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~A PROBES IN 2 MINUThS_ g'g,* Prime-ItTM II KtE_ _ Many techniques in the molecular biology laboratory require the use of labeled

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_CI_ _ polymerase 1. Probes generated with Exo(-) Klenow have specific activities of1 X 109 dpm/pg after a reaction time of only 2 minutes (figure 1). Southern blotshybridized with Exo(-) Klenow generated probes are sensitive enough to detectsubpicogram quantities of single copy genes in complex genomes.Prime-It 11 Kit- Catalog # 300385

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Figure 2:Detection of a Single Copy Gene Using QuikybTm Rapid Hybridization Solution and a Prime-ItTM 11Random Primed Probe. Human genomic DNA was digested to completion with Eco RI and electrophoresed on

--;-Xfiguree 2: all; 0.8% agarose gel. The DNA was transferred to a FLASHm Nylon Membrane and UW crosslinked. This blot washybridized for 1 hour at 680C with a Prime-It II generated human alpha-1-antitrypsin DNA probe in 2mls of Quik-XHb Rapid Hybridization solution. The blot was washed and subsequently exposed to X-ray film overnight at -70XCwith an intensifying screen. Lanes 1-4 are 3pg, 1.5pg, 0.75pg and O.33Vg, respectively, of human genomic DNA.

HybridizerTm 600 Hybridization OvenAlso available is the HybridizerTm 600 Hybridization Oven for the hybridization of

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CSS/3 TM Complete Statistical System with over 1,000 presenta-tion-quality graphs fully integrated with all procedures and on-screengraph customization a The largest selection of statistics in a singlesystem; in-depth, comprehensive implementations of: Exploratorytechniques; multi-uviy tables with banners; nonparametrics; dis-tribution fitting; multiple regression; general nonlinear estima-tion; logit/probit analysis; general A'VCOVA/,IIAjvCOVA, stepu~ise _ _discriminant anal)sis; log-linear analysis;factor analystis, clusteranalysis; multidimensional scaling; canonical correlation; itemanalysislreliability; survival analysis; time series modeling; fore-casting; lags analysis; quality control; process analysis; experi-mental design (uitb Tagucbi); and much more a Manuals withcomprehensive introductions to each procedure and examples i U.Integrated Stats Advisor expert system M Extensive data managementfacilities (powerful spreadsheet with formulas; relational merge: dataverification; flexible programming language) * Optimized (plainEnglish menus/mouse) user interface: even complex analyses requirejust few self-explanatory selections (CSS can be run without manual;Quick Start booklet explains all basic conventions) a Macros, batch/commands also supported a All output displayed in ScrollsheetsT`(dynamic tables with pop-up windows and instant graphs) IExtremely large analysis designs (e.g., correlation matrices up to

32,000x32,000) M Unlimited size of files; extended precision:unmatched speed (Assembler, C) * Exchanges data (and graphics)with many applications (incl. Excels, Lotus 3s, dBASE IX', SPASM)UHighest resolution output on practically all printers (incl. HP,Postscript), plotters, recorders, typesetters U IBM compatibles, 640kor more a Price: $595.

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Overseas Offices: Statsoft of Europe (Hamburg, FRG), ph: 040/4200347, fax: 040/4911310; StatSoft UK (London, UK), ph: 0462/482822, fax: 0462/482855; StatSoft Pacific (Melbourne, Australia),ph: (03) 663 6580, fax: (03) 663 6117; StatSoft Canada-CCO (Ontano), ph: 416-849-0737, fax: 416-8490918; Available From: CORPORATE SOFTWARE and other Authorized RepresentativesWorldwide: Holland: MAB Julsing, 071-230410; France: Version US (1) 40590913; Sweden: AkademiData 016-240035; Hungary: P&D Soft KFT 185-6868; Belgium: TEXMA 1061 16 28; South Africa:Osiris 12 663-4500; Japan: SOFEL Co. 03-3251 1195.CSS. CSS 3. CSS:GRAPHICS. Megatile Manager. Quick CSS. STATISTICA. StatSoft. dBase IV Excel. Lonts, MacOnaw. Macntosh, Postscrpt are trademarks of their respecius companies; SPSS is a registered trademark ot SPSS, Inc.

aCOVER

American chestnut trees in the Great Smoky Moun-tains, North Carolina, before a blight epidemic thatdestroyed several billion mature trees when the Asianfungus Cryphonectria parasitica was unintentionallyintroduced early this century. The cloning of an endog-

enous virus that infects the fungus provides the potential foreffective biological control of chestnut blight and the resto-ration of this once valuable forest tree. See page 800.[Photograph: Museum of North Idaho]

Analysis of the Escherichia coli Genome:DNA Sequence of the Region from 84.5 to86.5 MinutesD. L. Daniels, G. Plunkett III, V. Burland,F. R. Blattner

771

REPORTS

Origins for the Near-Earth AsteroidsR. P. Binzel, S. Xu, S. J. Bus, E. Bowell

779

Uranium Bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter 782sp. as a Result of Enzymically MediatedGrowth of Polycrystalline HUO2PO4L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham,C. P. Grey, A. J. Skamulis

Increasing Rates of Atmospheric Mercury 784Deposition in Midcontinental North AmericaE. B. Swain, D. R. Engstrom, M. E. Brigham,T. A. Henning, P. L. Brezonik

Evidence from l&S Ribosomal RNASequences That Lampreys and HagfishesForm a Natural GroupD. W. Stock and G. S. Whitt

787

Long-Term Survival of Xenogeneic r 789Pancreatic Islet Grafts Induced by CTLA4IgD. J. Lenschow, Y. Zeng, J. R. Thistlethwaite,A. Montag, W. Brady, M. G. Gibson, P. S. Linsley,J. A. Bluestone

Immunosuppression in Vivo by a Soluble rForm of the CTLA-4 T Cell ActivationMoleculeP. S. Linsley, P. M. Wallace, S. Johnson,M. G. Gibson, J. L. Greene, J. A. Ledbetter,C. Singh, M. A. Tepper

792

Activation-Induced Ubiquitination of the 795T Cell Antigen ReceptorC. Cenciarelli, D. Hou, K.-C. Hsu, B. L. Rellahan,D. L. Wiest, H. T. Smith, V. A. Fried,A. M. Weissman

