Biology Semester Review Fall 2012
Transcript of Biology Semester Review Fall 2012
Name_______________________
Biology Semester Review – Fall 2012
Scientific Method, Lab Safety & Equipment, Graphing
Label the equipment pictures below with what they measure: volume, mass, or temperature (you can use words more
than once)
6. ______ The surface of liquids in a glass cylinder is always curved.
This curved surface is called a meniscus. When reading a volume of
a liquid, read the bottom of the meniscus. What is the most precise
volume of the liquid shown in the figure to the right?
a. 61 mL
b. 74 mL
c. 67 mL
d. 66 mL
A line graph is used to plot data over time. A bar graph shows comparisons between different sets of data that are not
continuous over time. A circle graph, or pie graph, compares percentages of data.
Match the information with the correct graph to display it: line graph, bar graph, or circle graph
7. ________________ A scientist planted two groups of pea plants: one in direct sunlight and one in a dark closet.
Plant height was measured and recorded every day for two months.
8. ________________ A geologist took a sample of rock from a dig site and performed chemical analysis to determine
the percent composition of the minerals it contained.
9. ________________ A sociologist studying ancient Mayan cultures compared the vegetables eaten by 5 different
tribes
10. Match the following warnings to what you should avoid if working with
a. Flammable Contact with skin
b. Toxic fumes Inhalation
c. High voltage current Water
d. Corrosive Fire
1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________ 4.______________
5.______________
Name_______________________ 11. _____ Which of the following is NOT a testable hypothesis?
a. fertilizer A will make the KW variety of green bean produce more beans
b. Smart people like the same music
c. Vitamin C relieves cold symptoms
d. There is more than one species of African elephant
Use the information in the box to answer questions 12 -13
_____12. Which plot is the control group?
a. the first plot with traditional pesticide
b. the second plot with the new pesticide
c. the third plot with no pesticide
d. there is not control group
_____13. What could be concluded if the plot treated with the new pesticide has damage similar to the control
plot?
a. the experiment is a failure
b. the new pesticide may not be effective
c. the control plot was problematic
d. the new pesticide should be used
Biomolecules
14. For each biomolecule, name an example of each and what the building blocks (monomers) are of each.
a. Carbohydrate –
b. Lipid –
c. Protein –
d. Nucleic acid –
A group of scientists wish to see if using a new, environmentally friendly pesticide is
effective in preventing insect damage to soybeans. Three different soybean plots are
planted. The first plot contains soybeans treated with the traditional pesticide. The
second plot is treated with the new environmentally friendly pesticide. The third plot is
left untreated.
Name_______________________ 15. Draw a picture of the structures of the four biomolecules.
16. Write the functions of the different types of biomolecules.
a. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic Acids
The Cell
Use the Word Bank to match the organelles with their correct descriptions. Organelle names can be used
more than once!
mitochondria
chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
ribosome
vacuole
_______________________1. a cell’s internal transport system
_______________________2. makes food for the plant cell
_______________________3. produces proteins
Name_______________________ _______________________4. makes energy for the cell
_______________________5. semi-permeable membrane
_______________________6. stores food, water, and waste
_______________________7. maintains homeostasis by controlling what enters and leaves the cell
_______________________8. site of photosynthesis
For 9 & 10, in the box above each cell, label the cells as Plant or Animal.
Use the following key to color these cell parts in the two cells above:
Part color Part color
Cell wall purple Smooth ER pink
chloroplasts green Ribosomes Black or pencil
mitochondria red Rough ER orange
Plant central vacuole yellow Nucleus maroon
9. 10.
Name_______________________
Circle one triangle, pentagon, circle, square and example in the group below that
represent eukaryotic cells.
11.Using the exercise above, define these terms in your own words.
Prokaryotic_____________________________________________________________
Eukaryotic______________________________________________________________
12. A cell moves particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration by _____.
a. facilitated diffusion b. active transport
c. passive transport
13. If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by _______. a. osmosis b. active transport
c. diffusion d. water does not leave
14. A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to red blood cells. Which of these describes the results if red blood cells are placed into a 7% solution of NaCl?
a. they will burst.
b. they will shrink.
c. nothing will happen.
d. they will expand but not burst.
e. none of the above
Name_______________________ 15. Below are three pictures representing a cell. The small dots represent water. How will the water move
in each of the pictures?
