BIOWASTE SOLUTIONS “Waste is the measure of our inefficiency” .
Biowaste 4 SPbiomass-sp.net/.../2012/06/Theme-7-KBBE-Biowaste-4SP.pdf · 2012-06-07 · Biowaste 4...
Transcript of Biowaste 4 SPbiomass-sp.net/.../2012/06/Theme-7-KBBE-Biowaste-4SP.pdf · 2012-06-07 · Biowaste 4...
Biowaste 4 SP
Senior Scientist Ph.D. Anne-Belinda Bjerre
Biowaste for SP new EU project with
partners from EU, Africa and Malaysia Program for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Biotechnology
Proposal full title: Processing of biowaste for sustainable products in developing countries
Proposal acronym: Biowaste4SP
Type of funding scheme: Specific International Cooperation Actions (SICA)
Work Progr. topics addressed: KBBE.2012.3.4-01: Conversion of biowaste in developing countries
Name of the coordinating person: Dr. Anne-Belinda Bjerre
Danish Technological Institute (DTI), Denmark
Partners in Biowaste4SP
Partici-
pant nr.
Participant organization name Participant
Short name
Org Type Country
1 Danish Technological Institute DTI Research Denmark
2 Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL Research Sweden
3 TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center TUBITAK Research Turkey
4 SIRIM Berhad SIRIM Research Malaysia
5 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Institute of Industrial Research (CSIR-IIR)
CSIR-GH Research Ghana
6 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR-ZA Research South Africa
7 Agricultural Research Centre ARC Research Egypt
8 University of Siena UNISI University Italy
9 Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and
Veterinary Medicine
IAV Research Morocco
10 Danish Technical University DTU University Denmark
11 Ethekwini Municipality ETM Public South Africa
12 Myagri Group of Companies MYAGRI SME Malaysia
13 BioVelop AB BV SME Sweden
14 Moroccan Association for Solid Waste AMADES NGO Morocco
15 African Institute for Capacity Development AICAD Research Kenya
16 World Association of Industrial and
Technological research Organizations
WAITRO NGO Malaysia
About Africa
Africa is the world's second largest continent, and one of the world’s fastest growing markets.
Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia:
30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq meters) including adjacent islands
Africa covers about 5% of the Earth's total surface area and 20% of the total land area.
Africa accounts for almost 15% of the World's human population:
With almost a billion people led by Nigeria (135mil), Egypt (80mil), Ethiopia (76mil), Congo-Kinshasa (65mil) and South Africa (44mil).
There are an estimated 2,000 languages spoken across the continent.
African agriculture accounts for about 30-40
percent of Africa’s GNP.
Africa accounted for only 2 percent of world fertilizer consumption in 2003/04.
Total fertilizer nutrient consumption in Africa increased with 4.3 percent.
Nitrogen consumption increased with 3 percent and phosphate and potash consumption increased with 5.6 and 6 percent respectively.
Although Africa comprises 58 countries, fertilizer consumption continues to be mainly restricted to 10 countries and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer production capacity exists in only 8 countries.
The main consumers in the region are Egypt, South Africa and Morocco.
Total fertilizer consumption in sub-Saharan African countries remains at approximately one percent of World fertilizer consumption.
Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass
Clark & Deswarte 2008
& Fertilizer
A step forward to fulfill this goal is..
• to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and
energy
• to replace fossil chemicals with biomass based chemicals and materials
The biorefinery
Biorefinery of African biowaste
feedstocks
Definition of biorefinery:
Integrated and combined processes for the conversion of biomass
into a variety of food, feed, chemicals, biomaterials, and energy – at
the same time maximising the value of the biomass and minimising
the waste
Fertilizer
Cost is the critical challenge for success.
Thus, easily accessible and low cost biomass
feedstock is a prerequisite for making biobased
production economically feasible.
Industrial, agriculture and municipal biowastes have
the potential to be that resource.
However, it is of great importance to be aware of
how to utilise the different sources of biowaste and
for which purpose.
Knowledge about biowaste composition is crucial
In order to do this in the best possible way, one has to
know about chemical composition:
1) i.e. the biowaste contents of carbohydrates, both
starchy and lignocellulosic based should be considered
and evaluated as potential (and best) fermentation
substrates for bioenergy carriers, chemicals, and
food/feed ingredient (e.g. amino acids).
2) i.e. the biowaste ash contents, which are potential
plant nutrients as in fertilizer.
3) and biowaste proteins, which are important ingredients
in food and feed applications as well as fertilizer.
