A Study of Food Access in Brooklyn’s Community District 9& The Programs of BK Farmyards

Urban Agriculture for Healthy Cities:

Arisara Srisethnil, Andrea San Buenaventura, Ashley Perry, Tessa Scheele Morelli, & Erica Schapiro-Sakashita

The New School, May 2011

Cover Image Sources: Community Board No. 9 Brooklyn 1

Get Out What You Put In 2

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Acknowledgments

Bee Ayer, Farm ManagerBK Farmyards

Dr. Kristin Reynolds, Andrew W. Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellow in Sustainable Urban Food Systems, The New School

Table of Contents

Executive Summary pg. 4

Introduction pg. 5

Urban Agriculture pg. 5

BK Farmyards pg. 6

Demographics pg. 7

Food Access pg. 7

Vegetable consumption pg. 8

Health pg. 9 -10

Open Space and Land Availability pg. 11

Conclusion pg.11

Resources pg.11

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Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*Tomato plant at BK Farmyards

The number of people in New York City living under the federal poverty line is nearly twice the national average, with Central Brooklyn being one of the poorest areas.2 Pressures including unemployment, health insurance issues and low wages make it difficult for many city residents to pay for utilities, rent, and food for themselves and their families. As a result, buying healthy food may not be a top priority. Individuals who struggle financially are more likely to purchase inexpensive fats and sugars over fresh produce, which is more expensive on a per calorie basis.3 This problem is exacerbated by inequalities in food distribution, as grocery stores can be sparse and fast food establishments comparatively abundant in low-income communities.4 Limited food options, along with the environmental justice issue of a disproportionate scarcity of green space and abundance of industry in some low-income areas, may contrinute to the documented range of health issues among certain New York residents including obesity, diabetes, and asthma. BK Farmyards is an urban farming organization working with residents of Community District 9 in Brooklyn, NY, an area where issues of food insecurity and related health impacts are a lived reality. By integrating food education into the school curriculum, providing Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) opportunities and local farmer’s markets, and encouraging community engagement, BK is working to mitigate issues of access to healthy produce and active outdoor space in order to promote general well-being and healthier lifestyles.

This report is the outcome of a civic engagement project in which undergraduate students at The New School in Manhattan worked with BK Farmyards to learn about and participate in the organization’s work and to document some of the food systems issues mentioned above. The focus on urban agriculture and its benefits is intended to increase the quality of life for many Brooklyn residents.

Executive Summary

“New York City is faced with a health crisis: 700,000 New Yorkers have diabetes and over 3.1 million residents are obese or overweight, as are 43% of elementary school students. Numerous studies have shown the link between positive health outcomes and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, but disturbingly, 37% of New Yorkers live in areas without adequate access to healthy food. Residents need affordable ways to introduce more fruits and vegetables into their diets.” 1

-Office of Manhattan Borough President Scott M. Stringer

Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream* Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

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Volunteers BK Farmyard’s produce

This report is the product of an undergraduate class at The New School entitled “Urban Agriculture and Food Activism” taught by Dr. Kristin A. Reynolds. After studying the place of urban agriculture in the urban environment, with a focus on the social and economic structures and distributive inequalities in the city that this practice addresses, students collaborated with BK Farmyards to see their theory in action, and produce a body of information that could be made available to BK and to other interested parties in order to support the organization’s efforts. Through research and analysis of the demographics, existing health issues, food access and food distribution in the area, the students sought to gain an understanding of the material circumstances that underlie BK Farmyards’ service in Community District 9. Additionally, through , participation in workdays at BK’s Youth Farm at the High School for Public Service, and interaction with organizers and student participants on site, students were able to gain a more holistic sense of the role that BK Farmyards plays in this Brooklyn community. Collaboration between New School students and BK Farmyards has allowed students to learn about urban agriculture and food activism through hands-on activities and applied research. It is also hoped that this report will help BK program directors to further develop their platform to increase the availability and consumption of healthy food in the Central Brooklyn area, while engaging the community in over-all healthy practices.

