab. Course 6 hrs. A. 3 Credit Lab. Course 4 hrs.

DURATION OF THEORY EXAMINATIONS = 2 hrs. for each 3 credit course.

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTING:

The Question paper will contain Three Sections. Section One will have one compulsory question of 16 (Sixteen) objective items spread over all the three units of the syllabus carrying 24 marks. Section Two will have one question having 7(seven) short answer type items, spread over three units of the syllabus (Two items from each unit) of which student will attempt 3 (three) carrying 21 marks. The Third Section will have Two questions spread over the Three Units, carrying 15 marks, of which student is required to attempt only one.

SEMESTER-I

Course No.401

CELL BIOLOGY OF PLANTS

Unit-I

1.1 Structural organization of the Plant cell; basic chemical components. 1.2 Cell wall: structure and function, growth, biogenesis. 1.3 Plasma membrane: structure, modifications of fluid-mosaic model. 1.4 Plasma membrane: sites for ATPases; ion carriers, channels and pumps, receptors.

Unit-II

2.1 Plasmodesmata: structure, role in movement of molecules and macromolecules. 2.2 Plant vacuole: tonoplast membrane; as storage organelle. 2.3 Cytoskeleton: organization and role of microtubules. 2.4 Cytoskeleton: organization and role of microfilaments.

Unit-III

3.1 Chloroplasts -structure, genome organization, gene expression, RNA editing. 3.2 Mitochondria - structure, genome organization, biogenesis. 3.3 Structure and function of peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, melanosomes and golgi apparatus. 3.4 Structure and function of lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.



Course No.402

Course - 3 Credits Max. Marks of theory course: 60 Duration of theory exam: 2 hours Sessional Assessment: 15

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS

Unit-I

1.1 Nucleus; structure, nuclear pores and transport. 1.2 DNA structure; A, B & Z forms; replication. 1.3 Transcription; plant promoters and transcription factors. 1.4 Splicing; introns and their significance; mRNA transport; nucleolus; rRNA biosynthesis.

Unit-II

2.1 Ribosomes; structure; site of protein synthesis. 2.2 Structure and role of t RNA. 2.3 Mechanism of translation; initiation, elongation and termination. 2.4 Protein trafficking-cotranslation and post translation transport.

Unit-III

3.1 Cell cycle: control mechanism; role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases; retinoblastoma and E2F proteins. 3.2 Cell cycle: checkpoints in cell cycle regulation and a general account of apoptosis. 3.3 Cytokinesis and cell plate formation. 3.4 In-situ hybridisation: GISH, FISH and confocal microscopy.



Course No: 403

BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND FUNGI

Unit-I : Bacteria, Viruses and Phytoplasma

1.1 Eubacteria: General account, nutritional types, ultrastructure of cell wall and reproduction. 1.2 Archaebacteria: General account and types (methanogenic, extreme halophiles and thermoacidophiles), ultrastructure of cell wall and reproduction. 1.3 Viruses: Characteristics and ultrastructure, isolation and purification, chemical nature and replication of TMV, transmission of viruses. 1.4 Phytoplasma: General characteristics and role in causing plant diseases (Aster yellows, lethal yellowing of coconut palms, Peach X-disease).

Unit-II: Structure and reproduction of fungi.

2.1 General characters of fungi, cell ultrastructure, cell wall composition, unicellular and multicellular organization, nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic). 2.2 Recent trends and criteria used in the classification of fungi with reference to vegetative and reproductive structures. 2.3 General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina. 2.4 Heterothallism, heterokaryosis and parasexuality in fungi.

Unit-III: Economic importance of Bacteria, viruses & fungi.

3.1 Biological and economic importance of Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. 3.2 Economic importance of viruses with emphasis on viral diseases of plants and human beings. 3.3 Role of fungi in industries with reference to production of medicines (antibiotics), organic acids (citric acids) and food (yeast & mushroom cultivation). 3.4 Fungal diseases of crop plants (Brown spot of rice, Stripe rust of wheat, Apple scab, Red rot of sugarcane, Tikka disease of groundnut) and human beings.