The Skeletal Muscle Chloride Channel in 797Dominant and Recessive Human MyotoniaM. C. Koch, K. Steinmeyer, C. Lorenz, K. Ricker,F. Wolf, M. Otto, B. Zoll, F. Lehmann-Hom,K.-H. Grzeschik, T. J. Jentsch

Hypovirulence of Chestnut Blight FungusConferred by an Infectious Viral cDNAG. H. Choi and D. L. Nuss

800

Identification of a Protein That Binds to 803the SH3 Region of Abl and Is Similar to Bcrand GAP-rhoP. Cicchetti, B. J. Mayer, G. Thiel, D. Baltimore

Selective Role of N-Type Calcium Channels 806in Neuronal MigrationH. Komuro and P. Rakic

Interferon-Dependent Tyrosine ° 809Phosphorylation of a Latent CytoplasmicTranscription FactorC. Schindler, K. Shuai, V. R. Prezioso,J. E. Damell, Jr.

Activation of Transcription Factors by P 813Interferon-alpha in a Cell-Free SystemM. David and A. C. Lamer

IP3 Receptor: Localization to Plasma 815Membrane of T Cells and Cocapping with theT Cell ReceptorA. A. Khan, J. P. Steiner, M. G. Klein,M. F. Schneider, S. H. Snyder

C Indicates accompanying feature U

* SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) Is published weekly on Friday, except the last week InDecember, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1333 H Street,NW, Washington, DC 20005. Second-class postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington,DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright 1992 by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individualmembership and subscription (51 issues): $87 ($47 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutionalsubscription (51 issues): $195. Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $50;other countries (air assist delivery) $95. First class, airmail, student and emeritus rates onrequest. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST#1254 88122. Change of address:allow 6 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 11-digit account number. Postmaster: Sendchange of address to Science, P.O. Box 2033, Marion, OH 43305-2033. Single copy sales: $6.00per issue prepaid includes surface postage; Guide to Biotechnology Products and Instruments, $20.

Bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use undercircumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS tclibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) TransactionalReporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1 per copy plus $0.10 per page is paid directlyto CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83$1 + .10. Science is indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature and in severalspecialized indexes.* TheAmerican Association fortheAdvancementof Sciencewasfounded in 1848 and incorporatedin 1874. Its objectives are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, tofoster scientific freedom and responsibility, to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotionof human welfare, to advance education in science, and to increase public understanding and appre-ciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992

815Calcium andsurface 1P3receptors

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"Here s why GELase may replaceNat/glass bead kits for purifying DNA

from LMP-agarose gels."7 reasons that you can easily check for yourself.. .

1. Recovery of DNA is about 100% using GELase.Nal/glass bead kits give about 50% recovery for 2-15 KbDNA (see figure) and much less outside of that size range.

2. High molecular weight DNA, even megabaseDNA, is not damaged using GELase.DNA larger than 15 Kb is sheared using Nal/glass beadkits.

3. GELase is easy to use.Just melt the gel slice with GELase Buffer, add GELaseand incubate at 450C to digest. To concentrate the DNA,add ethanol. The gel digestion products are soluble andwon't precipitate with the DNA.

4. GELase is inexpensive.One unit of GELase digests 600 mg of a 1% LMP-agarose gel in 1 hour in GELase Buffer. With a 10-hourincubation instead of 1 hour, the 200-unit size of GELaseis enough to digest more than a KILOGRAM of a 1% gel.

5. DNA purified using GELase is ready to use andbiologically active.Some companies recommend two rounds of purificationwith a Nal/glass bead kit to obtain DNA for cloning. That'snot necessary with GELase. DNA recovered using GELaseis ready for use in restriction mapping, cloning, labeling,sequencing or other molecular biological experiments.

6. GELase is active in electrophoresis buffers.It digests gels in TAE, TBE, MOPS and phosphate buffers.Special Nal/glass bead kits are needed for gels in TBEbuffer.

7. Protocols for using GELase are the same forRNA as for DNA.GELase is RNase-free and active in MOPS or phosphatebuffers that are used for RNA gels. In contrast, a specialversion of Nal/glass bead kit is needed for purification ofRNA.

*GELase is a trademark of EPICENTRE TECHNOLOGIES, Madison, WI.

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GERMANY: BlOzym Diagnostik GmbH, Tel. 5151/7311 ISRAEL: ORNAT, Tel. 08/468043ITALY: SPA - BioSPA Division, Tel. 02/81831 JAPAN: Bokusui Brown Co., Tel. Osaka 06/441-5103; Tokyo 03/3545-5720

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For other countries, please contact EPICENTRE TECHNOLOGIES at Tel. 608/277-8474 or Fax 608/251-3199.Circle No. 16 on Readers' Service Card

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Kb: 8.77 7.33 6.24 5.34 4.25 2.37 2.11 1.95 1.70 1.21

Recoveries of 1.2 to 8.8 Kb DNA fragments excised from a 1% LMP-agarose gel (Figure A) were consistently much greater using GELase(Figure B, odd numbered lanes) than using a commercial kt containingsodium iodide and silica matrix (Figure B, even numbered lanes).

What is GELase?GELase is a novel enzyme preparation that digests thecarbohydrate backbone of agarose into small soluble oligo-saccharides, yielding a clear liquid that will not becomeviscous or gel even on cooling in an ice bath. It permits simpleand quantitative recovery of intact DNA or RNA from lowmelting point (LMP) agarose gels. GELase contains nocontaminating DNase, RNase or phosphatase.