Introduction

What is Urban Agriculture?

What distinguishes urban agriculture is that it is almost necessarily integrated into the social and economic structure of the city. An urban farm in New York City uses urban resources, the labor and collaboration of urban residents, is integrated into the local food system, and establishes direct associations between producer and consumer.5 The fact that urban agriculture is an integral part of the city system, and interacts with a variety of actors within that system, also means that it has the potential for profound social byproducts, such as providing food security, mitigating health problems related to unhealthy food choices and limited open space, and providing opportunities for community engagement and empowerment.

Our research has been conducted to verify health and environmental problems in Brooklyn Community District 9. Using the New York City Community Data Portal, along with data from the United States Census Bureau, we compiled a literature review showing the connections between health risks and impacted access to healthy food as well as the health benefits of urban agricultural practices.

Methodology

1. Office of Manhattan Borough President Scott M. Stringer2. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 3. Kish, Stacy. “Healthy, Low-Calorie Foods Cost More on Average.” National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). USDA, 19 Mar. 2008. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. http://www.csrees.usda.gov/newsroom/impact/2008/nri/03191_food_prices.html.4. Gottlieb, Robert, and Anupama Joshi. “Accessing Food.” Food Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2010. 5.RUAF Foundation. “What is Urban Agriculture?”. Last modified 2011. http://www.ruaf.org

Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

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Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

Farm at HSPS

Volunteers at HSPS

Overview of BK Farmyards

BK Farmyards is a Brooklyn-based farming network working to bridge the rift between producers and consumers across the food system, and provide locally-grown, healthy, and affordable produce to the residents of Central Brooklyn. As a decentralized farming organization, BK Farmyards works with various groups of aspiring farmers and people interested in sustainable food practices. An ongoing initiative at BK Farmyards is the conversion of local residents’ backyards into productive farms, turning existing green space into community-serving agriculture. BK Farmyards is currently working with two backyard farms, Foxtrot Radish Farm and Papa Farm. More recently, and of particular focus in this study, BK Farmyards collaborated with the NYC non-profit Green Guerillas to establish a half acre farm in March 2010 at the High School for Public Service in Crown Heights, providing summer employment opportunities and a hands-on educational space for students. One of the main aims of BK Farmyards is to make healthy food accessible for young people, so often inundated with commercials and marketing

for food that is of little to no nutritional value. The farm presents an opportunity to engage with sustainable, healthy food practices and learn principles of active stewardship. Moreover, the farm hosts a cooking class, teaching students nutrition as well as healthy and easy recipes using the farm’s produce. By prompting students to consider where their food comes from, BK Farmyards hopes to encourage them to make healthier food choices. The produce grown at

the farm is also sold through a CSA and on-site weekly farmers market, where other Brooklyn residents can pick up their slated share or a single carrot at a low cost. The organization also offers consultation on urban

farming related projects, and a variety of internships and apprenticeships with their backyard enterprise, school farm, chicken program, CSA, farmers market, and composting program. Through these education and mobilization efforts BK farmyards works to extend the resources, skill sets, and venues for Brooklyn residents to take an active part in this effort to improve access to nutritious and affordable food, and to community spaces, for sustaining healthier lifestyles.

There are over 52,000 acres of backyards in New York City that could be turned into an affordable means of growing fresh food for local communities, as well as integrating beautiful green space into the urban environment. 6

Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream *

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Image Source: Kristin Reynolds 3New School students participating at BK Farmyards