Course No. 404

BIOLOGY & DIVERSITY OF ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES & PTERIDOPHYTES

Unit I : Phycology

1.1 Modern trends in the classification of algae ( Lee, 1980) 1.2 Thallus organization and reproduction in algae; Life cycles in algae. 1.3 Salient features of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta with special reference to structure and composition of cell wall, flagella, chloroplasts, pyrenoids and eye spots; algal pigments and reserve food materials in algae ( a comparative account) 1.4 Algal biofertilizers; Algae in biotechnology.

Unit-II: Bryophytes

2.1 Classification of Bryophytes as proposed by Cavers (1911) and Smith(1955) 2.2 Morphology, structure, reproduction and life-history of orders Marchantiales, Metzgeriales, Jungermanniales and Anthocerotales. 2.3 Morphology, structure, reproduction and life-history of orders Sphagnales., Funariales and Polytrichales. 2.4 Economic and ecological importance of Bryophytes.

Unit III: Pteridophytes

3.1. Pteridophyte classification (Sporne 1975) upto ordinal level; general account of fossil pteridophytes: Rhynia, Lepidodendrales and Sphenophyllales. 3.2. Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Psilopsida and Lycopsida. 3.3. Morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. 3.4. Soral (eusporangiate and leptosporangiate) and prothallial evolution in ferns.



Course No: 405 CYTOLOGY & GENETICS

Unit-I : Chromatin Organization

1.1 Chromosome morphology; molecular organization of centromere and telomere. 1.2 Euchromatin and heterochromatin; banding patterns; karyotype evolution. 1.3 Specialized chromosomes; structure, occurrence and behavior of B- and sex chromosomes. 1.4 Structure, occurrence and behavior of polytene and lampbrush chromosomes.

Unit-II: Numerical alterations in the genome

2.1 Origin, occurrence, production and meiosis of monoploids and haploids 2.2 Origin and production of autopolyploids: chromosome and chromatid segregation. 2.3 Allopolyploids - types, genome constitution and analysis of wheat and cotton. 2.4 Origin, occurrence, production, meiosis and detection of monosomics, trisomics (primary, secondary, tertiary), nullisomics and tetrasomics.

Unit-III: Gene structure and expression

3.1 Genetic fine structure; cis-trans test; r II locus; fine structure analysis of eukaryotes. 3.2 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (lac operon & trp operon). 3.3 Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes (Methylation, hormonal control, Britten - Davidsons model). 3.4 Genetic transformation; conjugation and transduction in bacteria.



SEMESTER-II

Course No: 451

GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS

Unit-I: Genetic recombination and gene mapping.

1.1 Recombination, role of independent assortment and crossing-over in generating recombined types: mechanism of crossing over; disruption of linkage groups. 1.2 Recombination: Hollidays model of recombination at molecular level, role of Rec A and Rec B,C,D enzymes; site-specific recombination. 1.3 Chromosome mapping, genetic makers, construction of molecular maps. 1.4 Correlation of genetic and physical maps; somatic cell genetics-an alternative approach to gene mapping

Unit-II: Sudden changes in the genetic material

2.1 Spontaneous and induced mutations; physical and chemical mutagens; molecular basis of gene mutations. 2.2 Transposable elements in prokaryotes, mutations induced by transposons; site-directed mutagenesis. 2.3 Transposable elements in eukaryotes; Ac-Ds & Spm-dSpm in maize, Copia & P elements in Drosophila and Ty elements of yeast. 2.4 DNA damage and repair mechanisms; inherited human diseases and defects in DNA repair.

Unit-III: Cytogenetics of Higher Plants

3.1 Characterization and transmission of mono-and trisomics and their use in chromosome mapping of diploid and polyploid species. 3.2 Breeding behavior and genetics of complex translocation heterozygotes, translocation tester sets; Robertsonian translocations; B-A translocations 3.3 Transfer of whole genome, examples from wheat, Arachis and Brassica; transfer of individual chromosomes and chromosome segments. 3.4 Production, characterization and utility of alien addition and substitution lines, genetic basis of inbreeding and heterosis, exploitation of hybrid vigour.