Objectives of Biowaste4SP
The objective of the proposed project is to show
and demonstrate the technical roadmap - a
strategy - for efficient technological utilisation of
selected significant biowaste in five African
countries - Morocco, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa,
and Kenya- derived from both the industrial and
agricultural sector, thus, turning biowaste into a
new resource for sustainable products.
WP1:. Sugar based raw
materials: agriculture and
food industrial waste
WP2. Nutrient rich raw
materials: agriculture
waste and manure
WP3: Sugar platform
Pretreatment and
enzymatic conversion
WP4: Bioconversion
Fermentation by
SSF, SHF and
solids state
Bioethanol, Lactic acid,
Protein, Amino Acids
WP5: Biogas
production
Biogas
WP6: Compositing (DEMO)
Incl. Specialty microorganisms
production
Biofertilizer WP9: Project management
WP7: Sustainability
assesment and LCA
Process diagram and WP interactions of Biowaste 4 SP:
Blue lines: Primary process flow
Orange lines: Main product(s)
Green lines: Waste streams
WP8: Knowledge transfer, training and dissemination
Biowaste 4SP
flowdiagram
Examples of biowaste ressources in Africa
Sugars based biowaste (industrial food waste)
Banana (whole fruit) biowaste
Sweet potato biowaste
Cassava (Manioc) biowaste
Coffee biowaste
Rice bran
Rice straw
Nutrient based biowaste
Municipal solid waste
Manure
Rice straw
Cassava leaves
Production of chosen significant agricultural products
in Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.
Annual
Production
(metric tons)
Egypt Morocco Kenya Ghana South Africa
Bananas 1 100 000 843 465 373 637
Cassava (2) 819 967 12 230 600
Olives (2) 500 000 770 000
Sorghum (2) 880 000 350 550
Rice, Paddy (2) 7 500 000 391 440
Sun flower seeds
(2)
801 000
Cotton (bales) (1) 1 000 000 1 000 20 000 70 000 -
Source: 1) FAO, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 2009; http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx; 2) http://www.nationmaster.com
Biowaste 4 Sustainable Products in Africa
Target products:
Feed and food (protein and
amino acids)
Energy (biogas and bioethanol)
Fertilizer (biofertilizer)
Value-added products (lactic
acid and health care products)
Potential biowaste resources and potential products
from the conversion of these
Biowaste Sugar
rich
Nutrient
rich
Protein
rich
Potential product
Cassava + ET, LA, AA, DDGS, PRO
Cassava leaves + + FZ, BG
Banana + + ET, LA, AA, DDGS
Rice hulls + ET, LA, AA, DDGS, VA
Rice straw + + BG, FZ
Cotton stock + + BG, FZ
Olive waste + + BG, FZ
Sun flower waste + + BG, FZ
Soya waste + + BG, FZ
Manure + BG, FZ
Sewage sludge + BG, FZ
(Key to abbreviations: ET_ ethanol ; LA_ Lactic acid; AA_ amino acids; PRO_ proteins; VA_ value added products ;
BG_bio gas; FZ_ Fertilizer; DDGS_ “Distillers dry grain solids”; in this context the solid rest after fermentation )
What kind of feedstocks are needed ?
Feed
Energy
Sugar based
feedstocks
Nutrient based
feedstocks Fertilizer
Fertilizer
In our project we will do process integration:
Sugar based
feedstocks
Nutrient based
feedstocks +
Energy Feed Value added
products
Development of whole crop biowaste
biorefinery
Starch
Biowaste (banana,
cassava etc)
Lignocellulose
Food
Feed
Biofuel
Fertilizer
Banana: a sugars based Biowaste
ressources in Africa, an example
Composition of banana
Starch based
material
Lignocellosic based
material
Banana amylopectin (starch) and cellulose
(lignocellulose) both sugar polymers
Cellulose
Starch material
amlylose/amylopectin
Plant cell walls contain C5 and C6 sugars and lignin
Cellulose Hemicellulose
Lignin
Wheat straw
in Denmark
Sugar platform from starch (1. generation) and from lignocellulose (2. generation) for bioethanol production
1. generation sugar platform:
Substrate: Sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane and starch from maize or wheat.
Milling and cooking (atmopheric pressure) before enzymatic hydrolysis.
Optimised, cheap commercial enzymes available
2. generation sugarplatform:
•Substrate: Lignocellulosic materials (straw, corn stover, wood, waste)
•Chemical/physical pretreatment at high pressure and temperature necessary to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis.