Farm at HSPS

Demographic Information for the neighborhoods served by BK Farmyards

BK Farmyards works in central Brooklyn, specifically the neighborhoods of Crown Heights and Prospect Lefferts Gardens. These neighborhoods are located in the zip codes 11212, 11213, 11216, 11233, and 11238 7, which are part of Brooklyn’s Community District 9.8 The total land area is 1.6 square miles. As of 2000, The total population of the five zip codes was 104,014.9 From the total population, 79,466 are Black/ African American, 11,733 residents are white, 8,581 are of Hispanic and 819 are Asian/ Pacific Islanders. The population above 18 years of age was 79,466. The population under 18 years was 29,691. As of 2000, the median household income was $38,168.10 This was nearly 30% lower than the national median household income of $52,029.11 The employment rate was 66.3%, while the unemployment rate was estimated at 58.7%.12 Nearly 24% of the population was living under the poverty level 13, a threshold ranging from $10,956 for single family households to $44,366 for families of nine or more. This statistic is nearly twice the national average.14 As of 2009, a total of 37,993 residents received supported income on a federal

and/or state level. Over 4,800 residents received cash subsidies through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 4,654 received Supplemental Security Income, and 28,453 received Medicaid.15

6. BK Farmyards. “What We Do”. Last modified May 2011. http://bkfarmyards.blogspot.com/p/farms.html.7. New York State Department of Health. 2006.8. Oasis NYC. Oasis Map. http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx.9. U.S. Census 2000. 10. ibid.11. U.S. Census Bureau: State and County Quickfacts.12. U.S. Census 2000, “Demographic of Brooklyn” http://www.census.gov/. Last modified April 2011.13. ibid.14. U.S. Census Bureau. “Poverty: 2008 and 2009: America Community Survey Briefs”. Last modified September 2010.15. NYC.gov: “Brooklyn Community District 9”. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml. Last modified 2011.16. New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. “Eating Well: Access to Healthy Food in North and Central Brooklyn www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/.../dpho-brooklyn-report2006.pdf 17. ibid.Images:BK Farmyard’s Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/bkfarmyards/NYC DCP Brooklyn Comm. Disctrict 9, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml (May 2011).

Food access in North and Central Brooklyn is in a state of crisis, according to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. One key issue is that there are far more bodegas than supermarkets in low-income Brooklyn neighborhoods. Eight out of ten food stores in this area are bodegas, typically offering a small selection of nutritional foods, while providing a surplus of sugary snacks and beverages with little to no nutritional value. According to the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, “Only 28% of bodegas carry apples, oranges, and bananas, compared with 91% of supermarkets...Leafy green vegetables are available at few bodegas (about 1 in 10).”16 As there are 22 supermarkets compared to 307 bodegas, many Brooklyn residents have very little access to healthy, fresh food. Moreover, 73% of restaurants only offer take-out services, typically fast food chains, offering unhealthy products, favored for their large portions and low prices.17 BK Farmyards is taking direct action to bring

a source of fresh food alternatives into the community, providing locally and organically grown produce at an affordable price.

A Description of Food Access in Community District 9

Image Source: NYC DCP, Booklyn Comm. District 9 1

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Local markets may prioritize taste and nutritional quality over the durability and stress tolerance that the industrialized market seeks. Processed and packaged vegetables undergo tremendous tissue and enzymatic changes that increase the risk for microbial spoilage, compromised food safety and loss of nutrients. Studies have shown that a 5-10 day transportation and storage lag between production and consumption leads to losses of 30-50% in nutritional constituents of produce.18 Crops grown locally and organically, on the other hand, like those at BK Farmyards, have a much higher nutritional value overall.19

The “Locavore” Versus The Store

Vegetable Consumption

Lack of access and high prices for fresh produce ultimately limit the consumption of fruit and vegetables in these Brooklyn communities. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture recommend that people eat between 5 and 9 servings each day, depending on age, sex, and level of physical activity. A study conducted by the USDA found that low-income residents in the US (up to 130% of the poverty line, meaning households earning no more that 1.3 times the poverty line) consumed less than one serving of vegetables each day. Averages vary depending on geographic location, however statistics show that lower income individuals, in general, consume less fresh vegetables and fruit than higher income individuals, and significantly less than the USDA recommended daily amounts.20 This statistic can be tied to the aforementioned food access issues in poorer neighborhoods. A 2004 Community Health Survey conducted by New York City found that 90% of New Yorkers ate fewer than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, while 14% ate none at all. According to the survey, in the areas with the least consumption, the neighborhoods served by BK being among them, as many as 1 in 4 adults reported not eating a single fruit or vegetable the previous day.

