Biorefineries for Eco-efficient Processing of Biomass – Classification and

Assessment of Biorefinery SystemsG. Jungmeier, J. Pucker

Joanneum Research, Graz, Austriaand the colleagues of IEA Bioenergy Task 42 „Biorefineries“

PTF BPI 2010October 7, 2010, Kuchl, Austria

IEA Bioenergy Task 42 on Biorefineries

The Austrian participation in Task 42 of IEA Bioenergy is financed by the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology / Department for Energy and Environmental Technologies

Development GreenhouseGas Emissions per Sector 1990 - 2004

26%

13%

8%

19%

14%

17%

3%

Shares of total emissions 2004

chemical industry:4% of total oil consumption2% of global GHG emissions

Source: IPCC

OutlineIntroduction

Classification

Assessment

Examples

Conclusions

Scheme of a Biorefinery

BiomassResourcesoilstarchsugarlignocellulose…

Bioproducts

bulk chemicalsfine chemicalsanimal feedfoodmaterialsfertilizer…

Based on different conversion processes:- bio-chemical- thermo-chemical- physical-chemical- …

Biorefinery

liquid/gaseous transport biofuelselectricityheatsolid fuels

Bioenergy

IEA Bioenergy

What is a „Biorefinery“?IEA Bioenergy

„Biorefinery is the- sustainable processing of- biomass into a- spectrum of marketable products.“

Definition by IEA Bioenergy Task 42 Biorefineries

OutlineIntroduction

Classification

Assessment

Examples

Conclusions

The 4 Features to Classify a Biorefinery System

1. Platforms 2. Products

3. Feedstock 4. Processes

Biorefinery

IEA Bioenergy

Feature 1: Platforms of a Biorefinery SystemPlatforms:

intermediates from feedstock towards final productslinkages between different biorefinery conceptsfinal product of the biorefinerycombined platforms possible (e.g. C6 & lignin, C5 & C6)

IEA Bioenergy

BiorefineryPlatforms

C5 sugars

green pressate oils

biogaselectricity

hydrogen

C6 sugars

pyrolyticliquids

lignin

syngas

fibres proteins

pulp

heat

Application ofClassification System

Generic System Example

IEA Bioenergy

Platform

Mechanicalprocess

Chemical process

Biochemicalprocess

Feedstock

Energy products

Material products

C6 sugars

Mechanicalfractionation

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Starch crops

Bioethanol Animal feed

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

1. Bioethanol fromstarch

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

1. Bioethanol fromstarch

2. Biodiesel from oilcrop

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

1. Bioethanol fromstarch

2. Biodiesel from oilcrop

3. Biomethane fromorganic residues

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

1. Bioethanol fromstarch

2. Biodiesel from oilcrop

3. Biomethane fromorganic residues

4. FT-Fuels fromlignocellulosic residues

Grain Straw

Biogas

Platform Mechanical/Physical process

Chemical process

Biochemical processes

Thermochemical process

UpgradingSteam

reforming

Pressing/desruption

Estherification

Link among biorefinery pathways

Pretreatment

Combustion

Fiber separation

Fractionation and/or pressing

Chemical reaction

Methanisation

Fiber separation

Oil

C6 sugars

Water gas shift

Straw

H2

Hydrogenation / Upgrading

Extraction

Fermentation

Water electrolysis

Gasification

Separation

Syngas

Separation

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis, HTU

Organic residues and others

Grasses Sugar crops

Starch crops

Lignocellulosic crops

Lignocellulosic residues Oil crops Oil based

residues

Biomethane

BiodieselElectricity and heatFertilizer Glycerine

Chemicals & polymers

Feedstock

Material products

Legend

Energy products

Synthetic biofuels (FT, DME…)

Anaerobic digestion

Organic solution

Food

Bioethanol

Organic acids & extracts

Lignin

Upgrading

Pyrolytic liquid

Algae

Biomaterials

C5 sugars

Bio-H2

Chemical reaction

Animal feed

Chemical reaction

IEA Bioenergy

1. Bioethanol fromstarch

2. Biodiesel from oilcrop

3. Biomethane fromorganic residues

4. FT-Fuels fromlignocellulosic residues

…

OutlineIntroduction

Classification

Assessment

Examples

Conclusions

Assessment of Advantages & Disadvantages of Biorefineries

Envi

ronm

enta

las

pect

s

Econ

omic

aspe

cts

Soci

alas

pect

s

Sustainability

Biorefinery

What are„Conventional Systems“?

