Blackadder Goes Forth (1989) BBC Two Television, 5 October.

During this session we will cover the following topics:

INTRODUCTION

• what we mean by the phrase ‘presenting evidence’

• why, when and where we acknowledge others’ work

• how expectations can vary across subjects

• an example of a referencing system: Harvard

• what happens when we fail to acknowledge others’ work

• strategies for presenting evidence effectively

WHAT DOES ‘PRESENTING EVIDENCE’ MEAN?

• to construct a convincing argument or piece of work you may need to provide supporting evidence in the form of data, theory, ‘expert opinion’ and so on

• where you use someone’s work you are expected to acknowledge the original author in a particular way – matching particular academic conventions

• an author can be an individual, collection of individuals or an organisation

• expectations vary between different subjects but the principles of using supporting evidence and acknowledging the source tends to be consistent (and as we’ll see, there are consequences for failing to comply with this)

Some key principles surrounding presenting evidence:

WHY DOES IT MATTER?

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY EVIDENCE?

• Student perspectives to be added in class

Examples of evidence across different academic disciplines:

Indirect citation in the text: where you put someone else’s work or ideas into your own words. This aids how your work ‘reads’ and suggests you may have interpreted rather than reproduced someone else’s work.

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: COMPONENTS

Direct citation in the text (short): useful when the original words have a ‘high impact’ or are fundamental to the topic.

Direct citation in the text (long): where you want to cite a quotation of more than one sentence - this should be indented in the text. This should be used sparingly as they are not your own words.

Reference list or bibliography: so that the reader can follow up citations from the text (or presentation) that were of particular interest. It also means your text doesn’t become clouded by technical bibliographical detail.

Indirect citation in the text e.g. Hepburn (2008) proposes that, contrary some success stories, the industry was entering a period of decline.

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: CITATION IN THE TEXT

Direct citation in the text (long) e.g.Despite high profile success stories, there is clear evidence that the boom has passed and that the industry is beginning to experience a downturn. Such is the benefit of taking a broad view of market conditions, over individual case studies. (Hepburn 2008, p.29)

Direct citation in the text (short) e.g.In her 2008 report Forecasts for Fashion, Hepburn points to the ‘clear evidence that the boom has passed and that the industry is beginning to experience a downturn (p.29).’

Where you want to point to a specific piece of info e.g. According to Smith (2004, p.21) the availability to purchase online reduced the power of high street retailers, accounting for a 13% drop in sales.

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: INDIRECT CITATION

With two authors e.g. The Paris fashion industry has remained largely unaffected by global trends (Dunckel & Godin, 2007).

More than two authors e.g. Others point towards the cyclical nature of the European fashion retail industry (Thomson et al, 1999).’

With organisation as an author e.g. Business leaders feel that now is a good time to invest (Confederation of Cosmetic Retailers, 2008).

Comparing different positions e.g. Despite the historical stability of the fashion industry (Peppard 2006, Stewart 2007), Hepburn (2008) forecasts the beginning of a downturn.

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: DURING A PRESENTATIONFor best effect, aim to cite sources orally, on the accompanying slide (where you are using them) and also in a reference list to be shown or shared at the end of the presentation:

(video to be shown in class)

A book with a single author:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Surname, Initial. (Year published) Title of book in italics. Edition where not the first edition. Place of publication: Publishing company.

James, D. (2000) The big book of birds. Denningston: Denningston University Press.

James, D. (2005) The big book of birds. 2nd edn. Denningston: Denningston University Press.

Acknowledging the author of a newspaper article:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Article author’s surname, Initial. (Year article published) ‘Title of newspaper article’ Newspaper that article appeared within in italics, day and month, page.

Acknowledging the author of a journal article:

Article author’s surname, Initial. (Year article published) ‘Title of article’, Journal that article appeared within in italics,Volume number, part number, pages of article.

