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BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’ SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus: Chainpur, Jaganpura,

By-Pass, Patna 804453. Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. , Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.com Email: info@bishopscottboysschool.com

STUDY COURSE MATERIAL

COMPUTER SESSION-2020-21

CLASS-V

TOPIC: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

DAY-1

TEACHING MATERIAL : - INTRODUCTION

There is a universal truth “Necessity is the mother of invention”. Yes this is really a universal truth. As our needs increases there are new technologies are evolved. As we all know that the initial stage of the calling technology is landline which is very costly and you can‟t take it with you anywhere. Same with the computer, as the time passes the calculations, algorithms become harder. For the solution of this problem scientists invent a machine called computer which has its own mind called CPU which process the algorithms and give us a results within small time. But the initial computers are very large in size also their speed is very slow. Now there is a requirement of the fast speed computer then scientist again make this need into a reality. And as the time passes the size of the computer gets smaller and the computer gets faster.

When was the word "computer" was first used? The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and originally was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to machines whose primary purpose was calculating.

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The birth of Computer Science and Machine Learning can be traced back to many ideas and early prototypes, such as Babbage‟s calculating machine in the early 19th century or Hollerith‟s punch card system from the end of the 19th century. There is however, a strong case that Alan Turing‟s machine laid the foundations for the development of Computer Science and Machine Learning. In 1936, Alan Turing invented a mathematical model of a universal machine, which later became known as a Turing Machine. Despite its apparent simplicity, a Turing Machine can be constructed to solve any given computer algorithm. It is in this sense, the first concept of a universal, all-purpose, Computing machine. It provides computer science with a firm scientific foundation, since it offers a model of computation which can be tested against real world applications.

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VIDEO-LINKS

https://youtu.be/DENG7Q7VRgo

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DAY-2

TEACHING MATERIAL : - EARLY CALCULATING DEVICES

*Abacus* Many centuries ago when man started to count the numbers, he thought of a device which can trace the numbers and thus came the existence of ABACUS. It was the first counting device which was developed in China more than 3000 years ago. The name Abacus was obtained from Greek word Abax which means slab. This device basically consists of a rectangular wooden frame and beads. The frame contains horizontal rods and the beads which have holes are passed through the rods. Counting was done by moving the beads from one end of the frame to the other. It is dividing into two parts called „Heaven‟ and „Earth‟. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any number can be represented by placing the beads at proper place.

*Pascaline* Pascaline is a calculating machine developed by Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician. It was the first device with an ability to perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers. The device is made up of interlocked cog wheels which contains numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference. When one wheel completes its rotation the other wheel moves by one segment. Pascal patented this device in 1647 and produced it on mass scale and earned a handful of money.

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*Napier ’s Bones* It is a device which contains a set of rods made of bones. It was developed by John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician and hence the device was named as Napier‟s Bones. The device was mainly developed for performing multiplication and division. Later in 1614 he also introduced logarithms. It was a better calculating device. In this device, Napier‟s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some number is printed on these rods. Using this mechine they can do addition, multiplication, subtraction and division in efficent way.

*THE LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR* Gottfried Leibniz a German mathemation modified the Pascal calculator in 1673. He developed a machine called Liebniz Calculator which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well as addition, subtraction.

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VIDEO-LINKS

https://youtu.be/g-JLuC4lFjA

DAY-3

TEACHING MATERIAL : - EARLY IT INVENTERS

*First mechanical computer or automatic*

Computing Engine Concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing machine. The Difference Engine was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. Babbage received some help with development of the Difference Engine from Ada Lovelace, considered by many to be the first computer programmer for her work and notes on the Difference Engine. Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

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In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom), and integrated memory. It is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage was alive. In 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic calculations.

The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC began development by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937. Its development continued until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). The ABC was an electrical computer that used more than 300 vacuum tubes for digital computation, including binary math and Boolean logic and had no CPU (was not programmable). On October 19, 1973, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer. The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

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The first electric programmable computer

The Colossus was the first electric programmable computer, developed by Tommy Flowers, and first demonstrated in December 1943. The Colossus was created to help the British code breakers read encrypted German messages.

UNIVAC

Short for Universal Automatic Computer, the UNIVAC, a trademark of the Unisys corporation, is a series of electrical computers containing thousands of vacuum tubes. It utilized punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data. The UNIVAC I was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and released in 1951 and 1952. The UNIVAC II and III was later released with various models, such as the 418, 490, 491, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, and 1108. Many of these models were only owned by a few companies or government agencies.

Hollerith tabulating machine

The Hollerith tabulating machine, also known as the tabulating machine, was an electrical counting machine invented by Herman Hollerith. It was first described in his doctoral thesis, which he presented at Columbia University in 1889.

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The machine was proof of his concept that data could be encoded by holes punched in a card and thereby counted and sorted electronically. It was successful, and Hollerith went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company, which later merged to become a company called IBM.

Harvard Mark I An early protocomputer, built during World War II in the United States. While Vannevar Bush was working on analog computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), across town Harvard University professor Howard Aiken was working with digital devices for calculation. He had begun to realize in hardware something like the 19th-century English inventor Charles Babbage‟s Analytical Engine, which he had read about. Starting in 1937, Aiken laid out detailed plans for a series of four calculating machines of increasing sophistication, based on different technologies, from the largely mechanical Mark I to the electronic Mark IV

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From 1939 to 1944 Aiken, in collaboration with IBM, developed his first fully functional computer, known as the Harvard Mark I. The machine, like Babbage‟s, was huge: more than 50 feet (15 metres) long, weighing five tons, and consisting of about 750,000 separate parts, it was mostly mechanical. For input and output it used three paper-tape readers, two card readers, a card punch, and two typewriters. It took between three and six seconds to add two numbers. Aiken developed three more such machines (Mark II–IV) over the next few years and is credited with developing the first fully automatic large-scale calculator.

VIDEO-LINKS https://youtu.be/CvNQdbkw7yE

DAY-4

TEACHING MATERIAL : - GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. In the following table, approximate dates against each generation has been mentioned, which are normally accepted.

Following are the main five generations of computers.

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*First Generation*

The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First Generation of Computer.

The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic valve machine.

The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the output was displayed on printouts.

The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-1).

Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc.

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*Second Generation*

The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of Second Generation of Computers.

The second generation computers were developed by using transistor technology.

In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.

In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the second generation was lesser.

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*Third Generation*

The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of computers.

The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology.

In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the third generation was smaller.

In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the third generation was lesser.

The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat.

The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.

The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial use.

*Fourth Generation*

The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers.

The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology

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By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.

The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.

It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.

The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.

It became available for the common people as well.

*Fifth Generation*

The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation of

computers.

By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only, but

the fifth generation technology also included software.

The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.

Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed

simultaneously.

Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial intelligence,

Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

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VIDEO-LINKS

https://youtu.be/NqgpZ_v4Ne8

DAY-5

TEACHING MATERIAL : - TYPES OF COMPUTERS

PC (Personal Computer)

A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.

Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days high-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.

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Workstation

Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.

Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems

Mainframe

Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports many simultaneous execution of programs.

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Supercomputer

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of mathematical calculations (number crunching).

For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

VIDEO-LINKS

https://youtu.be/uD0acIhi8xE