Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Why is carbon the...

Carbon Compounds – Carbon Compounds – Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Why is carbon the building blocks of life?Why is carbon the building blocks of life? 4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity4 outer electrons – bonding opportunity Forms strong covalent bonds – stableForms strong covalent bonds – stable

What is organic chemistry?

•The study of compounds that contain carbon.

Types of Organic Types of Organic CompoundsCompounds

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids ProteinsProteins

Simple to ComplexSimple to Complex

Monomers – small Monomers – small moleculesmolecules

Polymers – made Polymers – made from monomers from monomers during during polymerizationpolymerization

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Consist of C, H, OConsist of C, H, O Ratio of 1:2:1 – CRatio of 1:2:1 – C66HH1212OO66

Main source of energy in all Main source of energy in all organismsorganisms

Used for structural purposesUsed for structural purposes

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides – – simple simple sugarssugars

Used for quick Used for quick energyenergy

MonomersMonomers

Examples:

Glucose – blood sugar

Fructose – fruit sugar

Galactose – a component of milk

DisaccharidesDisaccharides – 2 sugars – 2 sugars

Quick energyQuick energy

Examples

Sucrose – sugar cane

Lactose – milk sugar

Maltose – important for fermentation

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides – – many many sugarssugars

Long chains of Long chains of simple sugars simple sugars (polymers)(polymers)

Stored energy – Stored energy – released slowlyreleased slowly

How to make PolymersHow to make Polymers

20 Amino acids make up our 20 Amino acids make up our proteinsproteins

Monomers link together to form Monomers link together to form polymers polymers

The process is called dehydration The process is called dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

This removes a molecule of waterThis removes a molecule of water

How to break down How to break down polymerspolymers

By adding water, it will break (lyse) By adding water, it will break (lyse) the bond between the monomer.the bond between the monomer.

People that are lactose intolerant People that are lactose intolerant are unable to do this because they are unable to do this because they lack the enzyme lactase.lack the enzyme lactase.

What do enzymes do?What do enzymes do?

Examples:Examples: Starch – stored in Starch – stored in

plantsplants

ex. Grains, ex. Grains, pastaspastas

Glycogen – stored Glycogen – stored in animal musclein animal muscle

Cellulose – used Cellulose – used for structural for structural purposes (cell purposes (cell walls)walls)

Starch

Glucose

Figure 2-13 A Starch

Lipids - FatsLipids - Fats Consist mainly of C and HConsist mainly of C and H

Examples – fats, oils, waxesExamples – fats, oils, waxes

UsesUses Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water Structural Purposes – cell membranes/water

proof coveringsproof coverings Energy StorageEnergy Storage Chemical Messengers – component of steroidsChemical Messengers – component of steroids

StorageStorage

SteroidsSteroidsEstrogen Testosterone

Saturated vs. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Unsaturated

Saturated FatsSaturated Fats solids at room temperature solids at room temperature

butter, lard, animal fatbutter, lard, animal fat maximum number of C-H bondsmaximum number of C-H bonds Heart disease/Hardening of the arteriesHeart disease/Hardening of the arteries

Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats Liquids at room temperatureLiquids at room temperature

Olive oil, corn oilOlive oil, corn oil Double bondsDouble bonds

Nucleic Acids – DNA/RNANucleic Acids – DNA/RNA

Consist of H, C, O, N and PConsist of H, C, O, N and P Store and transmit genetic (hereditary) Store and transmit genetic (hereditary)

informationinformation Made of nucleotides (monomers)Made of nucleotides (monomers) We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides.We have only 4 kinds of nucleotides.

ProteinsProteins Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20 Made of amino acids (monomers) we have 20

different onesdifferent ones Consist of C, H, N, and OConsist of C, H, N, and O

Used for:Used for: Control and regulate chemical reactions Control and regulate chemical reactions

(enzymes)(enzymes) Structural purposes (muscle and bone)Structural purposes (muscle and bone) Transportation in and out of cells Transportation in and out of cells Fighting Disease Fighting Disease

The Amino bonds to the Carboxylic The Amino bonds to the Carboxylic AcidAcid

EnzymesEnzymes

What would happen to your cells if What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical ?they made a poisonous chemical ?

It happens all the time It happens all the time They don’t die because your cells They don’t die because your cells

use enzymes to break them down use enzymes to break them down into harmless substances.into harmless substances.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions.the rate of reactions.

Liver and other living tissues contain Liver and other living tissues contain the enzyme catalase.the enzyme catalase.

This enzyme breaks down hydrogen This enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide Hperoxide H22OO22

2H2H22OO22→2H→2H22O + OO + O22

HH22OO22 is a toxic substance to your is a toxic substance to your cells.cells.

Enzyme Structure and Enzyme Structure and FunctionFunction

Enzymes are catalytic moleculesEnzymes are catalytic molecules

They speed the rate at which reactions They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibriumapproach equilibrium

Four Features of Four Features of EnzymesEnzymes

1) Enzymes do not make anything 1) Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen own. They just make it happen much fastermuch faster

2) Reactions do not alter or use up 2) Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme moleculesenzyme molecules

Four Features of Four Features of EnzymesEnzymes

3) The same enzyme usually works 3) The same enzyme usually works

for both the forward and reverse for both the forward and reverse reactionsreactions

4) Each type of enzyme recognizes 4) Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain and binds to only certain substrates Lock and Keysubstrates Lock and Key

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Activation EnergyActivation Energy

For a reaction to For a reaction to occur, an energy occur, an energy barrier must be barrier must be surmountedsurmounted

Enzymes make Enzymes make the energy the energy barrier smallerbarrier smaller

activation energywithout enzyme

activation energywith enzyme

energyreleased

by thereaction

products

starting substance

Effect of TemperatureEffect of Temperature Small increase in Small increase in

temperature temperature increases molecular increases molecular collisions, reaction collisions, reaction ratesrates

High temperatures High temperatures disrupt bonds and disrupt bonds and destroy the shape of destroy the shape of active site active site

Factors Influencing Factors Influencing Enzyme ActivityEnzyme Activity

Temperature Temperature

pHpH

Salt concentrationSalt concentration

Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Carbon Compounds – Organic Chemistry Why is carbon the...

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