Although vegetable consumption remains low, New Yorkers are increasing their consumption through various forms of state funding. In 2010, purchases made using Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) at city farmer’s markets more than doubled, growing from $100,772 in 2008 to $226,469 in 2009. In September 2009 alone, EBT usage went from $25,415 in 2008 to $62,816 in 2009. In addition, over 80% of EBT dollars were used to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables.21 This goes to show that there is significant demand for healthier food, if made affordable.

BK Farmyards also accepts Suplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) at their weekly farmer’s market, making their produce more accessible for low-income community members.

Vegetable Consumption Using EBT

Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

Image Source: Inside OKDHS 4

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Cherry Tomatoes grown at BK

Poor food choices resulting from limited access to healthy produce can lead to a range of health issues. The linkages between sugar and fat intake and obesity have been well established. Studies such as the NYC Community Health Survey have also shown that increased vegetable consumption reduces risks of obesity and the related health issues such as high cholesterol and blood pressure, asthma, and diabetes.

The following graphs detail the 2004 rates of obesity and diabetes in Central Brooklyn, compared to Brooklyn and New York City more generally. Central Brooklyn has the

Health Risks

highest rates in both cases.

Results from 2009 from the Center for the Study of Brooklyn concluded that the rates of poor health, obesity and diabetes have also increased throughout the borough since 2004.

Asthma is another serious health risk affecting urban residents. According to the Department of Health, asthma is the leading cause of emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and missed school days in New York City. The following graph shows the 2009 rates of asthma for overweight/obese as well as underweight/normal weight residents in Brooklyn, compared to those in the rest of New York City.22 These levels have been tied to high concentrations of air pollutants in these areas.23

Data Source: NYC Community Health Survey 2002, 03, 04 3

Data Source: 2009 Community Health Survey, Public Data Files 4

18. Shewfelt, RL 1990a, 1990b; Klein 1987. http://www.foodsecurity.org/UAHealthArticle.pdf (April 2011).19. Harvard Medical School, 2010, http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html (April 2011).20. USDA, Economic Research Service. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Low-Income Americans. January, 2009.21. Grow NYC, “Food Stamp Sales” 2009, http://www.grownyc.org/ebthighlights (May 2011).22. NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/home/home.shtml (April 2011).23. Corburna, Osleebb, and Porterb.“Urban asthma and the neighbourhood environment inNew York City”. 2004Images: BK Farmyard’s Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/bkfarmyards/ (May 2011)Inside OKDHS, http://www.okdhs.org/library/newsltr/comm/ins/nwsfeat/fssd08182010.htm (May 2011).

Data Source: NYC Community Health Survey 2002, 03, 04 2

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Urban agriculture is able to mitigate existing health problems related to limited access and poor food choices by providing affordable and healthy produce grown within the community, integrating healthy food production into the existing food structures of the city. Organizations like BK have the added value of providing educational programs for community members, particularly for the youth, to learn about the benefits of healthy eating habits.

A 2008 study on the relationship between schoolyard environments and student health concluded that students with larger schoolyards have lower body mass index (BMI) values than students in smaller yards, due to increased physical activity.24 BK Farmyards’ youth programs provide a means of schoolyard physical activity in an applied way. Not only do students get exercise, but they gain a sense of productivity and stewardship in doing so.

Additionally, urban agriculture initiatives can develop vacant lots, grounds for asthma inducing particles, into open green space. This has the ability to improve air quality and reduce rates of asthma in surrounding neighborhoods.