Is water moving Into the cell or out of the cell or in and out at the same time
16. Place the following terms in order from smallest to largest.
Cell molecule tissue
Circulatory/Excretory/Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Circulatory System:
1. Write the steps of the pathway of blood from the time the blood cells enter the Superior Vena Cava until they
return.
2. Name three functions of the circulatory system.
3. Name three components of blood and give the function of each.
Name_______________________ 4. Define the following terms.
a. Atrium-
b. Ventricle-
c. Valve-
d.Aorta-
5. What are the primary differences between arteries and veins?
6. List the levels of organization from molecule to biosphere.
7. List several ways the circulatory system helps the body maintain homeostasis.
Excretory System:
1. List three examples of how the excretory system helps the body maintain homeostasis.
2. Explain how the kidneys provide the body with filtration.
3. What blood components are reabsorbed by the kidneys? How does this process occur?
Name_______________________ 4. Define the Following Terms
a. Kidney –
b. Ureter –
c. Urinary Bladder
d. Nephron
e. Filtration
f. Reabsorption
g. Urethra
Nervous System:
1. What is a neuron? Explain the function of a neuron and draw the structure. Be sure to label the parts of a neuron.
2. Describe 3 ways the nervous system helps to maintain homeostasis.
3. Describe the functions of the cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord.
Name_______________________ Endocrine System:
1. Explain how the endocrine system maintains proper water balance within the body.
2. Define positive and negative feedback mechanisms. How does this relate to the endocrine system?
3. How do hormones affect the body differently than nerve impulses?
4. Explain the role of the pituitary gland in the body.
5. How does the pancreas aid the body in maintaining homeostasis?
6. Define the following terms.
a. Gland –
b. Hormone –
c. Exocrine Gland –
d. Endocrine Gland –
Name_______________________
Bacteria, Viruses and Immune
1. List the 2 things that viruses are made of. ______________ and __________________________ 2. The outer protein coat of a virus is called a _____________.
3. Where are the instructions for making new copies of viruses found?
4. Can viral diseases be treated with antibiotics? ______ What can be used to prevent them?
5. Viruses cause disease by doing what to the body?
6. How do viruses “reproduce”? _____________________
7. What happens to the host organism after they reproduce? (What is the biggest threat to the cell by the
virus?)
8. Label the virus:
9. What do viruses and living cells have in common?
10. (True/False) Viruses are smaller than bacteria.
11. (True/False) Viruses metabolize food for energy. 12. Put the virus lytic cycle in order. (Think about what happens when a virus infects a cell.)
_____ _____ _____
_____ _____
Name_______________________
Use the picture to answer questions 13-14.
13. What type of organism is this?
14. Label the structure 15. Define prokaryote.
16. List the 2 kingdoms of bacteria and describe each. (Why are they in different kingdoms?)
___________________--
___________________--
17. How do bacteria help maintain equilibrium in the ecosystem?
18. (True/False) There are bacteria in the body that are beneficial to humans.
Where in the body are these bacteria found? __________________________________
19. In what food can beneficial bacteria be found? List some examples.
20. List the three different bacterial shapes and describe them.
21. Define pathogen.
22. Explain how bacteria grow resistant to antibiotics.
Name_______________________ Matching In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term. 1. Endospore
2. Virus
3. Coccus
4. Prokaryote
5. Bacillus
6. Vaccine
7. Spirillum
8. Bacteriophage
9. Retrovirus
10. Prion
11. Capsid
12. Lytic
13. Binary fission
14. Conjugation
a. bacterium with a rod shape
b. bacterium with a corkscrew shape
c. particle of nucleic acid, protein, and possibly
lipids that can reproduce only by infecting other
cells
d. unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
e. preparation of weakened or killed pathogen
that, when injected, may prompt the body to
develop an immunity to the disease
f. bacterium with a sphere shape
g. thick internal wall produced by a bacterium
when growth conditions become unfavorable
h. exchange of genetic material in bacteria
i. infectious protein particle
j. type of viral infection that causes the cell to
burst
k. protein coat of a virus
l. virus that infects bacteria
m. asexual form of reproduction carried out by
bacteria
n. virus having RNA as its genetic material
Name_______________________
Plants:
1. What are the four main parts of a plant? Define each of them.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. What are the three main functions of leaves?
a.
b.
c.
