Biotek3 Translasi Dna

7/24/2019 Biotek3 Translasi Dna

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REPLICATIONREPLICATION

TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTIONTRANSLATIONTRANSLATION


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DNA

1. Double Stranded Helix

2. Hydrogen Bonds betweenNitrogenous Base Pairs

3. Adenine-Thyine and

!uanine-"ytosine


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GENEGENE

A gene is a segment of DNA

A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for

a functional product (usually a protein)

1 gene = 1000s of base pairs41000possibilities of combinations


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A Gene is a Segment of DNA

When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce

RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.


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GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPEGENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE

Genotype

1. Genetic Composition of an Organism

2. Represents the Potential Properties

Phenotype

1. The Expression of the Genes

2. What You See


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REPLICATIONREPLICATION

The duplication of DNA which occurs during the Sphase of Interphase.

1 Strand2 Complementary Strands

DNA Polymerase


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ONE MORE

TIME!


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Step 1:Hydrogen bonds

between complimentary

bases brea

DN! un"ips


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Step 2:DN! strandspull apart #rom each other


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Step 3$ DN! nucleotides in the cell

match up with each side o# theun"ipped DN!

each un"ipped% strands #orms a

template #or a new strand


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Step 4$ &ach old% strand#orms a template #or a

new strand

two identical DN!molecules #orm

old (original) strand

new strand' identical

seuence to the original


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TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

The process by which a molecule of DNA is copiedinto a complementary strand of RNA.

1 Strand DNA2 Strands RNA

RNA Polymerase


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DNA RNA


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Label the Folloing


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Step 1:Hydrogen bonds

between complimentary

bases brea

DN! un"ips


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Step 2:DN! strands

pull apart #rom each other


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Step 3$

N! nucleotides

in the cell match

up with only onesideo# the

un"ipped DN!

each un"ipped%

strands #orms atemplate #or a

mN! strand

N! nucleotide


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Step 4$

N! nucleotides

continue to match

up withun"ipped DN!

until the message

is completely

transcribed

mN! strand

*ne side o# DN! strand


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Step 4$

mN! strand

breas o###rom the DN!

strand

mN! strand

*ne side o# DN! strand


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Step 5$

mN! strand

lea+es the

nucleus #or

the ribosome


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Step : *nce the mN!

lea+es' the DN! "ips

bac together


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TRANSLATIONTRANSLATIONThe process in which the information in the nucleotide

base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the aminoacid sequence of a protein.

1 Strand RNAAmino Acid ChainProtein


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,he problem$ How does a

particular seuence o#

nucleotidesspeci#y a particular

seuence o# amino acids

.y means o# trans!er RNA

molecules' each speci#ic #or one

amino acid and #or a particular

tripleto# nucleotides in mN!

called a codon ,he #amily o#

tN! molecules enables the

codons in a mN! molecule to

be translatedinto the seuenceo# amino acids in the protein
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.html


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RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESISRNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESISRNA is a SingleStranded NucleicAcidRNA Acts as aMessenger betweenDNA andRibosomes

Process TakesAmino Acids andForms Proteins


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WHY IS IT NECESSARY?WHY IS IT NECESSARY?DNA / Nucleus

Ribosomes / Cytoplasm

Need a Messenger


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DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

Codon1. Three-base segment of mRNA that specify amino acids.2. Sense Codons

3. Nonsense Codons

Anticodon1. Three-base segment of tRNA that

dock with a codon.2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.


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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with

3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. Whats

up with that?


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MUTATIONMUTATION

A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA;

that change causes a change in the product coded

for by the mutated gene.


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MUTATIONS

0hat happens when you get insertions or deletions o# bases in

the DN! seuence

1sually you end up with a mess

,H& .23 4!, 5!, !,& ,H& !, !ND 3*, 266

Deletion o# one base

,H& 234 !,5 !,! ,&, H& !,! ND3 *,2 66

!nd its all pops and bu""es


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SICKLE-CELLANEMIA


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DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

CarcinogensSubstances and preparations which, if they areinhaled or ingested or if they penetrate theskin; may induce cancer or increase itsincidence and can affect any cells or tissues

Mutagensmay induce hereditary genetic defects orincrease their incidence and effect the germcells (gonads)

Teratogensmay induce non-hereditary congenitalmalformations or increase their incidence andeffect the growing fetus


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MUTAGENSMUTAGENS

Tobacco products

Nitrous Acid

Mold ToxinsX-rays

Gamma Rays

UV RadiationSome Artificial Sweeteners


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