As a youth farm and educational space, BK’s Crown Heights project may benefit the community in many more ways than just increasing physical health. Benefits of close proximity to open, green space included higher standardized test scores, higher graduation rates, a greater desire to attend college, and fewer reports of criminal behavior.25 For example, in a controlled study of 101 high school campuses in southeastern Michigan, the academic achievement and behavior of students were found to be in direct relationship to natural landscape exposure.

Studies conclude that being outdoors increases children’s mental well-being as well as their physical health. The aforementioned study on schoolyards and student health found that being exposed to nature can improve test scores, overall mental health and the way children and teenagers perceive their surroundings.26 The initiatives of BK Farmyards allow students to experience nature as productive and engaging space, having a potentially positive impact on their current and future lifestyle choices.

Urban Agriculture and Public Health Urban Farming and Student Health

Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream* Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

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Image Source: Bk Farmyards’ Flickr Photostream*

Volunteers at HSPS

Students of HSPS

Volunteers at HSPS

The literature review accompanying this report shows a diverse array of health benefits accompanying the practice of urban agriculture. BK Farmyards provides a source of healthy food at an affordable price, but it also provides something more. As unhealthy lifestyles are having an observed impact on increasingly younger populations, introducing agriculture to schools can have a resounding influence. Growing food on a schoolyard is an opportunity for agricultural and nutritional education at a young age, and a chance to create lasting, healthy lifestyles. It can also serve as a source of exercise, leadership experience, and community engagement.

Above is a chart of Land Use in Brooklyn Community District 9 in 2009. Only 1.7% of the land in District 9 is being used for Open Space and Recreation. There is potential for the 1.3% of the land that is vacant to be used to expand the efforts of BK Farmyards. This does not include the land that is part of commercial and residential spaces that have land available for garden space.28

Open Space & Land Availability Conclusion

Image Source: NYC DCP, Brooklyn Comm District 9 5

Community District 9, Brooklyn

24. Ozdemir, A., & Yilmaz, O. (2008). Assessment of outdoor school environments and physicalactivity in Ankara’s primary schools. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 287-300.25. Matsuoka, R. H. (2008). High school landscapes and student performance. University of Michigan,26. Ozdemir, A., & Yilmaz, O. (2008). Assessment of outdoor school environments and physicalactivity in Ankara’s primary schools. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 287-300.27. NYC Department of City Planning, 2011 http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml (April 2011).28. ibid.

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Resources

For more information about the efforts of BK:http://bkfarmyards.com/.

For more information of public health in New York City: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/home/home.shtml

For more information on urban agriculture:http://www.ruaf.org/

References

1. Office of the Manhattan Borough President. Red Tape, Green Vegetables: A Plant to Improve New York City’s Regulations for Community-Based Farmers Markets. Apr. 2010. Web. <http://www.libertycontrol.net/uploads/mbpo/RTGVReport.pdf>.

2. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Health Disparities in New York City. Apr. 2010. Web. <www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/disparitiesone.pdf>.

3. Kish, Stacy. “Healthy, Low-Calorie Foods Cost More on Average.” National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). USDA, 19 Mar. 2008. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. <http://www.csrees.usda.gov/newsroom/impact/2008/nri/03191_food_prices.html>.

4. Gottlieb, Robert, and Anupama Joshi. “Accessing Food.” Food Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2010.

5. “What Is Urban Agriculture? | RUAF - Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security.” The RUAF Foundation | RUAF - Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security. RUAF Foundation. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.ruaf.org/node/512>.

6. “What We Do.” Bk Farmyards Blog. Bk Farmyards. Web. 20 Apr. 2011. <http://bkfarmyards.blogspot.com/p/farms.html>.

7. New York State Department of Health. “ZIP Code Definitions of New York City Neighborhoods.” 2006.http://www.health.state.ny.us/statistics/cancer/registry/appendix/neighborhoods.htm. (April 2011).

