Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe...

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1 Thyroid Disease James Bonucchi, DO, ECNU, FACE CoxHealth Disclosures Sanofi‐Aventis speaker’s bureau. Astra‐Zenica speaker’s bureau BI‐Lilly speaker’s bureau. Objectives Thyroid nodule work up What scans and when Management of thyroid nodules Thyroid cancer treatment.

Transcript of Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe...

Page 1: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Thyroid Disease

James Bonucchi, DO, ECNU, FACE

CoxHealth

Disclosures

Sanofi‐Aventis speaker’s bureau.

Astra‐Zenica speaker’s bureau 

BI‐Lilly speaker’s bureau.

Objectives

Thyroid nodule work up

What scans and when

Management of thyroid nodules

Thyroid cancer treatment. 

Page 2: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Case Presentation

54 year old female

Previous hypothyroidism

Hypertension/Hyperlipidemia

Presents to PCP with weeks of neck pain

Peri‐menopausal symptoms

With addition of BP med feeling some fatigue 

Denies dysphagia or palpitations

MRI

MRI Report

C‐spine without problems

1.1 cm lesion of the right lobe of the thyroid gland is nonspecific in appearance and could represent a cyst although a solid lesion is not excluded.  

Would recommend further evaluation with ultrasound or nuclear medicine thyroid scan if clinically indicated.

Page 3: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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What was my next next step?

Thyroid nodule work up

TSH measurement:

High or normal TSH, thyroid US next step

TSH low, radionuclide thyroid scan next step

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Further Case Information

No family history of thyroid cancer

No history of radiation exposure

Clinically euthyroid

On exam, thyroid nodule not palpable but R thyroid more full than L

TSH was 2.99

Questions about the history, or other questions about the patient?  

Page 4: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Thyroid US

Thyroid US

US Report

The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm.  

0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications. No evidence of increased color‐flow present. 

The left lobe measures 2.4 x 0.9 x 0.8 cm. 

Uniform echogenicity and color‐flow.

Page 5: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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What  to do now?

Observation

Small size (5 mm)

No family history of thyroid cancer

No history of radiation exposure

TSH not elevated

BUT

Calcified

TSH upper range of normal

Solitary nodule

Further work up

Iodine scan?

Biopsy?

Repeat US?

Thyroid Nodule Patterns

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Thyroid nodule work up

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Page 6: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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When to Biopsy?

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Case

7 mm nodule, solid hypoechoic with microcalcifications.  Nodule is taller than wide.

‐elected to follow due to less than 1 cm in size.  

6 month US

Page 7: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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6 month US

Right thyroid nodule, enlarged to 0.8 x 0.7 x 0.8 cm from 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm in 6 months.

Hypoechoic, taller than wide.  Solid. With microcalcifations. Ill‐defined margins. 

Next Step?

Iodine scan?

Biopsy?

Repeat US

Thyroid nodule FNA

Page 8: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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FNA results

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

FNA results

‐ Non diagnostic:  Repeat FNA vs. surgery

‐ Benign:  Observation, risk of malignancy 0‐3%.  

Follow with serial US

‐ Suspicious for malignancy:  60‐75% risk (At Cox, over 90% risk) hemithyroidectomy vs. total thyroidectomy

‐Malignant:  97‐99% (at Cox 99% risk) total thyroidectomy.

FNA results

Atypia of Undetermined Significance (AUS) and Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance FLUS:  5‐15% risk of malignancy

Follicular neoplasm:  15‐30% risk of malignancy

Surgery, Follow‐up Imaging, Molecular testing

Page 9: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Molecular testing

Papillary thyroid cancer:  BRAF, RET/PTC, RAS mutations

Follicular carcinoma: RAS, PAX8, PPAR‐gamma mutations

Molecular testing

Thyroseq v3:  Mutational analysis 112 genes tested:  NPV: 97‐98% PPV: 64‐68%

Afirma:  mRNA genomic sequencing 167 genes

NPV 96%, PPV: 47%, 

ThyraMIR/ThyGenX:  miRNA genes and mutational analysis.  NPV 91‐97%, PPV: 68‐82%

Page 10: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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At Cox

Currently use Afirma for most cases

Thyroseq FDA approved for under 18.

Thyroid nodules

TSH suppression with levothyroxine not recommended.

Growing nodules >4cm on repeat FNA benign, consider surgery.