Course No.452

BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS

Unit-I

1.1 General characters and evolution of gymnosperms. 1.2 Past and Present trends in the classification of Gymnosperms with reference to Sporne (1965) and Sandra Holmes (1986). 1.3 Morphology and Anatomy of the vegetative organs of Cycadales, Ginkgoales and Coniferales. 1.4 Reproductive organs of Cycadales, Ginkgoales and Coniferales with emphasis on the structure of their sperms, pollen grains & pollen germination. Unit-II 2.1 Morphology and Anatomy of vegetative organs of Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales. 2.2 Reproductive organs of Ephedrales. Wewitschailes and Gnetales with emphasis on the structure of their sperms, pollen grains and pollen germination. 2.3 Structural complexity of the female gametophyte of Gymnosperms. 2.4 Economic importance of Gymnosperms. Unit-III 3.1 Distribution of living gymnosperms in India 3.2 Concept of Progymnosperms. 3.3 Brief account of the families of Pteridospermales,. Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae. 3.4 General account of Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales.



Course No: 453

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Unit-I : Botanical exploration, Nomenclature, Taxonomic evidence & Tools

1.1 Importance of Botanical exploration; Botanical exploration in India; Role of Botanical Survey of India. 1.2 An outline of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature with emphasis on Typification, Authors citation; Effective and valid publication; Amendments to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 1.3 Taxonomic evidences: Morphology, anatomy, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Embryology & Palynology. 1.4 Taxonomic tools: Floras, Field & Herbarium techniques; DNA Hybridization technique; Amino acid sequencing; Serology; GIS Electrophoresis; Computer application in systematics.

Unit-II: The species concept & origin of intrapopulation variation

2.1 Structure of Taxonomic Hierarchy: Concept of species; Genus; Family and other categories. 2.2 Nature & origin of Ecads & Ecotypes; Sampling procedures, Recognition & Classification of Ecotypes. 2.3 Population & Environment: Turessons experiments; The Californian Transect experiments of Clausen Keck & Hiesey: Frequency of ecotypic differentiation: Ecotypes in Agricultue & Forestry. 2.4 Relevance of taxonomy to conservation; sustainable utilization of bio-resources & ecosystem research; Local plant diversity and its socio-economic importance.

Unit-III: Systems of Angiosperm classification & concepts of Phytogeography

3.1 Detailed concept of artificial, Natural & Phylogenetic systems of classification. 3.2 Merits & demerits of Cronquists & Dahlgrens classification: Cladistics in Plant systematics. 3.3 Endemism; endemism in Indian Flora & status of endemism in West & North West Himalaya 3.4 Hot spots; Hottest hot spots: Importance of Phytogeography to taxonomy.

NOTE FOR PAPER SETTING: The Question paper will contain Three Sections. Section One will have one compulsory question of 16 (Sixteen) objective items spread over all the three units of the syllabus carrying 24 marks. Section Two will have one question having 7(seven) short answer type items, spread over three units of the syllabus (Two items from each unit) of which student will attempt 3 (three) carrying 21 marks. The Third Section will have Two questions spread over the Three Units, carrying 15 marks, of which student is required to attempt only one. Literature recommended

Course No. 454

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Unit-I: Energy flow and Enzymology.

1.1 Principles of thermodynamics, free energy and chemical potential. 1.2 Redox reactions, structure and functions of ATP. 1.3 Enzymes: General aspects, allosteric mechanism, regulatory and active sites, isozymes. 1.4 Kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance, a general account of Coenzymes.

Unit-II: Plant-water relations.

2.1 Water potential, apparent free space, mechanism of water transparent through xylem. Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Continuum (SPAC). 2.2 Stomatal regulation of transpiration, hormonal and energy dependent hypothesis, importance of foliar nutrition and use of chelates. 2.3 Phloem transport: loading and unloading, passive and active solute transport, membrane transport proteins. Diffusion & facilitated diffusion. 2.4 Comparison of xylem and phloem transport, Nernst Equation, Donnans equilibrium, Cotransport (Symport) and counter transport (Antiport).

Unit-III: Sensory photobiology.

3.1 History of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes, their photo chemicals and biochemical properties, Photo physiology of light induced responses, Molecular mechanism of action of photomorphogenic receptors, signaling and gene expression. 3.2 Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, Abscisic acid, brasinosteriods, polyamines, jasmonic acid and salicyclic acid. Hormone receptors and gene expression. 3.3 Photoperiodism and its significance, endogeneous clock and its regulation, floral induction and development genetic and molecular analysis, role of vernalization. 3.4 Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, mechanism of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, HR and SAR, water deficit and drought resistance, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress, oxidative stress.



