Biology 2.3 Carbon CompoundsWhy carbon?

Read p44

Draw two diagrams to show why an entire branch of chemistry is devoted to studying carbon

Carbon atoms form 4 bonds And so, carbon can bond to other carbons and elements such as H, N, O, and P to form large complex molecules.

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers.

Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or different.

Four major groups of organic compounds found in living things

are:Carbohydrates

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Proteins

Biology 2.3 Carbohydrates p45Important source of energy for living things

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Why is it called a carbohydrate?

Carbon (carbo-) and water (H2O) hydrate

Carbohydrates can form large polymers Here is an illustration of the polymer, starch.

What is the monomer of which starch is made?

CarbohydratesMade of carbon, hydrogen and water

•glucose energy for most all cells

•starch - a long chain of glucose

LipidsNot soluble in water

Made mostly of carbon and hydrogenFats, oils, waxes, and steroidsImportant for

Energy Storage Waterproof membranes

A typical fat is made of 3 fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol

LipidsNot soluble in water

A typical fat is made of 3 fatty acid molecules attached to glycerol

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Nucleic AcidsMacromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Monomer= nucleotide

Nucleic AcidsMacromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Store and transmit genetic informationDNA = deoxyribonucleic acidRNA= ribonucleic acid

ProteinsMacromolecules containing mostly nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Made up of Amino Acids

ProteinsMade up of Amino Acids

Amino Acids haveAmino group (NH2) on one end,Carboxyllic acid group (COOH) on the other end

ProteinsThe instructions for arranging many amino acids into a protein are coded in your DNA.

ProteinsSome proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (enzymes)

Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.

Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

ProteinsFour levels of organization:

1. Order of amino acids.

2. The amino acids within a chain can be twisted or folded.

3. The chain itself is folded.

4. If a protein has more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space.