Garner, A. (1992) ‘Brent geese put paid to plans for new football ground’ The Hampshire Chronicle, 18 May, p. 6.

Nugent, D. (2004) ‘Saying a prayer for our birds of prey’ Issues in ecological conservation, 12(4), pp. 88-103.

Where you cite an author who contributes a chapter in a book:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Surname of contributor, Initial. (Year published) ‘Title of chapter cited’, in Surname of Editor, Initial. (ed for editor) Title of book in italics. Place of publication: Publisher: chapter pages.

Stantz, R. (2000) ‘The science of slime’, in Zeddmore, W. (ed). A sociological study of the spirit world. New York: Tribeca Press, pp. 82-84.

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Author (Year of publication) ‘Article title in single quotation marks’, Title of journal in italics, Volume number, issue or month [Online in square brackets]. Available at: full URL (Accessed date).

Where you have used an online journal (e-journal):

Marshall, M.D. (2001) ‘Excellence in sporting performance’, The Journal of Sports Psychology and Physiology, 12, June [Online]. Available at: http://www.fictitiousreference.html/ (Accessed: 6 July 2011).

Name of organisation (Year of publication) Section of website of internet site. Available at: http://www.url-location. (Accessed: date that you have accessed the site including date, month, year).

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Where you have used an Internet site with an organisation as the sole author:

Office of Invented Statistics (2013) Reports and publications.Available at: http://www.fictitiousreference.gov.uk. (Accessed: 20 June 2013).

I am the author. My book is called ‘The musical festival as cultural capital’. My book is widely available thanks to my publisher Central Press, whose office is based in Falkirk. The version that you will pick up in all good bookstores is the second edition which I updated in 2007.

Surname, Initial. (Year published) Title of book in italics. Edition where not the first edition. Place of publication: Publishing company.

A book with a single author – a quick exercise:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

?

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

Smith, A. (2007) The music festival as cultural capital. 2nd edn. Falkirk: Central Press.

Smith, A. (2007) The music festival is cultural capital. 2nd edn. Falkirk: Central Press.

Smith, Alice. (2007) The musical festival as cultural capital. 2nd edn. Falkirk: Central Press.

Smith, Alice. (2007) The musical festival as cultural capital. 2nd edn. Falkirk: Central Press. (Accessed 16 May, 2013).

A book with a single author – which of the following is correct:

?

A.

B.

C.

D.

Compiled alphabetically by author surname:

HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM: REFERENCE LIST/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Garner, A. (1992) ‘Brent geese put paid to plans for new football ground’ The Hampshire Chronicle, 18 May, p. 6.

James, D. (2000) The big book of birds. Denningston: Denningston University Press.

Nugent, D. (2004) ‘Saying a prayer for our birds of prey’ Issues in ecological conservation, 12(4), pp. 88-103.

CITATION AND REFERENCING STRATEGIES

• Eve, Business Studies• Morag, Politics and International Relations• Sally G, French and Spanish• Beatrix, English Literature

Examples of evidence across different academic disciplines:

UNDERSTANDING AND AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

What is it? Passing off the ideas, words or work of others as your own.

What are the possible consequences…?

How is it detected? Change in tone, dramatic change in quality of work, use of ‘Americanisms’, use of unusually advanced or academic language, authenticity software.What forms does it take? Using someone else’s ideas or words without acknowledgement, copy-and-paste from the Web, getting someone else to complete the work for you (including downloading), submitting a piece of collaborative work without acknowledging co-authors.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mwbw9KF-ACY

?

We’ve seen that:

CONCLUSION

• there are good reasons for acknowledging others’ work or ideas – if nothing else, be motivated to do so by the recognition that it will earn you marks during assessment

• students are expected to acknowledge information in a particular way - and expectations may vary between subject areas, departments and even colleagues in the same field

• it might be technical, tedious or less important than putting your ideas across, however the ability to acknowledge sources can be a very valuable skill as a student