SCIENCEPublisher: Richard S. NicholsonEditor: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.Deputy Editor: Ellis RubinsteinManaging Editor: Monica M. BradfordInternational Editor: Alun AndersonDeputy Editors: Philip H. Abelson (Engineering andAppliedSciences); John1. Brauman (PhysicalSciences%;Thomas R. Cech (Biological Sciences)

Editorial StaffAssistant Managing Editor: Dawn BennettSenior Editors: Eleanore Butz, Martha Coleman,R. Brooks Hanson, Barbara Jasny, Katrina L. Kelner,Linda J. Miller, Phillip D. Szuromi, David F. VossAssociate Editors: Pamela J. Hines, Suki Parks,L. Bryan RayLetters: Christine Gilbert, Editor; Steven S. LaphamBook Reviews: Katherine Livingston, Editor; ClaireWilsonContributing Editor: Lawrence 1. GrossmanChief Production Editor: Ellen E. MurphyEditing Department: Lois Schmitt, Senior Copy Editor;Julie W. Albers, Valerie Jablow, Harry JachCopy Desk: Douglas B. Casey, Joi S. Granger, BeverlyShields, Kirsten L. WallEditorial Support: Sherryf Farmer, Supervisor;CarolynKyle, Diane Long, Michele Listisard, Patricia M. Moore,Melissa Quackenbos, Kameaka WilliamsAdministrative Support: Sylvia Kihara, JeanettePrastein

News StaffManaging News Editor: Colin NormanDeputy News Editors: Tim Appenzeller, John M.Benditt, Jean MarxNews and Comment/Research News: Ivan Amato,Faye Flam, Troy Gately (copy), Ann Gibbons, David P.Hamilton, Constance Holden, Richard A. Kerr, EliotMarshall, Joseph Palca, Leslie Roberts, Richard Stone,Dawn Levy (intern)Bureaus: Peter Aldhous (London), Marcia Barinaga(West Coast), John Travis (Northeast), Anne SimonMoffat (Midwest)Contributing Correspondents: Joseph Alper, BarryA. Cipra, Jon Cohen, Robert Crease, Elizabeth Culotta,Robert Pool, M. Mitchell WaldropAdministrative Support: Fannie Groom

Art & Production StaffProduction: James Landry, Director; Wendy K. Shank,Manager; Catherine S. Siskos, Assistant Manager;Scherraine Mack, Associate; Linda C. Owens, Macin-tosh OperatorArt: Amy Decker Henry, Director; C. Faber Smith,Associate Director, Diana DeFrancesco, Associate; HollyBishop, Graphics AssistantAdministrative Support: Leslie Blizard

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See page 727 for additional Advertising andCirculation Staff

Science Editorial BoardCharles J. Arntzen John J. HopfieldElizabeth E. Bailey F. Clark HowellDavid Baltimore Paul A. MarksWilliam F. Brinkman Yasutomi NishizukaE. Margaret Burbidge Helen M. RanneyPierre-Gilles de Gennes Robert M. SolowJoseph L. Goldstein Edward C. StoneMary L. Good James D. WatsonHarry B. Gray

EDITORIAL

Fifty Years of National ServiceA recently issued publication* details some of the many contributions made by the JohnsHopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) during its 50-year history.

The Laboratory was off to a fast start in World War II. Under the inspired leadership ofMerle Tuve, a physicist on leave from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, a proximityfuse was quickly developed that was first used in combat by the Navy at Guadalcanal in January1943. The fuse was a miniature electronic device that triggered the explosion of an artillery shellwhen the missile came to the vicinity of a radiowave-reflecting target. The fuse had a major rolein the destruction of the Japanese Naval Air Forces and was a key factor in defeating V-1 buzzbomb attacks on London and in stopping the last German offensive in the Battle of the Bulge.

Before the end of World War II, APL began efforts to develop a long-range supersonicguided missile. The means of propulsion chosen was a ramjet that has an opening in front tolet air in, a combustion chamber in the middle to heat the air, and an opening at the end toexhaust the products. Initial proof of feasibility of the ramjet came quickly. Remainingproblems were many, including obtaining an understanding of supersonic aerodynamics andcontrol, radar guidance, and telemetry. Development of an operational ramjet missile in-volved cooperation of nine universities, five industrial organizations, and three governmentalfacilities. In the decades that followed, APL continued to participate in the improved design,testing, and evaluation of a series of guided missiles. Ultimately, APL had a key role in thedevelopment of the Harpoon and Tomahawk cruise missiles that were used in Desert Storm.

The Transit navigation system developed at APL has the ability to compute a locationon Earth by observing the change in frequency of a satellite-borne transmitter during a singlepass overhead. The Transit system is used today on thousands of commercial vessels as well ason Navy ships and submarines.

Early in the Navy's efforts to create the Polaris fleet ballistic missile system, APL wasasked to provide a continuing evaluation of the total system. "The Laboratory's experience inmissile design, testing, and analysis; its understanding of operational systems; and its expertisein telemetry, instrumentation, and computer simulation made it uniquely capable of undertak-ing this task." Later, this evaluation function continued when the Poseidon and Tridentsystems were built.

These ballistic systems were very important to nuclear deterrence, and hence safeguard-ing the strategic submarine fleet was a high-priority task. The APL was asked to coordinate aprogram to investigate all phenomena that might be exploited by a potential enemy to detectsubmarines. The ocean is an extremely complex medium, structured in layers of varying salinityand temperature, but APL has established the scientific basis for assessing submarine security.

The above examples are only part of the many efforts made by APL for the Navy. TheLaboratory has also been active in space science and technology. As a division ofJHU, APL hasinteracted with the medical school in the development of more than 100 biomedical products.

The effectiveness ofAPL is to a large degree explained by the attitudes and policies thathave characterized the Laboratory since the founding. Under the leadership of Merle Tuve,traditions were established of devotion to the national interest, alert identification of im-portant goals, a can-do attitude toward difficult problems, and teamwork among staff. It hasbeen the policy of APL "to pay close attention to the users of our developments and technolo-gies..., to design critical experiments and realistic test programs, to live with the operators, toanticipate countermeasures and new threats, and to stay with a program through its opera-tional life."

In keeping with the changed circumstances of the moment, APL will adjust the scopeand to a limited extent the direction of its activities. But it has never grown for growth's sake(staff totals 2800), and its innovative scientists and engineers will identify new goals. More-over, "the end of the Cold War does not presage the beginning of the millennium or evenemergence of a safe world.... The disintegration ofCommunism as a commanding force... hasreduced the threat of Armageddon but it has not eliminated political struggle and potentialconflagrations." There will continue to be a role for APL in providing innovative technologyfor defense and welfare of this country.

