Blood and Plasma Prof. K. Sivapalan. June 2013Blood and plasma2 Blood – introduction. Blood is a...
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![Page 1: Blood and Plasma Prof. K. Sivapalan. June 2013Blood and plasma2 Blood – introduction. Blood is a liquid tissue. It has different types of cells. Intercellular.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110116/551a863b550346761a8b52e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Blood and Plasma
Prof. K. Sivapalan
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 2
Blood – introduction.
• Blood is a liquid tissue.
• It has different types of cells.
• Intercellular substance is Plasma.
• There are no tight junctions, collagen, and hyaluronic acid.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 3
Composition of the blood.
• Plasma:– Serum + fibrinogen.
• Cells– Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)– White blood cells
(leucocytes).• Neurtophil, eosinophil,
basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte.
– Platelets.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 4
Physical properties.
• Color- red. [hemoglobin]• Osmolality: 290 – 300 m osmol/L.• Osmotic pressure: 5000 mm Hg. [≈7 Atm]• Colloid osmotic pressure [oncotic
pressure] : 25 mm. Hg.• Viscosity: 3 – 4 times that of water.• Specific gravity: 1.050 – 1.060.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 5
Functions of Blood
• Transport of,• Water.• Oxygen.• Nutrients:
• Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, iron, calcium, etc.
• Wastes:– Urea, carbon dioxide, bilirubin, heat, acid.
• Hormones:– Water soluble, – fat soluble.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 6
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD-ctd..
• Microcirculation.• Hemostasis.
– Platelets, fibrinogen and clotting factors.• Immunity.
– Antibodies, white blood cells.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 7
BLOOD VOLUME.• Blood : 8 % of the body weight.• 80 ml / Kg ± 10 %• Plasma: 5 % of the body weight.•Males 5-6, females 4-5 liters.Distribution in the vessels:
Lungs- 20 % [1 Liter.]
Veins- 60 % [3 Liters.]
Heart, Arteries, capillaries:
20 % [1 Liter.]
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 8
Distribution in Detail.
Structure. Percentage
Aorta 02Arteries 08
Arterioles 01Capillaries. 05
Veins- venules, veins, vena cave
54
Heart 12Pulmonary vessels 18
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 9
Measurement.
• Dilution method.• V1C1 = V2C2.
• Plasma volume.• Evans blue, Rose Bengal, Vital Red, Radioactive
Iodine etc.
• Blood volume.– Red Cells labeled with Radio active
Chromium.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 10
Factors that Affect Blood Volume.
• ECF volume- Sodium ions
Dehydration.
Water Balance.
• Blood loss.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 11
Control of Blood Volume.
• Circulatory mechanism• Volume receptor mechanism.• Renin - Angiotensin – Aldesterone
mechanism.• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 12
Circulatory Mechanism
• Blood volume determines cardiac output.• Cardiac output determines blood pressure.• Blood pressure determines Urine
production.• Urine production determines ECF volume
and blood volume.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 13
Volume Receptor Mechanism.Volume receptors in RA and IVC.
[stimulated by stretch which represents blood volume]
Post. Pituitary through Hypothalamus.
Anti Diuretic Hormone. Collecting ducts in Kidney.
Decreased blood volume.
+ [ ↑ impulses in afferents with volume]
- [ ↓secretion.]
- [Reabsorption of water ↓, ↑Urine out put ]
-
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 14
Renin - Angiotensin – Aldesterone Mechanism.
• Renin is secreted by the Juxta Glomerular Cells in response to low sodium in tubule and low blood pressure in afferent arterioles.
• It converts angeotensinogen into angeotensin I which in turn gets converted to angeotensin II.
• Angeotensin stimulates secretion of Aldesteron.• Aldesteron stimulates sodium re-absorption in
distal tubule.• Keeps blood volume due to osmotic force.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 15
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide.
• Stretch of the right atrium is determined by venus return which mainly depends on blood volume.
• ANP is secreted by Right Atrium in response to stretch.
• ANP causes Sodium and water loss in urine.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 16
Properties of plasma.
• Straw color.• Volume - 3.5 liters.• High Viscosity.• Osmolality- 290 m Osmols/L• Specific gravity- 1.025.• Coagulability.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 17
Composition of PLASMA.
• Proteins- 7.5 g/100 ml. (dL)– Albumin. 4.5
g.– Globulin. 2.5
g.– Fibrinogen. 0.3 g.– [source: liver, plasma cells.]
• Electrolytes.• Nutrients.• Hormones.• Waste products.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 18
Functions of plasma.
• Fluid exchange.• Maintenance of pH- Buffering.• Transport of substances.• Hemostasis- Clotting.• Immunity.• Reserve of body proteins.
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June 2013 Blood and plasma 19
MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY.
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
• Height of clear plasma at the end of the first hour of standing.
• Determinants of ESR:– VISCOSITY of plasma.– ROULEAUX formation.
• Westegran tube in ESR stand.
• VISCOMETER.