Course No: 455

PLANT REPRODUCTION

Unit-I: Reproduction

1.1 Vegetative options and sexual reproduction; Sex determination 1.2 Flower development; genetics of floral organ differentiation; homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. 1.3 Structure of anthers; microsporogenesis, role of tapetum: pollen development and gene expression; sperm dimorphism; male sterility and hybrid seed production. 1.4 Pollen germination, pollen tube growth and guidance; pollen storage; pollen allergy; pollen embryos. Unit-II

2.1 Ovule development, megasporogenesis; organization of embryo sac: structure of embryo sac cells. 2.2 Floral characteristics, pollination mechanisms and vectors; breeding systems and commercial considerations. 2.3 Structure of the pistil; pollen-pistil interactions, sporophytic and gametophytic self- incompatibility (cytological, biochemical and molecular aspects) 2.4 Double fertilization; universality; in vitro fertilization.

Unit-III

3.1 Endosperm development during early, maturation and desiccation stages; storage proteins of endosperm. 3.2 Embryogenesis, ultrastructure and nuclear cytology; storage proteins of embryo. 3.3 Polyembroyony; apomixis; embryo-culture. 3.4 Dynamics of fruit growth; biochemistry and molecular biology of fruit maturation.



SEMESTER-III Course No: 501

PLANT METABOLISM

Unit-I Signal Transduction

1.1 Overview of signal transduction, receptors and G-proteins, phospholipid, signaling. 1.2 Role of cyclic nucleotides in signal transduction, calcium calmodulin cascade, diversity in protein kinases and phosphatases. 1.3 Specific signaling mechanisms, e.g. two component sensor regulator system in bacteria and plant. 1.4 Sucrose sensing mechanism

Unit-II : Photochemistry and photosynthesis

2.1 Evolution of Photosynthetic apparatus, photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes, photoxoxidation of water. 2.2 Mechanism of electron and proton transport, Energy flow through cyclic, non-cyclic and pseudocyclic pathways. 2.3 Carbon assimilation The calvin cycle, the C4 cycle, Difference between C3 and C4 pathways, CAM pathway. 2.4 Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose, physiological and ecological considerations, photorespiration and its significance.

Unit-III: Respiration

3.1 Over view of plant respiration, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and chemiosmotic pathway for the synthesis of ATP. Glyoxylate cycle, alternative oxidase system. 3.2 Structure and function of lipids, fatty acid biosynthesis, synthesis of membrane lipids, structural lipids and storage lipids and their catabolism. 3.3 Nitrogen fixation, overview, biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation and nod factors, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction. Ammonium assimilation. 3.4 Sulphur metabolism, Overview, sources of mechanism of sulphur uptake, transport and assimilation, its significance.



Course No. 502

PLANT ECOLOGY-I

Unit-I

1.1 Nature and concept of biotic community, community analysis (analytic and synthetic characters). 1.2 Community coefficients, interspecific associations; ordination; community dominance, intracommunity classification. 1.3 Concept of ecological niche-types; ecotone & edge effect 1.4 Concept of Life forms and biological spectrum.

Unit-II

2.1 Succession concept and temporal changes (cyclic & non-cycle), Models of succession (facilitation, tolerance and inhibition) 2.2 Climax concept Nature, properties & types. 2.3 Interaction between two species; Leslie-Gower model and Lotka Voltera model for predator pray interactions; species diversity-species area relationships, species abundance relationships Broken stick and niche- preemption model. 2.4 Extinction and formation of single population, ecometrics: Concept and applications in ecology.

Unit-III

3.1 Concept of ecosystem structure and function; Primary productivity (Methods of measurement, global patterns, controlling factors). 3.2 Energy dynamics; trophic organization; energy flow pathways; Ecological efficiency 3.3 Major vegetations & soil types of the world. 3.4 Remote sensing satellites-concept, principles and applications in Ecological studies.



Course No: 503

PLANT ECOLOGY-II

UNIT-I

1.1 Ecology-concept, types, role in sustainable development. 1.2 Speciation; Extinction and threatened species (IUCN categories of threat); Distribution

and global patterns of biodiversity; Hot spots and Inventorization. 1.3 Ecosystem stability; concept (resistance and resilience); ecological perturbations (Natural

and anthropogenic) 1.4 Impact of ecological perturbations on plants and ecosystems.