Philip H. Abelson

'Fifty Years at the Applied Physics Laboratory," Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. (1992), vol. 13, no. 1.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992 725

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WOMEN IN SCIENCEMarch 13 Reprint

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Women's Progress in ScienceCareer AdvancementNetworkingMentoringTwo Career Couples inScience

Women's Progress inMathematics, Chemistry,and Life Sciences

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LETTERS

Stratospheric Ozone Trends

The article "Measured trends in strato-spheric ozone," by Richard Stolarski et al.(17 Apr., p. 342), represents an enormous

amount of international cooperative re-

search and analysis. Unfortunately, it cre-

ates a misleading impression through itstitle that measured trends in stratosphericozone are described and discussed. Eventhough the text makes it clear that thedownward trends described since 1970 are,

in fact, calculated and derived from a sta-tistical model, the reader is left with theimpression from figure 3 of the article thatactual total column ozone levels have beendecreasing worldwide in the northern mid-latitudes. As in earlier assessments, Stolar-ski et al. calculated the ozone trend series bytaking seasonal, solar, and quasibiennialoscillation components, plus data from at-mospheric nuclear tests ("where appropri-ate"), and subtracting these factors fromthe ozone series measured at each station.The actual measured ozone levels, unad-justed for these factors, were not shown.The measured Dobson total ozone monthlyaverages are shown in Fig. 1. To my un-

trained eye, these 32-year time series in theNorthern Hemisphere reveal no obvioustrends one way or the other through 1986.These measurements made in three differ-ent latitudinal zones are, however, consis-tent with global average ozone levels thathave remained very near 300 Dobson unitssince then (1). Global average ozone levelswere also near 300 Dobson units in the

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early 1970s (2) before rising to 311 in 1979(1).

One important implication of the statis-tical model approach is that the derivedtrend estimates could be the net result ofother influences, presumably "human activ-ities" such as chlorofluorocarbon emissions.However, it seems important to distinguishwhat has actually happened from whatwould have happened were it not for otheroffsetting factors. Adjusting observed ozone

levels downward with statistics for "season-al, solar, and so forth components" doesnot mean an actual ozone-related increasein the ultraviolet flux to the earth's surfaceany more than adjusting salaries downwardto remove the effects of inflation will meanan actual decrease in the income taxes dueon them. Both are adjustments made "onpaper." Except for the clear, measured sea-

sonal depletion of ozone in Antarctica, allof the varied effects appear, over time, tohave offset one another elsewhere.

Kenneth M. ToweDepartment of Paleobiology,

National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution,Washington, DC 20560

1.

2.3.

REFERENCES

J. R. Herman, R. McPeters, R. Stolarski, D. Larko,R. Hudson, J. Geophys. Res. 96,17297 (1991).J. London and J. Kelley, Science 184, 987 (1974)."Scientific assessment of stratospheric ozone:1989" (WorldMeteorological Organization, GlobalOzone Research and Monitoring, Report No. 20,World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Swit-zerland, 1990); R. D. Bojkov, L. Bishop, W. J. Hill,G. C. Reinsel, G. C. Tiao, J. Geophys. Res. 95,9785 (1990).

Response: Towe points out that the title ofour article, "Measured trends in strato-spheric ozone," is technically incorrect. Wedid not measure trends. We took measure-

ments of ozone and deduced trends fromthose measurements. Perhaps a better titlewould have been, "Trends in stratosphericozone deduced from measurements."

Towe implies that, other than the Ant-arctic ozone hole, these trends may simplybe an artifact of the analysis. However, thedata in Towe's figure 1 extend only through1987, and the trends have been most obvi-ous since only about 1980. The extra 4years from 1987 through 1991 make thetrends more significant and more obvious.Also, because of the dominance of theseasonal cycle in the total column of ozone,one can only "see" the trends in the datawhen the seasonal cycle is removed.

727

SCIENCE m

Ozone data from the TOMS satellite in-strument and ground-based Dobson instru-ments that were deseasonalized and thensmoothed with a 1-year running mean (Fig. 1)clearly show the downward trend over the lastdecade. No account was taken of any possible1 1-year solar cycle, quasibiennial oscillation,

YearFig. 1. A comparison of Dobson and TOMSdata for northern middle latitudes. Both arepresented as percent deviation from the long-term mean (in Dobson units). The Dobsongraph shows a composite series constructedfrom deseasonalized ozone measurementsfrom stations in the latitude range of 400 to 52ONand should be read against the y-axis on theleft. The TOMS graph shows deseasonalizedmean ozone measurements from the latituderange 40° to 50ON and should be read againstthe y-axis on the right. [Adapted from figure2-10 of (2)]

or other natural influence.Global ozone trends are significantly

smaller than those shown in Fig. 1 becausenearly half of the globe in tropical regionsdisplays no trend at all (see figure 4 of ourarticle). The details of the analysis of theglobal record over the 12 years of TOMSdata were published in (1). The decreaseduring that time was a little more than 3%,nearly all of which occurred before 1986.Theory would suggest that this is becausethe downward trend is superimposed on an11-year solar cycle variation of about 1 to2% peak to peak. The magnitude of thesolar cycle variation in total ozone is con-firmed by analysis of 30-year data recordsfrom Dobson stations. This suggests that, ifthe trends continue, the global total ozonerecord will show a long-term downwardtrend that will be large for half the solarcycle and small or near zero for the otherhalf.

Towe is correct that the solar ultravioletflux at the surface will respond to the actualozone variability resulting from all causesand not to just the trend component. How-ever, we do not agree with his analogy tosalary adjustment for inflation. The trend inthe solar ultraviolet should respond to thetrend in the ozone. Unfortunately, ourdatabase on trends in ground-level ultravi-olet radiation is not yet robust enough for us

to be able to make any quantitative state-ments.