8.”OASIS Map.” NYC Open Accessible Space Information System (OASIS). Web. 05 May 2011. <http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx>.

9. Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. Apr. 2011.

10. Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. Apr. 2011.

11. “Kings County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau.” State and County QuickFacts. Web. 05 May 2011. <http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/36/36047.html>.

12. U.S. Census 2000, “Demographic of Brooklyn” http://www.census.gov/. Last modified April 2011.

13. ibid.

14. U.S. Census Bereau. U.S. Department of Commerce. Poverty: 2008 and 2009 American Community Suvey Briefs. Sept. 2010. Web. 22 Apr. 2011. <www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/acsbr09-1.pdf>.

15. “Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. 05 May 2011. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml>.

16. United States. The New York City Deparmet of Health and Mental Hygene.“Eating Well: Access to Healthy Food in North and Central Brooklyn NYC Health”. Nyc.gov. By Thomas R. Frieden and Michael R. Bloomberg. Brooklyn District of Public Health, 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/.../dpho-brooklyn-report2006.pdf>.

17.United States. The New York City Deparmet of Health and Mental Hygene.“Eating Well: Access to Healthy Food in North and Central Brooklyn NYC Health”. Nyc.gov. By Thomas R. Frieden and Michael R. Bloomberg. Brooklyn District of Public Health, 2006. Web. 25 Apr. 2011. <www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/.../dpho-brooklyn-report2006.pdf>.

18. Anne, Bellows C., Brown Katherine, and Smit Jac. Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture. Rep. Web. Apr. 2011. <http://www.foodsecurity.org/UAHealthArticle.pdf>.

19. Harvard Medical School. “Healthy and Sustainable Food” 2010, http://chge.med.harvard.edu/programs/food/nutrition.html (April 2011).

20. USDA, Economic Research Service. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption by Low-Income Americans. January, 2009.

21. “Food Stamp Sales.” GrowNYC. Web. Apr. 2011. <http://www.grownyc.org/ebthighlights>.

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22. “Childhood Asthma Initiative.” Nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Web. Apr. 2011. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/asthma/asthma.shtml>.

23. Corburna, Osleebb, and Porterb.“Urban asthma and the neighbourhood environment inNew York City”. 2004

24. Ozdemir, A., & Yilmaz, O. (2008). Assessment of outdoor school environments and physicalactivity in Ankara’s primary schools. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 287-300.

25.Matsuoka, R. H. (2008). High school landscapes and student performance. University of Michigan.

26. Ozdemir, A., & Yilmaz, O. (2008). Assessment of outdoor school environments and physicalactivity in Ankara’s primary schools. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 287-300.

27.”Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. 05 May 2011. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml>.

27. ibid.

28. Kuo, Frances E. and Taylor, Andrea F. “A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From a National Study”. American Journal of Public Health. 94. (2004). 1580-1586.

Images:

1. Community Board No. 9 Brooklyn. The City of New York. Web. May 2011. <http://www.communitybrd9bklyn.org/list_brooklyn_maps_new.asp>

2. Blog, “Get Out What You Put In” Beet Tattoo. <http://gorp.typepad.com/the_great_gorp_project/2009/08/index.html> (May 2011).

3. Reynolds, Kristin. ” New School Students at BKF” April 2011.

4. Inside OKDHS. “EBT at Farmers Market” 2011. <http://www.okdhs.org/library/newsltr/comm/ins/nwsfeat/fssd08182010.htm>.

5. BK Farmyards’ Flickr. “Various Images”. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/bkfarmyards> (All starred * images)

Graphs

1. Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. 05 May 2011. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/bk09_info.shtml>.

2. NYC Community Health Survey 2002, 03, 04, 2010. < http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/survey/survey.shtml>.

3. ibid.

4. NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/home/home.shtml (April 2011).

5. Brooklyn Community District 9 - New York City Department of City Planning.” New York City Community Portal. Nyc.gov. Web. 05 May 2011. <http://www.nyc.

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