UNIT-II

2.1 Environmental management systems; Life cycle Analysis, environmental reporting, ecolabelling and environmental auditing, environment accounting and taxation.

2.2 Rapid ecological turnovers and their impact on Human populations. 2.3 Ecological impact of Plastic recycling and Refineries. 2.4 Risk assessment and measurement; Risk, nature and assessment.

UNIT-III

3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); Principles and Applications. 3.2 Green House gases CO 2, CH 4, N2O and (FCs); sources, trends and role, Ozone layer

depletion and hole. 3.3 Quality parameters; effects of pollution on plants and ecosystem. 3.4 Consequences of climatic change; CO2 fertilization, Global warming and sea level


The Question paper will contain Three Sections. Section One will have one compulsory question of 16 (Sixteen) objective items spread over all the three units of the syllabus carrying 24 marks. Section Two will have one question having 7 (seven) short answer type items, spread over three units of the syllabus (Two items from each unit) of which student will attempt 3 (three) carrying 21 marks. The Third Section will have Two questions spread over the Three Units, carrying 15 marks, of which student is required to attempt only one.

Course No; 504 PLANT RESORUCE UTILIZATION

UNIT I Historical aspects of resource utilization 1.1 Plant biodiversity-concept status in India and utilization and concerns. 1.2 Sustainable utilization and development basic concepts. 1.3 Origin of Agriculture-Time of origin, places of origin, Archaeological and other

evidences. 1.4 Centre of origin of domesticated plants (Wheat, Rice, Maize and Cotton); Plant

introductions. UNIT-II Resources of daily use 2.1 Medicinal uses and chemistry of action; steroids alkaloids, steroidal glycosides and

psychoactive drugs. 2.2 Paper making-source of raw material and processing of paper, sugar industry-source of

raw material and processing of sugar, essential oils-source and applications. 2.3 Non-wood forest products; distribution and utility of bamboos and rattans. 2.4 Sources and utility of resins, tannins, gums and dyes. UNIT-III Resources of the future 3.1 Legumes as a source of food, forage and nitrogen fixation; pulse crops-distribution,

cultivation and production in India, spices and condiments-status in India. 3.2 Biodiesel-concept and future prospects; Green revolution-benefits and adverse

consequences. 3.3 Industrial utilization of important medicinal plants of India; FAO-initiatives taken to

meet the world food requirements. 3.4 Utility of plants in the future; innovations for meeting world food requirement; food

adulteration.



OPTIONAL COURSES

Course No: 507

TRENDS IN BRYOLOGY Unit-I: Bryophyte Ecology

1.1 Bryophyte succession; Communities, Growth forms. 1.2 Habitat diversity xerophytic, mesophytic and hydrophytic bryophytes; bryophytes of specialized habitats polluted areas (polluted air and water) 1.3 Bryodiversity with special emphasis on Indian taxa, Rich bryological regions of India; Diversity in Indian climates; Factors affecting bryophyte luxuriance. 1.4 Distribution of Indian hepatics and mosses; endemic/threatened bryophytes; Factors affecting decline of Indian Bryodiversity.

Unit-II: Bryophyte Cytology

2.1 Cytology of liverworts, hornworts and mosses, range of chromosome numbers; basic chromosome numbers. 2.2 Polyploidy (eu-and aneuploidy); Cytology and bryogeography; distribution of polyploids and aneuploids. 2.3 Chromosome morphology and specialized chromosomes; m-chromosomes and accessory chromosomes; sex chromosomes; heterochromatin; karyotype of bryophytes. 2.4 Cytotaxonomy; use of cytological data (Chr. Number and morphology) in understanding species relationships and taxonomic evaluation among various bryophyte groups.

Unit-III: Reproductive Biology

3.1 Normal and aberrant (apogamous and aposporous) life cycles of bryophytes; methods of asexual reproduction in various groups with special reference to gemmae production. 3.2 Diversity in structure and development of sex organs among bryophytes; gamentangial organization (diffused and aggregated) in hepatics. 3.3 Sexual dimorphism with reference to Buxbaumia, Ephemrum and Micromitrium: protective coverings associated with archegonia and embryo. Evolutionary Trends in gametophyte. 3.4 Sporophytic diversity among bryophytes; frequency and failure of sporophyte production, spore-elater ratio; dehiscence mechanisms; spore size, output and dispersal; Evolutionary trends in sporophyte.