Richard StolarskiGoddard Space Flight Center,

National Aeronautics andSpace Adninistration,Greenbelt, MD 20771

REFERENCES

1. J. R. Herman, R. McPeters, R. Stolaski, D. Larko,R. Hudson, J. Geophys. Res. 96,17297 (1991).

2. R. Stolarski et al., in "Scientific assessment ofozone depletion: 1991" (World Meteorological Or-ganization/United Nations Environment ProgramReport, World Meteorological Organization,Geneva, Switzerland, 1992), chap. 2.

a

Appraising the Evidence

Sociologist Allan Schnaiberg writes in hisreview (20 Mar., p. 1586) ofNo Safe Place:Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Ac-tion, by sociologist Phil Brown and psychi-atrist Edwin J. Mikkelsenthis study notes the rage, the sense of powerless-ness, and depression experienced by Woburn[Massachusetts] activists when confronting theself-interested corporate scientists working toprotect industrial profits or the government sci-entists working to vindicate records of govern-ment "regulation" (which was often ineffectual if

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SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992728

not actually collusive with the local plants).Even more painful, many of these activists,having already suffered illnesses and deaths oftheir children, were then attacked as "trouble-makers" by neighbors who were workers at thepolluting plants for threatening local livelihoods.

The offending chemical was trichloreth-ylene (TCE). There is grave doubt aboutwhether epidemiological studies based onthe small numbers studied are valid. Cancerclusters in small areas commonly occur bychance or for unknown reasons. Bruce N.Ames et al. say that the most polluted wellwater in Wobum had a human exposuredose/rodent potency dose (HERP) risk val-ue of 0.0004%, compared to a HERP valueof 0.001% of average U.S. tap water (1).According to this evidence, the residents ofWoburn would have been more at risk ofcancer from chloroform in ordinary tapwater than from TCE in Woburn wells.

Other solvents, such as benzene, maycause cancer in workers who receive occu-pational exposures over long periods of timewhen the chemical is introduced throughthe lungs. But, is there evidence that TCEcauses leukemia when it is not absorbedthrough the lungs (2)7? Might it not, in viewof considerations such as these, be fairer to

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say that residents were enraged becausethey wrongly believed that they were vic-timized?

The accusation of deliberate harm forprofit is horrifying; it should not be madewithout substantial evidence. My reading ofSchnaiberg's review suggests that he did notread the scientific literature and appraisethe evidence. The point is not that I amnecessarily right that the evidence is weakbut rather that first-hand appraisal of theevidence is a scholarly obligation.

Aaron WildavskySurvey Research Center,University of California,

Berkeley, CA 94720

1.

2.

REFERENCES

B. N. Ames, R. Magaw, L. S. Gold, Science 236,271 (1987).Cancer Rates and Risk (Publ. 85-961, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, April 1985),pp. 40, 64, 93.

Response: It is peculiar to find one socialscientist arguing that a fellow social scien-tist has a "scholarly obligation" to "appraisethe evidence" of epidemiologists.My review, "Oppositions" as its title

indicates, was an attempt to understandcommunity opposition to various environ-mental risks, which was the common themeof the books under review. As a socialscientist, my charge in the review was tounderstand community social and political

processes. Brown and Mikkelsen use reportsfrom Woburn residents about their healthexperiences. They also use reports of resi-dents' political experiences, while trying toget professional epidemiological assessmentsof their health risks. Both reports related tothe operations of a local factory, whichputatively affected the water supply in theircommunity.

In the passage Wildavsky cites, I pointedto the empirical data collected by Brownand Mikkelsen. My task was not to assertwhether the residents were actuarially"right" in their assertions of health out-comes. Rather, I sought to integrate theirreported experiences into the broader em-pirical and theoretical task of comprehend-ing how communities deal with such per-ceived risks.

Interestingly, Brown and Mikkelsenspend a good deal of their book carefullydealing with the options communities actu-ally have in obtaining scientific informationabout health risks. (They also summarizethe conclusions of Harvard School of PublicHealth epidemiologists and biostatisticiansfrom their professional field studies ofWobum, which substantiated many of theclaims of local activists.)

Allan SchnaibergDepartment of Sociology, and

Center for Urban Affairs-Policy Research,

Northwestern University,Evanston, IL 60208

Corrections and Clarifications

Figure 2 on page 523 of the Report "Magnetoferritin: In vitro synthesis of a novel magnetic protein"by F. C. Meldrum et al. (24 July, p. 522) was incorrect. The correct figure is printed below.

Fig. 2. Transmission elec-tron micrographs of (A) anunstained sample of re-constituted ferritin showingdiscrete magnetite parti-cles (scale bar = 50 nm);(B) a stained sample of (A)showing an intact proteinshell surrounding the mag-netite cores (scale bar =50 nm); (C) magnetitecrystals formed in the con-trol reaction (scale bar =

100 nm); the needle-shaped crystals were iden-tified as the mineral goe-thite (a-FeOOH); and (D) ahigh-resolution lattice im-age of an individual recon-stituted ferritin core show-ing the single-crystal na-ture of the particle. Twosets of lattice fringes areobserved correspondingto the {111} (interatomicspacing d = 0.485 nm)and {002} (d = 0.4198 nm) planes of magnetite. The angle between these planes is 540, consistentwith a cubic lattice symmetry (scale bar = 5 nm).

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992

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The historical origin of this emergingfield can be traced to several sources. Mostnotable among these are windowed Fouriertransforms and the Wigner-Ville distribu-tion in signal processing, the Paley-Little-wood-Calderon theory in harmonic analy-sis, the work of Morlet and Grossman ingeophysics, Gabor's work in physics usingcoherent states, and the work of Marr invision. Independently of these efforts,mathematicians working in approximationtheory and in numerical solutions of PDEshad come up with ideas such as splineanalysis and multigrid methods, which cannow be seen as part of a larger picture,namely multiresolution analysis. Thisframework, thanks to the work of Mallatand Meyer, is now rich enough to incorpo-rate and unify all of these areas of research.

These pioneering efforts all resulted fromattempts to get around the inherent diffi-culty associated with the time-honoredFourier analysis of signals-the impossibili-ty of localizing the analysis of a signal inboth time and frequency.

Wavelet theory has combined some ofthe best ideas from many previously dispar-ate fields, and in so doing has alreadyrendered a useful service to science andtechnology by encouraging communicationamong the practitioners of several disci-plines. As with any other successful mergerof different traditions, however, it is naturalthat each group finds its own approachpreferable to those of other groups. It istherefore noteworthy that both of thesebooks do a good job of avoiding provincial-ism, thus providing the reader with a ratherfull picture of the field.