Follow most benign nodules with periodic US.

‐expect modest growth, need not repeat FNA.

Symptomatic cysts that recur after drainage, consider surgery.

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Back to the case

Concerning appearing nodule, enlarging, FNA performed

Page 11: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Final Path

Thyroid, right, fine needle aspiration:

Satisfactory for evaluation.

Malignant

Papillary thyroid carcinoma. 

What is the next step?

Pre‐op neck US

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Imaging

Consideration for CT scan with contrast should be made

risk of iodine suppression

PET scan pre‐op generally not recommended

Page 12: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Thyroid surgery

With malignant FNA

After neck US, next step is thyroid surgery

‐hemithyroidecomy

‐total thyroidectomy

+/‐ central and/or lateral neck dissection

Extent of surgery

• Thyroid cancer < 1 cm in size without extra‐thyroidal extension on imaging or lymphadenopathy on imaging:  Thyroid lobectomy.

• Thyroid cancer 1‐4 cm without extra‐thyroidal extension without lymphadenopathy total thyroidectomy vs hemi‐thyroidectomy for low risk tumors.

Extent of surgery

• Thyroid cancer >4 cm: total thyroidectomy

• Thyroid cancer with positive or suspect lymph nodes on imaging, total thyroidectomy with compartment neck dissection.

Page 13: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Extent of surgery

• Central neck dissection recommended for disease T3, T4 or extra‐thyroidal extension

• Not recommended for most T1,T2 disease 

Lateral neck

If pre‐op imaging shows concerning lymph nodes:

US guided FNA with Thyroglobulin washout. (>1 ng/ml)

Positive: lateral neck dissection recommended levels 2‐4 or involved compartment.

Back to the case

Page 14: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Total Thyroidectomy

Thyroid, total thyroidectomy:Papillary carcinoma 7 mm maximal diameter.No extension beyond inked margins.

Thyroid, isthmus:Papillary thyroid carcinoma, approximately 2 mm in diameter.Margins negative.  

Thyroid, left lobe:Interfollicular lymphoid aggregates, NO tumor elements identified. 

Perithyroidal lymph nodes, two:No atypical features present.

Summary to this point

Incidental thyroid nodule on MRI

First US 5 mm

Repeat 6 months later 7 mm

FNA shows papillary thyroid cancer

Final path shows multifocal thyroid cancer, less than 1 cm.

How do we proceed now?

Thyroid cancer classificationAge is now 55

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Page 15: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Thyroid cancer risk

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Thyroid cancer treatment after surgery

Radioactive iodine

TSH suppression with thyroid hormone replacement

On going surveillance

Radio‐active Iodine?

Pros vs. Cons

Ease of follow up

Secondary malignancy risk

Change in life expectancy

Page 16: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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ATA low risk

Radioactive iodine generally not recommended in ATA low risk patients

TSH Goal:  0.5‐2 If unstimulated Tg <0.2

0.1‐0.5 if unstimulated Tg >0.2

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

ATA intermediate risk

Consider remnant ablation lower dose 30 mCipreferred

TSH goal 0.1‐0.5

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

ATA high risk

Adjuvant ablation consider 100‐200 mCi

TSH goal <0.1

Haugen et al, Thyroid 2016 ATA guidelines

Page 17: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Remnant ablation

Thyroid cancer surveillance

Unstimulated Thyroglobulin panel levels

Periodic neck ultrasounds

rTSH stimulated Thyroglobulin panel and/or whole body scan

Follow with endocrinologist for 20 years or more

Patient Update

Levothyroxine 150 mcg/d replacement therapy 

Post therapy: Tg <0.2, TSH 0.28 (0.3‐5)

US no evidence of recurrence 5 years out.

Has a few benign appearing lymph nodes.

Tg remains undetectable 10 years later

Page 18: Bonucchi Thyroid Nodule and Cancer ATA 2016 · Thyroid US Thyroid US US Report The right lobe measures 3.8 x 1.3 x 1.2 cm. 0.7 x 0.6 x 0.5 cm hypoechoic nodule with calcifications.

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Summary

Thyroid incidentalomas are a common problem

US is the most sensitive test for thyroid nodules

Operator dependent

Thyroid scan if TSH low

Appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism

Indications for FNA of thyroid nodules

Appropriate treatment for thyroid cancer with help of 

neighborhood thyroid cancer endocrinologist.

Questions?

Thank You