3. What is the vascular tissue that carries water and minerals?
4. What is the vascular tissue that carries food?
5. Where do the water and minerals come from? Where do they go?
6. What is the purpose of the cuticle?
7. What is the function of the stomata?
8. How does the stomata open and close?
9. Draw a sketch of the stomata and guard cells open and closed.
Name_______________________ 10. What are the three main functions of the roots?
a.
b.
c.
11. What are the three main functions of the stems?
a.
b.
c.
12. Match the following terms with the correct hormone.
Auxins (A) Cytokinins (C) Gibberellins (G) Ethylene Gas (E)
a. This hormone is responsible for stem growth.
b. This hormone is responsible for gravitropism.
c. This hormone is responsible for fruit ripening.
d. This hormone is responsible for starting cell division.
e. This hormone will cause seeds to sprout.
f. This hormone is responsible for phototropism.
g. This hormone causes cell elongation.
Photosynthesis:
1. Photosynthesis: a. What is the function/purpose of photosynthesis?
b. Where does photosynthesis take place?
c. What type of organisms use photosynthesis?
d. What is the primary product of photosynthesis for the plant?
Name_______________________ e. How do we benefit from the process of photosynthesis?
f. What is the energy source?
2. Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Give two examples of each.
3. Below draw a molecule of ATP. Label: adenine, 5 carbon sugar ribose, the phosphate groups, and the
chemical bond holding the phosphates together.
4. In the diagram above place a X where a bond would be broken to release energy. What do we call the resulting molecule when the portion after the X is removed?
5. Write the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.
6. What are the reactants and products of Light Dependent Reactions? Where in the chloroplast do they
occur? Refer to your diagram in the notes.
Reactants: Products: Location:
7. What are the reactants and products of Light-Independent/Dark Reactions? Where in the chloroplast do they occur? Refer to your diagram in the notes.
Reactants: Products: Location:
8. What is the Light-Independent or Dark Reaction often called?
Name_______________________ 9. Explain how temperature, intensity of light and water affect the rates of photosynthesis?
Ecology:
Use the picture above to answer questions #1- 4.
1. Draw an arrow on the left of the picture that shows the flow of energy and label it flow of energy. 2. Write most energy and largest biomass on the right side of the picture next to the section of the picture that these words represent. 3. Write least energy and smallest biomass on the right side of the picture next to the section of the picture that these words represent. 4. Draw a food chain of the pyramid above. 5. What is the energy source that is the foundation of food web? _____________________________
6. Summarize the role of microorganisms in maintaining the health of organisms/ecosystems.
Name_______________________ 7. Summarize the role of microorganisms in disrupting the health of organisms/ecosystems.
8. Describe how environmental change can impact ecological stability.
9. Describe the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
10. Explain what happens if the carbon or nitrogen cycle is disrupted.
Enzymes/Digestive System
1. Draw the cycle of an enzyme and label the following parts: enzyme, active site, substrate, substrate/enzyme
complex and product.
2. Complete the following statements over enzyme characteristics.
a. Enzymes are very ______________ to the substrate they catalyze.
b. Majority of enzymes end in ____________________.
c. Enzymes are _____________ a biomolecule composed of amino acids.
d. Enzymes ________________ activation energy.
Name_______________________ e. Enzymes are ______________ and can catalyze millions of reactions.
3. List 4 factors that can affect the rate of an enzyme.
4. List the function of the digestive system.
5. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion? List the locations of where these types
of digestion occur.
6. Where are the villi located? List the function of the villi or villus. Draw a picture of a villi
7. Identify the part of the digestive system where specific enzymes begin to break down the following
biomolecules.
Carbohydrates-
Proteins-
Lipids-
Name_______________________
Cellular Respiration:
1. Cellular Respiration: A. What is the function/purpose of cellular respiration?
B. Where does cellular respiration take place?
C. What type of organisms use cellular respiration?
D. What is the primary product of cellular respiration used by organisms?
2. List the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 3. Which process yields more energy aerobic or anaerobic respiration? 4. List the two types of anaerobic respiration. 5. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis like a cycle?
Name_______________________ 6. Complete the following table comparing and contrasting photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis
Function:
Organelle
Reactants
Products
Parts/Steps
Types of Organisms that use the process.
History of Life
1. Draw a diagram showing the endosymbiotic theory.
2. Describe how the fossil record shows the history of life.