The book by Daubechies, who is one ofthe main developers of the theory, is theresult of an intensive short course. Thepresentation is completely engrossing; it islike reading a good, thick Russian novel.Daubechies has a real knack for making thematerial appealing and lively, and there is adefinite "slowing down for details" at thepoints that require further elucidation. Theopening chapter gives a very readable over-view of the main problems considered inthe book without getting bogged down indetails. Subsequent chapters discuss fullythe theoretical and practical aspects ofwavelet theory, including wavelet trans-forms, orthonormal bases of wavelets, andcharacterization of functional spaces bymeans of wavelets. The closing chapterpresents several topics under active investi-gation, such as multidimensional wavelets,wavelet packet bases, and a construction ofwavelets tailored to decompose functionsdefined in a finite interval. This book canbe used for many different purposes, fromindividual reading to graduate-level course-work, and it will likely become a classic.

The book by Chui is more modest in

822

scope and could serve as a textbook for aone-semester course at the senior under-graduate level or more likely at the begin-ning graduate level in engineering or ap-plied mathematics programs. For this pur-pose, it would have been useful to include(as I understand the author plans for aforthcoming second edition) problems thatare designed to ensure that the student gets ahands-on understanding of the subject. Top-ics covered in the book include Fourieranalysis, wavelet transform and time fre-quency analysis, and scaling functions andwavelets. Chui is among the people respon-sible for making the previously existing the-ory of (cardinal) splines fit within the frame-work of multiresolution analysis, and sospline analysis is also prominently featured.

The two books should make it easier forworkers in different fields to acquire thekeys to this useful tool kit. In the hands ofan insightful worker, wavelet theory shouldbe of great benefit in the acquisition, ma-nipulation, and interpretation of data. Itcertainly provides a fertile ground for inter-actions among the fields of mathematics,the sciences, and technology.

F. Alberto GrinbaumDepartment of Mathematics,

University of California,Berkeley, CA 94720

Recent Collections on Wavelets

Wavelets and Their Applicatlons. Mary BethRuskai, Gregory Beylkin, Ronald Coifman, IngridDaubechies, Stephane Mallat, Yves Meyer, and Lou-ise Raphael, Eds. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, 1992.xiv, 474 pp., illus. $48.75. Books in Mathematics.

Eighteen papers covering the topics SignalAnalysis (six papers), Numerical Analysis(three papers), Other Applications (fourpapers), and Theoretical Developments(five papers). Contributors include M. Vet-terli, B. K. Alpert, A. Ameodo, and H. G.Feichtinger.

Wavelet. A Tutorial in Theory and Applications.Charles K. Chui, Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1992. x, 723 pp., illus. $69.95. Wavelet Analysis andIts Applications, vol. 2.

Twenty-two chapters arranged under theheadings Orthogonal Wavelets (three pa-pers), Semi-orthogonal and NonorthogonalWavelets (four papers), Wavelet-like LocalBases (three papers), Multivariate ScalingFunctions and Wavelets (three papers),Short-time Fourier and Window-RadonTransforms (two papers), Theory of Samplingand Interpolation (three papers), and Appli-cations to Numerical Analysis and SignalProcessing (four papers). Contributors includeD. Pollen, G. Battle, B. K. Alpert, W. R.Madych, H. G. Feichtinger, J. J. Benedetto,and S. Jaffard. Bibliography included.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992

Books ReceivedAir Pollution. With contributions by C. Gries et al.

Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. xii, 185 pp., illus.$98. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 4,part c.

Air Pollution Modeling. Theories, ComputationalMethods and Available Software. Paolo Zannetti. VanNostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992. xii, 444 pp., illus.$62.95.

Airpower In the Gulf. James P. Coyne. Air ForceAssociation, Arlington, VA, 1992. viii, 224 pp., illus.Paper, $21.

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American Physicians In the Nineteenth Centu-ry. From Sects to Science. William G. Rothstein. JohnsHopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1992. xxii,362 pp. Paper, $18.95. Reprint, 1972 ed.

The Amygdala. Neurobiological Aspects of Emo-tion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. John P. Aggle-ton, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1992. xii, 615 pp., illus. $125.

Analysis with Local Census Data. Portraits ofChange. Dowell Myers. Academic Press, San Diego,CA, 1992. xii, 369 pp., illus. Paper, $42.50.

Bloprocess Monitoring and Control. Marie-No-elle Pons, Ed. Hanser, Munich, Germany, 1992 (U.S.distributor, Oxford University Press, New York). xviii,365 pp., illus. $95. Hanser Series in Biotechnologie.

Blosensors and Chemical Sensors. OptimizingPerformance Through Polymeric Materials. Peter G.Edelman and Joseph Wang, Eds. American ChemicalSociety, Washington, DC, 1992. xii, 332 pp., illus.$79.95. ACS Symposium Series, 487. From a sympo-sium, Atlanta, GA, 1991.

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The Bronchial Circulation. John Butler, Ed. Dek-ker, New York, 1992. xx, 806 pp., illus. $185. LungBiology in Health and Disease, vol. 57.

Butterflies of the Bulolo-Wau Valley. MichaelParsons. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI, 1992.viii, 280 pp., illus., + plates. Paper, $34.95.

Catalysis Looks to the Future. National ResearchCouncil. National Academy Press, Washington, DC,1992. x, 86 pp., illus. Paper, $19.

The Chemical Bond. Structure and Dynamics.Ahmed Zewail, Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA,1992. xviii, 313 pp., illus. $49.95. Based on a sympo-sium, Pasadena, CA, Feb. 1991.

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Cognitive Psychology. An Overview for CognitiveScientists. Lawrence W. Barsalou. Erlbaum, Hillsdale,NJ, 1992. xii, 410 pp., illus. $79.95; paper, $36.Tutorial Essays in Cognitive Science.

Colloidal Dispersions. W. B. Russel, D. A. Saville,and W. R. Schowalter. Cambridge University Press,New York, 1992. xviii, 525 pp., illus. $110; paper,$39.95. Reprint, 1989 ed.

Color in Electronic Displays. Heino Widdel andDavid L. Post, Eds. Plenum, New York, 1992. x, 335pp., illus. $85. Defense Research Series, vol. 3.