•More expensive, but now commercial
enzymes that are still improving
Starch and cellulose both made of
glucose
amylose consists of glucose bound by alfa-1-4 linkages
Cellulose consists of glucose bound by beta-1-4 linkages
Development of ”whole crop” biorefinery
Starch
Banana
(example!)
Lignocellulose
Food
Feed
Biofuel
Fertilizer
Value-added
Feed and food (protein and molasses) as by-
products from bioethanol production
Distillation
DDGS
(fodder)
Yeast
Fermenta-
tion Sugar
Corn
Kernels Starch
Conversion
Fuel ethanol
(main product)
1st generation starch bioethanol
Precipitation
Purification
or destillation
DDGS
(fodder)
Fermenta-
tion
C6-C5
Monomer
sugar
Pretreated
banana
starch +
hemicellulose
Sugar
conversion
Lactic acid
(main product)
1st generation starch bioethanol, DDGS and
amino acid production from biowaste in Africa
Amino acids
Value added-products
+ a protein containing
biowaste ressource
Bioethanol
(main product)
1
2
Enzymes
3 SSF
Value-added product from rice bran
Chemical composition of rice bran
Rice bran:
Starch: up to 45%
Fiber: 17-20%
Protein: 14-16%
Oil /fat: 4-5%
Ash: 4%
Moisture: 12-13%
Example: Rice processing
Conventional / Short Roller-Milling
Bran Flour
20-35% 65-80%
Proteins,
Fibre,Gluten, starch
oils, soluble fibre MD, Glucose
Product Fraction overview
Wheat Bran
Insoluble Fraction: 55-60%
6**
Soluble fraction
(intermediate): 40-45%
0.5*
Xylo-
Oligosaccharide
:10-20%
7
Soluble Xylans,
prebiotics: 10-20%
8
Aleurone-rich
Protein 3-4%
9**
Aleurone-rich Oil: 0,5%
11
Defatted Aleurone-
rich Protein: 3-4%
12**
Insoluble Dietary
Fibre: 18-25%
10
Glucose Syrup
15-25%
1
Germ Rich Protein
7-15%
2** 3
Germ Oil
1,5-3%
4
Defatted Germ Rich
Protein 6-12%
5**
Xylan rich protein
7-15%
0
9.5 Aleurone Rich Protein,
Hydrol.: 3-4%
Intermediate
6.5*
Main products
Especially for prebiotic
content
GRP
Hydrolyzed
7-15%
2.5
DARP, Hydrolyzed
3-4%
12.5
DGRP, hydrolyzed
6-12%%
5.5
Notes: 1. A (*) after the product number means that it is an
intermediate product only. 2. A (**) after the product means that it can
be sold as is or processed further. 3. All % figures relate to the cereal
bran.
Lactic acid from the rice bran starch
Process diagram, lactic acid production
Wet milling Separation Glucose
syrup
SSF by lacto
bacillus
Lactic
acid
Precipitation
and
purification
Rice bran
Lactic
acid
solution
Fibres
Fertilizer as by-product from biogas production
Biofuel : Biogas (byproduct) and Fertilizer (main
product)
All lignocellulosic biowaste streams will be mixed with
municipal solid waste (and/or) manure and treated in a
biogas plant
Biogas Fertilizer
Biogas plants are multifunctional plants
Production of Renewable
Energy – biogas (CH4 )
Reduction of greenhouse
gasses – emission of CH4
and N2O
Recirculation of nutrients
from organic waste
products
Optimized distribution of
nutrients from manure and
organic waste
Biogas
Envi-
ron-
ment
Agri-
cul-
ture
Energy
What happens in the biogas plant?
Organic material is
degraded
Nutrients are
mineralized
Pathogenes and weed
seeds are destroyed
Biofertilizer
Composition (aim to be obtained during the project)
Renewable and fossil free
Organic rich solid fertilizer
Fully loaded with all 14 essential plant nutrients
Pelletized or compressed to reduce transport costs and
facilitate storage
Biofertilizer produced in a biogas reactor
Lignocellulosic residues
(Sugar for biogas and lignin for
fertilizer)
Manure/municpal solid waste
(nutrients N,P,K for fertilizer and more sugars for
biogas)
Biogas Fertilizer
(liquid and solid)
Fertilizer finally made by composting of solids from biogas
reactor (video from Malaysia)
Composting of
biomass : 2 times
a day oxygen
addition by forced
air ventilation