ADVANCES IN PLANT PATHOLOGY

Course No. 509

Unit-I: Post harvest pathology

1.1 Concept and extent of post-harvest loss, factors including post-harvest diseases. 1.2 Role of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in post-harvest rot development. 1.3 Major post-harvest diseases of perishable fruits and vegetables apple, orange, potato and tomato. 1.4 Isolation, purification and maintenance of storage fungi by agar slants, mineral oil storage, water storage, soil storage, liquid nitrogen and lyophilization.

Unit-II Mycotoxins in harvested products

2.1 Mycotoxin producing storage fungi and major mycotoxins produced by them. 2.2 Factors responsible for fungal growth and mycotoxin production in agricultural commodities. 2.3 Aflatoxins Occurrence and historical perspective, major types, properties, toxicity. 2.4 Prevention of mycotoxin formation, criteria for detoxification, physical methods of detoxification and their importance.

Unit-III Control of Plant diseases.

3.1 Regulatory and biological methods Quarantine and inspection, antibiosis, fungistasis. 3.2 Cultural methods Eradication of secondary hosts, crop rotation, rogueing, tillage, sanitation, creating conditions unfavourable to the pathogens, nutritional and soil amendments. 3.3 Chemical methods Requisites of a good fungicide, protective and systemic fungicides, seed and soil treatment by fungicides. 3.4 Breeding for disease resistance Important methods for developing resistant varieties, types of plant resistance to pathogens, genetics of virulence in pathogen and resistance in host plant.



POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Course No.510

Unit-: Pollination & floral diversity.

1.1 Pollination in angiosperms Autogamy, allogamy, geitnogamy- advantages & disadvantages, contrivances adopted by the plants to encourage self-pollination. 1.2 Floral diversity and pollination-Patterns of floral evolution; development of perianth shape and inflorescence. 1.3 Pollinating agents; structural adaptations in pollen to suit pollination strategies. 1.4 Floral characters associated with abiotic pollination; factors affecting abiotic pollination.

Unit-II: Agents effecting pollination.

2.1 Attractants for biotic pollinators Primary attractants, (nectar, pollen, oils, protection, brood place and sexual attraction), Floral and extra floral nectaries. 2.2 Attractants for biotic pollinators Secondary attractants, visual attractants flowers colour, structure, size & symmetry; offactory attractants like scent. 2.3 Foraging behavior of pollinators Foraging theory; Foraging strategies. 2.4 Flower-pollinator interactions- Nectar and pollen collecting devices of different insects, flower insect co-evolution.

Unit-III: Pollination mechanisms-cases ecology and effect.

3.1 Pollination mechanisms in Yucca, Vallisneria, Aristolochia and Orchids 3.2 Pollination mechanisms in Arum, Salvia, Scrophularia and Ficus. 3.3 Special cases of pollination Malphigiaceae, Callitrichaceae 3.4 Special cases of pollination Thlaspi arvense & Incarvillea emodi



Course No:551

PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Unit-I:

1.1 Unique features of plant development, differences between animal and plant development 1.2 Latent-life dormancy: Importance and types of dormancy; seed dormancy; overcoming seed dormancy, bud dormancy. 1.3 Seed germination: Metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins and mobilization of food reserves, tropisms. 1.4 Seedling growth: Hormonal control of seedling growth: gene expression; use of mutants in understanding seedling development. Unit-II:

2.1 Organization of root apical meristem (RAM): cell fates & lineages. 2.2 Vascular tissue differentiation; lateral roots; root hairs; root microbe interactions. 2.3 Organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM); cytological and molecular analysis of SAM: control of cell division and cell to cell communication. 2.4 Control of tissue differentiation esp. xylem and phloem; secretory ducts and laticifers; wood development in relation to environmental factors. Unit-III

3.1 Determination of leaf growth; phyllotaxy; control of leaf form. 3.2 Differentiation of epidermis (with special reference to stomata and trichomes) and mesophyll. 3.3 Basic concepts; types of cell death, programmed cell death in the life cycle of plants. 3.4 Metabolic changes associated with senescence and its regulation; influence of hormones and environmental factors on sensescene.



