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Taxonomy

I) Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae- Mustard family)

Classification:Class : DicotyledoneaeSub-Class: PolypetalaeOrder: ParietalsFamily: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Genera and species: 365 genera and 3250 speciesDistribution: cosmopolitan

Vegetative Characters:

Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytesHabit: Annual herb, rarely biennial and perennial shrubRoot: Tap root system, branched, modified into napiform for storageStem: Erect, cylindrical, pubiscent or glabrous, usually herbaceous, branched or unbranched, solid.Leaf: Radical and cauline, alternate, sessile, exstipulate, simple, venation – unicostate or multicostate reticulate.

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence: Racemose type (raceme)Flowers: Ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, complete, perfect, tetramerous, hypogynousCalyx: Sepals - 4, polysepalous, arranged in two whorls, each whorl contains two sepals, aestivation-imbricate.Corolla: Petals - 4, polypetalous, alternate with sepals, cruciform, unguiculate(differentiated into distinct claw and a limb or blade), aestivation – valvate.Androceium: Stamens – 6, polyandrous, tetradynamous(stamens arranged in two whorls, two outer short and four inner long), anther- dithecous, basifixed and introrse or extrorse.Gynoceium: Carpels- 2, monocarpellary, ovary- superior, unilocular, but later becomes bilocular due to development of false septum called replum. Placentation- parietal, style – short and thick, stugma – bilobed or capitate. Pollination: Self or crossFruit: Siliqua or silicula Seed: Non endospermic(Ex- albumious)

Floral formula: K2+2 C4 A2+4 G (2)

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Identifying Characters:

Plant herbaceous Leaves exstipulate and usually lyrate Inflorescence – racemose Flowers ebracteate, complete, perfect, hypogynous, di ot tetramerous Calyx: with 4 sepasls, polypetalous, petals unguiculate(with limb and claw), cruciform

and valvate Stamens- 6, tetradynamous Carpels - 2, syncarpous, ovary bilocular due to presence of false septum called replum Placentation – parietal Fruit – siliqua or silicula

Economic importance:

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Vegetable Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) VegetableTurnip (Brassica rapa) VegetableRadish (Raphanus sativus) VegetableMustard (Brassica camperstris) Oilseed

Floral Diagram:

II) Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae- Pea family)

Classification:

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Class : DicotyledoneaeSub-Class: PolypetalaeOrder: RosalesFamily: FabaceaeSub- family: Papilonaceae

Genera and species: 420 genera and 7000 speciesDistribution: cosmopolitan

Vegetative Characters:

Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytesHabit: Annual herbs, perennial shrubs, trees or climbersRoot: Tap root system, roots with root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium)Stem: Erect, prostate or climbers, cylindrical, pubiscent or glabrous, herbaceous, branched, solid or fistular, slender or angular.Leaf: Cauline and ramal, stipulate(generally foliaceous) generally alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, either paripinoiate or imparipiniate, compound (rarely simple), venation – unicostate reticulate.

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence: Racemose type (simple raceme or axillary raceme)Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, pedicellate, zygomorphic, complete, perfect, pentamerous except pistil, hypogynous or slightly perigynous, papilionaceousCalyx: Sepals – (5), gampsepalous, unequal in size or sepal anterior, persistent, campanulate, inferior, aestivation- ascending imbricateCorolla: Petals – 1+2+(2),papilionaceous(one posterior largest petal (standard vexillum) that encloses two lateral petals (wings or alae) and two fused boat-like petals(keels or carina) aestivation – descending or vexillary imbricate, inferiorAndroceium: Stamens – 1 + (9), diadelphous, one posterior stamen is free, but remaining 9 are fused to form incomplete stamina tube that encloses ovary, or rarely (10), (5)+(5) or (9) monodelphous, inferior, anther- dithecous, basifixed or dorsifixed, introrseGynoceium: monocarpellary, ovary- superior, unilocular, single ovule, Placentation- marginal, style – short and curved, stigma generally feathery. Pollination: Self or cross(entomophily by insects)Fruit: Legume or pod (dehiscence formed by placentation margin)Seed: Exalbumious with two cotyledons

Floral formula: Br or Ebr % K1+2+(2) C1+2+(2) A1+(9) G (1)

Identifying Characters:

Plant herbaceous

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Root with root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, i.e. Rhizobium Leaf- Stipulate(generally poliaceous) paripiniate or imparipiniate, in some plants leaves

are modified into tendril Inflorescence – racemose Flowers Bracteate or ebracteate, complete,zygomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous,

hypogynous Calyx- persistent or sepal anterior Corolla – papilionaceous Monocarpellarty, ovary superior, placentation axillary Fruit – Legume or bud

Economic importance:

Pea (Pisum sativum) Vegetable + PulsesBroadbean (Vicia faba) Vegetable + PulsesGround nut (Archis hypogea) Vegetable + PulsesCow pea (Vigna sinesis) Vegetable = Pulses

III) Family: Solanaceae (Nightshade family)

Classification:

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Class : DicotyledoneaeSub-Class: GamopetalaeOrder: PolemonialesFamily: Solanaceae

Genera and species: 95 genera and 2200 speciesDistribution: cosmopolitan

Vegetative Characters:

Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes, rarely xerophytesHabit: Generally Annual herbs, perennial shrubs or rarely perennial treesRoot: Tap root systemStem: Erect or prostate, branched, either cylindrical or angular, pubiscent or glabrous, usually herbaceous or woody, branched, bicollateral type of vascular bundle, solid or rarely fistular.Leaf: Cauline and ramal, alternate in vegetative region but opposite in floral region, petiolate or rarely sessile, exstipulate, simple or rarely compound(tomato and potato), venation – unicostate reticulate.

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence: Cymose( axillary, extra axillary, sub umbellate cyme, combination of cyme), rarely solitary (or terminal) Flowers: Ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic (due to obliquely placed ovary), complete, perfect, hypogynous, outer three whorls pentamerous(pistil is not pentamerous), hypogynousCalyx: Sepals – (5), gamosepalous, persistent, aestivation-valvate, inferior, campanulate or tubularCorolla: Petals – (5) , gamopetalous, tubular, campanulate or infundibulum, inferior, aestivation – valvate.Androceium: Stamens – 5, polyandrous, epipetalous, alternipetalous, anther- dithecous, basifixed or dorsifgixed, introrse, dehiscence of anther through apical poresm connate anthers in some plants of this family (Solanum, Lycopersicum), filaments – short, simple and slenderGynoceium: Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary- superior, obliquely placed, bilocular or rarely tetralocular(Dhaturo) due to development of false septum called replum, many ovules in each locule, placentation- exile and swollen placenta, style – simple and slender, stigma – single lobed, capitate. Pollination: Self or crossFruit: Berry or capsuleSeed: Albuminous or rarely exalbuminous, with two cotyledons

Floral formula: Ebr K(5) C(5) A5 G (2)

Identifying Characters:

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Stem has bicolateral type of vascular bundle Leaves- alternate in vegetative region, but opposite in floral region, unicostate reticulate

venation Inflorescence – cymose Flower ebracteate, complete, perfect, hypogynous Persistent calyx Gamopetallous condition Epipetallous stamens, alternae petallous, dehiscence of anther through apical pores Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary superior and obliquely placed, placentation exile with

swollen placenta Fruit – Berry or Capsule

Economic importance:

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) VegetableNightshade (sflnu]8L) (Solanum nigrum) Medicinal value for haemorrhage treatmentTomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Edible useChilli (Capsicum anuum) Edible spices

Floral diagram:

IV) Family: Asteraceae(Compositae- Composite family)

Classification:

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Class : DicotyledoneaeSub-Class: GamopetalaeOrder: AsteralesFamily: Asteraceae(Compositae)

Genera and species: 1500 genera and 23000 speciesDistribution: cosmopolitan

Vegetative Characters:

Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytes, rarely xerophytesHabit: Annual, biennial herbs, perennial shrubs or rarely perennial treesRoot: Tap root system, in some species, tap root is modified as fasciculated root in DahliaStem: Erect or prostate, branched, either cylindrical , pubiscent, usually herbaceous or rarely woody, branched, solid or rarely fistular.Leaf: Cauline and ramal, alternate or opposite or whorled, petiolate or sessile, exstipulate, petiolate or sessile, margin pinnately or palmately lobed, simple or rarely compound(venation – unicostate reticulate.

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence: Few to many flowered capitulum or head enveloped by an involucre of bract.