Colour Atlas of the Surface Forms of the Earth.Helmut Blume. Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner,Transl. Eds. Harvard University Press, Cambridge,MA, 1992. iv, 140 pp., illus. $75. Translated from theGerman edition (Stuttgart, 1991) by Bjorn Wygrala.

Combination Therapies. Biological ResponseModifiers in the Treatment of Cancer and InfectiousDiseases. Allan L. Goldstein and Enrico Garaci, Eds.Plenum, New York, 1992. xvi, 313 pp., illus. $75. Froma symposium, Washington, DC, March 1991.

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Compromised Campus. The Collaboration of Uni-versities with the Intelligence Community, 1945-1955.Sigmund Diamond. Oxford University Press, NewYork, 1992. xii, 371 pp. $27.95.

Computational Learning Theory. An Introduc-tion. Martin Anthony and Norman Biggs. CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 1992. xiv, 157 pp., illus.$36.95. Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical ComputerScience.

Computer-Aided Statistical Physics. Chin-KunHu, Ed. American Institute of Physics, New York, 1992.viii, 279 pp., illus. $90. AIP Conference Proceedings,248. From a symposium, Tapei, Taiwan, June 1991.

A Dictionary of Plant Pathology. Paul Holliday.Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. xvi, 369pp. $64.95; paper, $24.95. Reprint, 1989 ed.

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First Verbs. A Case Study of Early GrammaticalDevelopment. Michael Tomasello. Cambridge Univer-sity Press, New York, 1992. x, 373 pp., illus. $59.95.

Frontiers of Tribology. A. D. Roberts, Ed. Hilger,Philadelphia, 1992 (distributor, American Institute ofPhysics, New York). x, 339 pp., illus. $84. From aconference, Stratford-upon-Avon, U.K., April 1991.

Function Theory of Several Complex Variables.Steven G. Krantz. 2nd ed. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA,1992. xvi, 557 pp., illus. $60. Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole Mathematics Series.

The Future of Statistical Software. National Re-search Council. National Academy Press, Washing-ton, DC, 1992. x, 88 pp. Paper, $19. From a forum,Washington, DC, Feb. 1991.

GUS Protocols. Using the GUS Gene as a Report-er of Gene Expression. Sean R. Gallagher, Ed. Aca-demic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992. xxii, 221 pp., illus.Spiral bound, $29.95.

The HarperCollins Dictionary of Astonomy andSpace Science. Dianne F. Moore. HarperCollins, NewYork, 1992. viii, 338 pp. Paper, $13.

High Energy Astrophysics. Vol. 1, Particles, Pho-tons and Their Detection. M. S. Longair. 2nd ed.Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992. xviii,418 pp., illus. $69.95; paper, $34.95.

Integrated Resource Management. Agroforestryfor Development. Charles V. Kidd and David Pimentel,Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992. xiv, 223pp., illus. $59.95.

Intellectual Development. Robert J. Steinbergand Cynthia A. Berg, Eds. Cambridge UniversityPress, New York, 1992. xii, 411 pp., illus. $59.95;paper, $22.95.

Intelligence. Nathan Brody. 2nd ed. AcademicPress, San Diego, CA, 1992. xii, 395 pp., illus. $49.95.

An Introduction to Astrophysical Hydrodynam-Ics. Steven N. Shore. Academic Press, San Diego,CA, 1992. xvi, 452 pp., illus. $49.95.

An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology.James R. Holton. 3rd ed. Academic Press, San Diego,CA, 1992. x, 511 pp., illus. $45. International Geophys-

ics Series, vol. 48.Introduction to the Quantum Theory. David

Park. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1992. xvi, 601pp., illus. $43.21. International Series in Pure andApplied Physics.

The Uving River. A Photographic Journey. DavidBoag. Blandford (Cassell), London, 1992 (U.S. distrib-utor, Sterling, New York). 160 pp. Paper, $14.95.Reprint, 1990 ed.

Longevity. The Science of Staying Young. KathyKeeton. Viking (Penguin), New York, 1992. xix, 332 pp.$24.

The Measurement and Evaluation of UbraryServices. Sharon L. Baker and F. Wilfrid Lancaster.2nd ed. Information Resources Press, Arlington, VA,1991. xviii, 411 pp., illus. $49.95.

Meta-Analysis for Explanation. A Casebook.Thomas D. Cook et al. Russell Sage Foundation, NewYork, 1992. xiv, 378 pp., illus. $42.50.

Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 209, PhospholipidBiosynthesis. Edward A. Dennis and Dennis E. Vance,Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992. xxxvi,584 pp., illus. $85.

Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites.Tsu-Wei Chou. Cambridge University Press, NewYork, 1992. xx, 569 pp., illus. $150. Cambridge SolidState Science Series.

The Middle Paleolithic. Adaptation, Behavior, andVariability. Harold L. Dibble and Paul Mellars, Eds.University Museum, Philadelphia, PA, 1992. x, 216pp., illus. $50. University Museum Monograph, 78.University Symposium Series, vol. 4. From a sympo-sium, 1989.

Nerve and Muscle. R. D. Keynes and D. J. Aidley.2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992.x, 181 pp., illus. $49.95; paper, $15.95.

Optical Shop Testing. Daniel Malacara, Ed. 2nded. Wiley, New York, 1992. xviii, 773 pp., illus. $79.95.Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics.

Origins and Species. A Study of the HistoricalSources of Darwinism and the Contexts of Some OtherAccounts of Organic Diversity from Plato and AristotleOn. M. J. S. Hodge. Garland, New York, 1992. lx, 759pp. $172. Harvard Dissertations in the History ofScience.

Oxygen Dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay. ASynthesis of Recent Research. David E. Smith, MerrillLeffler, and Gail Mackieman, Eds. Published in coop-eration with Virginia Sea Grant College by MarylandSea Grant, College Park, MD, 1992. xviii, 234 pp., illus.$24.95.

Primate Paradigms. Sex Roles and Social Bonds.Linda Marie Fedigan. University of Chicago Press,Chicago, IL, 1992. xxxviii, 386 pp., illus., + plates.Paper, $18.95. Reprint, 1982 ed.

