BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS COLLECTION.ppt

7/29/2019 BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS COLLECTION.ppt

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BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS

COLLECTIONTRANSFUSION AND

PRESERVATION OF BLOOD

PRESENTED BY

DR ABAS RASHID BHATMVSC SCHOLAR IST YEAR


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REASONS OF BLOOD COLLECTIONBlood Tests

Transfusion

Blood Biochemistry

Pathogen identification


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METHODSBlood samples are collected by venal

puncture on live animal, as cleanly aspossible, using sterile equipment, and with

respect for the welfare of the animal.

Use new needle and syringe for each animal.

Dispose needles properly,

Clean the puncture area with 70% alcohol,Handle animals calmly and using appropriate

restraint,


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Cont Although most techniques do not

require large amount of blood it is

preferable to collect at least2.5mL of blood, but ideally 10mLin large animals, and 4-6mL in

small animals.

Identify the sample with a

permanent method and fill thesampling form at the time ofsampling.


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SITES OF BLOOD COLLECTION Jugular veins (large animals),

Brachial, brachiocephalic, femoral, tarsal veins,

Cranial Vena cava in pigs,

Mammary veins,

Ear veins in pigs: 20 gauge needle,

Saphenous veins, retro-orbital veins, intracardial

punction in rodents, small vertebrates, use a 23

gauge needle,

Wings (brachial) in chicken, use 20 to 23 gauge

needle.


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PRECAUTIONWhole blood is prone to hemolysis.

Preferentially use a vacutainer instead of asyringe

If you have to transfer the blood from a syringe

to a sample container, remove the needle firstand transfer slowly and smoothly

Do not shake the blood.

Do not freeze whole blood.


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TRANSFERRING OF BLOOD.BLOOD TRANSFER


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Whole blood samples preservation

WHOLE BLOOD means with allConstituents

the blood needs to be stored properly , withan anticoagulant. Different anticoagulants are

available in commercial tubes such as: EDTA(purple tubes) or Heparin (green tubes).However EDTA is often recommended.For virology antibiotics may be added. 200units of penicillin and 200 mg of streptomycinper ml of blood.


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Whole blood samples should be sent to the

laboratory in an insulated container with ice

at 4C.

.They should not be frozen.

->Blood samples for virology must be sent tothe laboratory within 24 to 72 hours

depending on virus survivability.


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PLASMA COLLECTION

Supernatent of

unclotted blood

Stored at -20 deg cel.


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SERUM

SERUM=PLASMA

CLOTTING

FACTORS

PRESERVED BY

REFRIGERATION


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Blood Transfusion InVeterinary practice


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Introduction

Significant increase in blood transfusionsfor over the past 20 years in small animal

medicin

Mostcommonly used products: whole

blood, packed red blood cells, plasma


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Whole blood PLASMA


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Blood Types

Canine:

Thirteen canine blood types

Designated by DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) & a

number (DEA 1, DEA 2, DEA 3, etc).

Important alleles of DEA 1: 1.1 and 1.2

DEA 1.1 positive (most common type) => universal

recipient DEA 1.1 and 1.2 negative => universal donor


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Blood Types

Feline

AB blood type system

Types: A, B, AB (very rare)

Naturally occurring alloantibodies to other blood

groups => no universal donor in cats

Type A cats: weak anti-B alloantibodies (weak

reaction if transfused w/ B blood) Type B cats: high anti-A alloantibodies (severe

reaction if transfused w/ A blood)


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Cross-matching Predicts a transfusion recipients response to a donors

RBCs and plasma Majorcross-match

detects antibodies in the recipients plasma that can cause ahemolytic reaction to donor RBCs

Minorcross-match detects antibodies in the donors plasma that might react to

recipients RBCs

RBC agglutination = Incompatibility


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Incubation for 15min at 37C,room temperature , and

4C

CROSSMATCH DONOR(ml) RECIPIENT(ml)