Course No: 552 PLANT RESOURCE CONSERVATION

UNIT-I: Conservation Priorities

1.1 Threats to plant diversity, species extinctions. 1.2 Environmental status of plants based on data generated by IUCN. 1.3 The need for conservation and principles of conservation; Convention on Biological

diversity (Salient features) and other initiatives/related to Biodiversity Conservation. 1.4 Priorities for conservation-wild relatives of crop plants. Land races of crop plants and

Medicinal plants, Rare, Threatened and endemic plants.

UNIT-II: In situ and Ex-situ-strategies for conservation.

2.1 Protected Areas-concept and Principles, conservation of wild biodiversity in sanctuaries, National Parks and Biosphere Reserves in India, Conservation of Wetlands. Forest.

2.2 Ex-situ conservation in Botanical gardens, field gene banks and seed banks, cryopreservation of Pollen and seed storage.

2.3 Role and activities of IUCN, WWF, UNEP, CBD, Millennium Assessment in resource conservation.

2.4 Contribution of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) in conservation, Govind Ballabah Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment(GBPHIED) and TERI (Tata Energy and Research Institute).

UNIT-III: Awareness for Resource Conservation

3.1 Role of educational institutions governments, consumers, market forces and media in conservation. Legislations and enactments on resource conservation.

3.2 Intellectual property rights: Basic concepts of Patenting in Research and Development Patenting system in India.

3.3 Methodological approaches to maintain ISO Standards-Role in Biodiversity Conservation.

3.4 Success stories on biodiversity Conservation at National and International level.



Course No: 553 PLANT CELL, TISSUE & ORGAN CULTRUE

Unit-I: Plant cell and tissue culture.

1.1 Introduction, history and scope of plant tissue culture 1.2 General techniques and tissue culture media 1.3 Suspension cultures and testing viability of cultured cells 1.4 Factors affecting single cell culture, plant cell reactors.

Unit-II: Organogenesis, adventive embryogenesis and somatic hybridization.

2.1 Factors affecting organogenic differentiation 2.2 Factors affecting induction, development and maturation of somatic embryos, loss of morphogenetic potential in long term cultures; concept and method of synthetic seed production, applications of somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds. 2.3 Factors affecting androgenesis, ontogeny of androgenic haploids, applications of in vitro haploid production. 2.4 Protoplast isolation, culture, fusion, hybrid selection and regeneration, genetic consequences of protoplast fusion, hybrids versus cybrids, applications of protoplast research.

Unit-III: Micro propagation, variant selection, secondary metabolite production and germplasm storage.

3.1 Factors affecting in vitro stages of micropropagation, rooting, hardening of micropropagated plants; applications and limitations of micropropagation. 3.2 Origin of somaclonal variation, mechanisms underlying genetic variation, selection of variants at plant and cell levels, prospects and achievements of somaclonal variation. 3.3 Strategies used for production of useful compounds through cell culture, factors affecting yield of products in culture, applications of in vitro production of secondary metabolities. 3.4 Freeze preservation of plant cells and organs and its applications in long term storage of germplasm, limitations of cryopreservation, methods of short-term storage of germplasm.



Course No: 554

GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS AND MICROBES

Unit-I: Recombinant DNA Technology

1.1 Principles and Techniques of gene cloning. 1.2 Genomic/c DNA libraries construction and choice of vectors 1.3 DNA synthesis & sequencing; Polymerase Chain Reaction 1.4 DNA fingerprinting Technique and applications.

Unit-II: Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microbes

2.1 Aims and strategies for development of transgenic plants. Transgenic plants for herbicide tolerance, pest (insect and viral) resistance and molecular farming; Agrobacterium The natural genetic engineer; T-DNA and transposon mediated gene tagging. 2.2 Chloroplast transformation technique and its utility; bacterial transformation; selection of recombinants and transformants. 2.3 Genetic improvement of industrial microbes and nitrogen fixers, fermentation technology a general account. 2.4 Intellectual property rights with reference to genetically engineered organisms; possible ecological risks and ethical concerns.

Unit-III: Genomics and Proteomics.

3.1 Genetic and physical mapping of genes, molecular markers for introgression of useful traits. 3.2 Artificial chromosomes BAC & YAC 3.3 Human genome project aims, objectives, achievements and risks; introductory bioinformatics 3.4 Functional genomics general concept; microarrays; protein profiling and its significance.



REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Course No.557

Unit 1

1.1 Reproductive modes in flowering plants- an overview. Essence of sexual reproduction, costs and benefits of sex- various concepts.

1.2 Transition to flowering- vegetative to reproductive evocation. Environmental control of flowering, concepts of photoperiodism and vernalisation.

1.3 Floral organogenesis- Homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis, Antirrhimum and Petunia. ABC, ABCD and ABCE models of floral organ determination. 1.4 Sex expression- Types and control. Gender expression in monoecious and dioecious

plants.

Unit II

2.1 Breeding system concept, types and significance in population structure, Hardy Weinberg law.

2.2 Breeding system in relation to crop improvement selection and breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. Concept of pure lines.

2.3 Selection and breeding methods for cross-pollinated crops. Inbreeding depression and hybrid vigour-various theories.

2.4 Parent-offspring conflict and sibling rivalry-concepts and case studies-Leucaena leuocephala and Dalbergia sissoo. Specialized breeding systems-Saggittaria potamogetifolia and Artemisia maritime.

Unit III

3.1 Fruits-types and developmental biology. Parthenocapy, fruit abortion-causes and consequences.

3.2 Seed biology-embryogenesis and pattern of embryo formation. Endosperm development, differentiation , ultrastructure and cytology.

3.3 Seed development-general account and patterns. Ovule abortion-causes and consequences.

3.4 Apomixis-concept, types and benefits, genetic control and evolutionary significance.



BIOSYSTEMATICS

Course No: 558

Unit: Synthetic theory of Evolution.

1.1 Charles Darwin and synthetic Theory of evolution, evolution through natural selection. 1.2 Populations; evolution at the population level through mutation, recombination, gene flow and selection. 1.3 Variability- kinds and patterns; phenetic variability and its analysis, geographical variability, transplant experiments of Clausen, Keck and Hiesey and experiments of MacMillan, genotype environment interaction. 1.4 Breeding systems: an overview, advantages, disadvantages and effectiveness of in- and out breeding in evolution.

Unit-II: The Species Problem

2.1 Speciation: general account and types; correlation between morphology and reproductive isolation. 2.2 Gradual speciation: geographical isolation, differentiation, merger of range, range overlap and resulting interactions. 2.3 Abrupt speciation polyploidy and catastrophic selection; leaky isolation barriers, gene flow and selection. 2.4 The concept of species morphological, biological and evolutionary concepts.

Unit-III Modern Biosystematics

3.1 Molecular markers in the study of variation; RELP and RAPD Techniques, applicability, advantages and prospects. 3.2 Statistics for the study of species: sampling, choice of characters, measurement of error, frequency distribution of characters. 3.3 Intra and Inter-population variation and significance tests (t- test, one way ANOVA), Taximetrics. 3.4 Biosystematics in agriculture and biodiversity: ancestry and progenitor testing, evaluation of phylogenetic kinship inventorising biodiversity.



PRINCIPLES OF PLANTS PATHOLOGY

Course No: 559

Unit-I: Inoculum and Inoculum potential.

1.1 Inoculum type and sources, factors affecting inoculum potential. 1.2 Production and dispersal of inocula of plant pathogen. 1.3 Elements of plant epidemics, host, pathogen and environmental factors. 1.4 Plant disease epidemic forecast: Assessment of inoculum and disease; Disease-warning systems and important examples of plant disease forecast systems.

Unit-II: Pathologesis-Pre-and Post-Penetration changes.

2.1 Prepenetration activities of the pathogens on host surface, Penetration of pathogens. 2.2 Post-penetration development of pathogens involving growth ad reproduction of the pathogen. 2.3 Defense mechanisms in plants; Morphological, histological and cellular defense. 2.4 Pre-and post-infection biochemical defense mechanisms; Reinforcement of host cell walls with strengthening molecules, simple phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, Pathogen-related (PR) proteins, Defense through plantibodies.

Unit-III: Chemical weapons of pathogenesis

3.1 Enzymes in plant disease: Enzymatic degradation of cell wall substances. 3.2 Microbial Toxins in plant disease; Non-host specific and host specific toxins. 3.3 Growth regulators in plant disease. 3.4 Role of polysaccharides in plant disease.



Botany

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