IEA Bioenergy

TransportConversionDistribution

FossilRessource

FossilSystem

Energy &Materials

Bioenergy &biomaterials

TransportConversionDistribution

BiomassFeedstock

BiorefinerySystem

Product services

Bioenergy andFossil System

FossilRessource

Materials

TransportConversionDistribution

TransportConversionDistribution

BiomassFeedstock

Bioenergy

C o n v e n t i o n a l S y s t e m s

Basics of Comparing Biorefineries to Conventional Systems

Same amount of products with the same service

Same amount and type of biomass must be considered

Same amount of agricultural area and forestry area used

Whole chain approach e.g. life cycle, value chain

Relevant for all aspects of sustainability:economic, environmental and social

OutlineIntroduction

Classification

Assessment

Examples

Conclusions

Separation

C5 Molasses

Distillation

Ethanol

Yeast

Fibre

Enzymes

Power plant

Steam

Pre‐treatment

Straw

Solidbiofuel

FermentationLiquefied fibres

Condensate

Stillageseparation

Liquefaction

Liquid fraction

Evaporation

Example 1: DemonstrationPlant IBUS Biorefinery Denmark

IEA Bioenergy

Example 1: Classification:IBUS Biorefinery Denmark

„A Three Platform Biorefinerywith Straw for Bioethanol –C6&C5 Sugars and Lignin“

IEA Bioenergy

C5&C6 sugarsC6 sugarsLignin

4.6 GJ Transportation fuel + 3.6 GJ Electricity+ 8.7 GJ Heat + 3.1 GJ Animal Feed

Biorefinery SystemConventional System

CHPPlant

Electricity 3.6 GJ +Heat 8.7 GJ

Oil Refinery

Gasoline4.6 GJ

Oil0.3 t

Bioethanol4.6 GJ

EtOH-Plant

Animal Feed3.1 GJ

Straw1 t

Electricity 2.0 GJ + Heat 7.6 GJ

Coal0.3 tNot produced

Set aside land

Feedplant

Animal Feed3.1 GJ

Grains0.2 t

Lignin0.4 t

Electricity 1.6 GJ +Heat 1.1 GJ

CHPPlant

Electricity0.6 GJHeat

2.8 GJ

Case inDenmark

IEA Bioenergy

Example 2: DemonstrationPlant „Green Biorefinery“, Austria

IEA Bioenergy

Feedstock: Mixture of grass, clover, lucerene silageProducts:- Organic acids (lactic and amino acids)- Fertilizer- Biomethane- Optional: fibres products

Example 2: DemonstrationPlant „Green Biorefinery“, Austria

IEA Bioenergy

Grasses

Fractionation and pressing

Organic solution

Fiber separation

Anaerobic digestion

Biogas

Upgrading

Biomethane FertilizerBiomaterials (fiber products )

Extraction

Organic acids (lactic and amino acids)

Green pressate

“A Two Platform Biorefinery with Grass for Biomethan -Biogas, Green Pressate”

Productproduction

Product0.25 t

Raw oil0.3 t

Biorefinery SystemBiorefinery and natural gas

Conventional SystemBiogas and raw oil

Methan0.01 MWh

NaturalgasCase in

Austria

0.1 MWh Methan and 0.25 t Products

Biogas-plant

Biomethan0.09 MWh

Productproduction

Biobasedproducts

0.25 t

Mech.Extraction

Intermediate0.3 t

Biogas-plant

Biomethan0.1 MWh

Grasssilage1 t

IEA Bioenergy

Example 3:Wood Bioethanol Biorefinery

Combustion

Pretreatment

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Bioethanol

Wood chips

Lignin

Pyrolysis

Drying

SeparationResidues

Electricity Heat Phenols

Char

Biooil

Biorefinery SystemConventional System

Naturaloxidation

Wood1 t

5 GJ Transportation fuels + 1.2 GJ Electricity+ 0.7 GJ Heat + 0.01 t Phenols

Bioethanol5 GJ

Woodbiorefinery

Phenols 0.01 t

Electricity 1.2 GJ +Heat 0.7 GJ

Heat 0.7 GJ

Oil Refinery

Gasoline5 GJ

Oil6 GJ

Powerplant

Electricity 1.2 GJ

Gas2.2 GJ

Heatingplant

Phenols 0.01 t

Conventional Systems for Wood Bioethanol Biorefinery

Systems

Heat Electricity Transportation service *) Phenols

110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/aWood bioethanol biorefienery

Wood polygeneration, con. phenols oilWood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols gasoline oil

Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oilFossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil

*) Bioethanol: 100.000 t/a**) Combined heat and power

woodwood

wood

Supplied energy servicesProduct services

Conventional systems

- 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Wood bioethanolbiorefienery

Wood polygeneration, con.phenols

Wood CHP, gasoline, con.phenols

Wood heating, natural gas,gasoline, con. phenols

Fossil reference system

Greenhouse Gas Emissions [1,000 t CO2-eq./a]

CO2 CH4 N2O

48

57

288

367

408

Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions

- 10%

- 29%

- 86%

- 88%

Annual Primary Energy Demand

- 2 4 6 8 10

Wood bioethanolbiorefienery

Wood polygeneration,con. phenols

Wood CHP, gasoline,con. phenols

Wood heating, naturalgas, gasoline, con.

phenols

Fossil reference system

Cumulated Primary Energy Demand [PJ/a]

Fossil energy Biomass Others

8.6

7.0

6.2

5.85

5.91

- 33%

- 84%

- 9% Reduction fossil energy

- 90%

OutlineIntroduction

Classification

Assessment

Examples

Conclusions

Conclusions + OutlookIEA Bioenergy

Comparative assessment of systems on wholechain approach by using same amount of biomass and land

Task 42 „Biorefinery“ works out examples for sustainability assessment

Unique classification possible viaplatforms, products, feedstock and processes

Biorefinery systems coproducebioenergy and biomaterials (key driver transportation biofuels)

Conventional system includes fossil and biomassbased systems (e.g. for heat&electricity)

Task 42 will identify the 12 mostinteresting biofuel driven biorefineries

IEA Bioenergy-Task42 Website

More information:

www.biorefinery.nl/ieabioenergy-task42

IEA Bioenergy