RED CELL SERUM RED CELL SERUM

MAJOR 0.1 --- --- 0.1

MINOR --- 0.1 0.1 ---

DONOR CONTROL 0.1 0.1 --- ---

RECIPIENT CONT. ---- --- 0.1 0.1


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Cross-matching - Canine

Dogs lack naturally occurring alloantibodies =>

a cross-match does not need to be performed

on a patient receiving a transfusion for the

first time

Sensitization takes about 3 days

No cross-match needed if transfused within the

previous 72 hours

Cross-match becomes necessary 72 hours after a

dog receives a transfusion


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Cross-matching - Feline

All cats should be cross-matchedif blood type is

unknown or typing card unavailable

D


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Donors

Canine

Good generalhealth

Between 1-8 years ofage

Minimum weightof 25 Kg (55 lb) - allows 450 mL ofblood to be collected

PCVshould be 40%

Currenton vaccinations (DALPP, Rabies)

Yearly exam and full CBC/Chemistry / heartwormantigen test

Infectious diseases screening:.>Donors should not have had any previoustransfusions because of risk to foreign RBC antigens

and the development of antibodies


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TRANSFUSION IN LARGE ANIMALS

OCCASIONAL

SHOULD BE Checked for compatibility

Done in babesiosis,anemia,blood loss etcBiological compatibility test(10 ml blood iv)

Isttransfusionno risk

2ndtransfusion-risk

C i Bl d C ll ti


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Canine Blood Collection

Donorin lateral recumbency

Fur over the jugular vein is clippedand aseptically prepped

A 16g needle is inserted into the jugular vein

The bag is gently rocked back and forth as it fills,

distributing the anti-coagulant(63ml CPDA)evenly; the sample is periodically weighed untilthe proper volume is achieved

Canine units are usually450 mL or 450 grams The hemostat is clamped back

Pressure is applied to jugular vein to preventhematoma


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Dosages

ACD@15ml per 100 ml bloodCPD and CPDA-1 @14ml per 100 ml

blood

at 2 to 6C, ACD whole blood and CPD

whole blood can be used within 21 days

after collection. (70% live rbc)In CPDA-135 DAYS

Heparin less used


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Administration

Blood products should be allowed tocome to room temperature beforeadministration

Plasma is thawed by placing theplasma in a protective plastic bag andsubmerging it in a warm water bathnot exceeding 98.6 F (37 C) - 30-60minutes is generally adequate forthawing.


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Administration

Several routes may be used for administeringblood products

Intravenous (via 22-18g IVC) is the most common

and effective, delivering blood products directlyinto circulation

Intraosseous is also effective when vascular

access is difficult or unsuccessful and often usedfor neonates

Intraperitoneal

Plasma transfusion: for clotting factors


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Plasma transfusion: for clotting factors

170-220 m in-line filter

Smaller doses may be given via a 17um Hemo-nate

filter Filters prevent protein debris, cellular debris, and

blood clots from passing to the patient

Blood products may be infused via free drip,

syringe pump and fluid pump

Amount of donor whole blood (ml) required:

= 90 x BW (kg) x Desired PCV-Actual PCVDonor PCV


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Administration Administration rates are variable

Patients with massive hemorrhagemayrequire a rapid transfusion

Patients with chronic anemia need a slower infusion

Blood components should always be infused slowly (1mL/kg) for the initial 15-30 minutes while observing fortransfusion reaction

Subsequently, the rate may be increased to 5-10

mL/kg/hr The blood product should be infused as quickly as the

patient can safely tolerate, while maintaining detailedmonitoring


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Reactions

Immune-mediated Hemolytic

Acute

Delayed Non-hemolytic

Non-immune-mediated


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ReactionSIGNS

Chills, Fever, Urticaria, Tachycardia,Dyspnea, Nausea and vomiting,Tightness in the chest, chest ,

HHypotension, Bronchospasm,Angioneurotic edema, Anaphylaxis,Shock, Pulmonary edema, and

Congestivefailure


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MANAGEMENT OF RXNS

Treatment depends on the severityDiscontinuing thtransfusion

+administering drugs to stop the

hypersensitivity reaction Like CPM,

coticosteriods,adrenaline.

Once medications have taken effect and the patientis stabilized, the transfusion may be continued


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COMPLICATIONS

Hypocalcemia

Fluid OVERLOAD

Disease transmission

COAGULOPATHIES(HEPARIN)


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THANKS

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