The Professional Quest for Truth. A Social The-ory of Science and Knowledge. Stephan Fuchs. StateUniversity of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1992. xviii,254 pp. Paper, $18.95. SUNY Series in Science,Technology, and Society.

Prospects for Antisense Nucleic Acid Therapyof Cancer and AIDS. Eric Wickstrom, Ed. Wiley, NewYork, 1992. xiv, 269 pp., illus. $69.95.

The Psychology of Expertise. Cognitive Re-search and Empirical Al. Robert R. Hoffman, Ed.Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. xiv, 395 pp., illus.$79. From a conference, Garden City, NY, May 1989.

The Psychology of Reading. An Introduction.Robert G. Crowder and Richard K. Wagner. 2nd ed.Oxford University Press, New York, 1992. x, 266 pp.,illus. $39.95; paper, $17.95.

Psychosurgery. Damaging the Brain to Save theMind. Joann Ellison Rodgers. HarperCollins, NewYork, 1992. xxii, 249 pp. $20.

Pubed-Fid GelE hss. Protocols, Meth-ods, and Theories. Margit Burmeister and Levy Ul-anovsky, Eds. Humana, Totowa, NJ, 1992. xiv, 481 pp.,illus. $69.50. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 12.

Relativity on Curved Manifolds. F. De Felice andC. J. S. Clarke. Cambridge University Press, NewYork, 1992. xii, 448 pp., illus. $79.95; paper, $37.95.Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics.Reprint, 1990 ed.

Research Fraud In the Behavioral and Biomed-Ical Sciences. David J. Miller and Michel Hersen, Eds.Wiley, New York, 1992. xiv, 251 pp. $34.95.

SCIENCE * VOL. 257 * 7 AUGUST 1992

Responding to the Homeless. Policy and Prac-tice. Russell K. Schutt and Gerald R. Garrett. Withcontributions by Barbara A. Blakeney et al. Plenum,New York, 1992. xxii, 258 pp. $35. Topics in SocialPsychiatry.

River Conservation and Management. P. J. Boonet al, Eds. Wiley, Wiley, New York, 1992. xiv, 470 pp.,illus. $145.

Science Under Control. The French Academy ofSciences 1795-1914. Maurice Crosland. CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 1992. xx, 454 pp. $120.

Sedimentary Petrology. Harvey Blatt. 2nd ed.Freeman, New York, 1992. xiv, 514 pp., illus. $54.95.

Signals, Noise, and Active Sensors. Radar, So-nar, Laser Radar. John Minkoff. Wiley Interscience,New York, 1992. xii, 249 pp., illus. $44.95.

Single Neuron Computation. Thomas McKennaet al., Eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992. xiv,644 pp., illus., + plates. $55. Neural Nets.

A Skeptical Biochemist. Joseph S. Fruton. Har-vard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992. xii, 330pp. $29.95.

The SpaceMet Book. Morton B. Sternheim andMary Alice B. Wilson, Eds. Five Colleges, Amherst,MA, 1992. x, 160 pp., illus. Spiral bound, $15.

Species Dispersal In Agricultural Habitats. R. G.H. Bunce and D. C. Howard, Eds. Published in associa-tion with the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology by Belhaven(Pinter), London, 1992 (U.S. distributor, Columbia Univer-sity Press, New York). viii, 288 pp., illus. $55.

Stability and Time-Optimal Control of Heredi-tary Systems. E. N. Chukwu. Academic Press, SanDiego, CA, 1992. xii, 508 pp., illus. $59.95. Mathemat-ics in Science and Engineering, vol. 188.

Stephen Hawking. A Life in Science. MichaelWhite and John Gribbin. Dutton (Penguin), New York,1992. xii, 304 pp. $23.

Structure and Emission Properties of AccretionDisks. C. Bertout et al., Eds. Editions Frontieres,Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, 1992. xxviii, 568 pp.,illus. $80. From a meeting, Paris, July 1990.

Superconductivity and its Applications. Y. H.Kao, A. E. Kaloyeros, and H. S. Kwok, Eds. AmericanInstitute of Physics, New York, 1991. xii, 779 pp., illus.$120. AIP Conference Proceedings, 251. From a con-ference, Buffalo, NY, Sept. 1991.

Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment.Perspectives on Growth and Constraints. Vernon W.Ruttan, Ed. Westview, Boulder, CO, 1992. xvi, 189 pp.,illus. Paper, $34.

Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educa-tion In the Field. A Proceedings. Board on Agricul-ture, National Research Council. National AcademyPress, Washington, DC, 1992. x, 437 pp., illus. Paper,$39.95. From a workshop, April 1990.

Sweet Potato. An Untapped Food Resource. Jen-nifer A. Woolfe. Cambridge University Press, NewYork, 1992. xii, 234 pp., illus. $130.

Symmetry, Causality, Mind. Michael Leyton. MITPress, Cambridge, MA, 1992. x, 630 pp., illus. $45. ABradford Book.

Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems.Proceedings of the First European Conference onArtifical Life (Paris, Dec. 1991). Francisco J. Varelaand Paul Bourgine, Eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,1992. xviii, 515 pp., illus. Paper, $55. Complex Adap-tive Systems.

Towards a Unified Picture of Nuclear Dynamics.Y. Abe, S. M. Lee, and F. Sakata, Eds. AmericanInstitute of Physics, New York, 1992. xx, 558 pp., illus.$110. AlP Conference Proceedings, 250. From a sym-posium, Nikko, Japan, June 1991.

Turtgrass. D. V. Waddington, R. N. Carrow, and R.C. Shearman, Eds. American Society of Agronomy,Crop Science Society of America, and Soil ScienceSociety of America, Madison, WI, 1992. xxii, 805 pp.,illus. $42; to members $35. Agronomy, 32.

Vector Particle Physics. T. N. Lockyer. TNLPress, Los Altos, CA, 1992. x, 102 pp., illus. $15.95;paper, $9.95.

Verification of Dual-Use Chemicals Under theChemical Weapons Convention. The Case of Thio-diglycol. S. J. Lundin, Ed. Oxford_ University Press,New York, 1992. xii, 144 pp., illus. Paper, $35. Stock-holm International Peace Research Institute Chemicaland Biological Warfare Studies, 13.

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