Ray floret:Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, zygomorphic, sessile, incomplete, unisexual(pistillate), ligulate, epigynous Calyx: Sepals – (2-5) or 2-5 polysepalous or gamosepalous, pappous or membranous (transparent paper-like structure or membrane-like), persistent, aestivation-valvate, superiorCorolla: Petals – (3-5) , gamopetalous, ligulate, superior, aestivation- valvateAndroceium: AbsentGynoceium: Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary- inferior, unilocular, single ovule in each locule, placentation- basal, style – long, simple and slender, stigma – bifidPollination: cross (entomophily)Fruit: Cypsela (dry, indehiscence fruit developed by bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior and placentation- basal)Seed: Albuminous or exalbuminous, with two cotyledons

Floral formula: Br % ♀K(2-5) OR 2-5 PAPPOUS C(3-5) A0 G (2)

Disc floret:Flower: Bracteate or ebracteate, actinomorphic, sessile, complete, bisexual, tubular, epigynous Calyx: similar to ray floret

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Corolla: Petals – (5) , gamopetalous, tubular, superior, aestivation- valvateAndroceium: Stamens (5), syngenesious, epipetalous, alternepetalous, anther- dithecous, basifixed or dorsifixed, introrse, filament simple and slenderGynoceium: similar to ray floretPollination: self or cross (entomophily)Fruit: Cypsela Seed: Albuminous or exalbuminous, with two cotyledons

Floral formula: Br K(2-5) OR 2-5 PAPPOUS C(5) A(5) G (2)Identifying Characters:

Tap root system Unicostate reticulate venation Inflorescence – Head or capitulum with involucre of bract Flower epigynous Ray floret- zygomorphic, pistillate and ligulate Disc floret – actinomorphic, bisexual and tubular Calyx – pappous or membranous and persistent Gamopetallous condition Androceium is syngenecious and epipetalous which is only present in disc floret Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior and placentation basal Fruit – Berry or Capsule

Sunflower – (Helianthus annus) oilMarigold – (Tagetes patula) ornamental purposeLahure phul – (Dahlia hybrid) ornamental

V) Family: Gramineae (Poaceae- Wheat family)

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Classification:Class : MonocotyledoneaeOrder: Poales Family: Poaceae(Gramineae)

Genera and species: 95 genera and 2200 speciesDistribution: cosmopolitan

Vegetative Characters:

Habitat: Wild or cultivated, mesophytesHabit: Annual or perennial herbs or rarely shrubsRoot: Fibrous or adventitious root system, stilt roots in maize, sugarcane, bamboo etc.Stem: Erect or prostate or creepers, unbranched, herbaceous or rarely woody culm(nodes solids and internodes fistular), pubiscent or glabrous, distinct nodes and internodes, terrate,(both nodes and internodes solid in sugarcane , maize) Leaf: Cauline and radical, exstipulate, sessile, alternate, simple leaf with leaf sheath and leaf blades ligules may be present at the junction of leaf sheath encloses internodes, leafblade, long, narrow, lanceolate with venation parallel

Floral Characters:

Inflorescence: Racemose(spike of spikelets), each spikelet consists of two sterile peripheral glooms and 1 to 15 flowers.Flowers: Bracteate(outer lemma with stiff hair-like structure called awn and palea),sessile. zygomorphic, incomplete, perfect(rarely unisexual), hypogynousPerianth: Reduced or absent, tepals -2 or rarely 3, polyphyllous, lodicules inferiorAndroceium: Stamens – 3 or rarely (3+3) (in rice, bamboo etc) exherted, anher – dithecous, versatile, introrse, filament long, simple and slender, ovary superior, unilocular, single ovule, placentation basal, style very short or absent, stigma- two or featheryPollination: Cross pollination (entimophily)Fruit: Caryopsis (grains)Seed: Albuminous with one cotyledon

Floral formula: Br % /♀/♂ P2 or rarely 3 (lodicules) A3 OR RARELY 3+3, G (1)

Identifying Characters:

Fibrous Root System(in some plants stilt root system)

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Stem culm and terrate Leaf with leaf seed and leaf blade, venation parallel Inflorescence – spike of spikelet Flower – Bracteate ( outer lemma with awn and inner palea), zygomorphic and

hypogynous Perianth lodicules Versatile anther Monocarpellary, ovary superior, placentation basal and stigma feathery Fruit caryopsis or grains

Economic importance

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) foodMaize (Zea mays) foodRIce (Oryza sativa) foodSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) SugarBamboo (Dendrocalamus hemiltoni) Domestic

Floral Diagram