Biological Basis Lec

8/13/2019 Biological Basis Lec

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Biological Basisof Behavior


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The Bodys Communication

Networks

The Nervous SystemElectro-chemical communication

The Endocrine SystemHormonal (chemical) communication


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Nervous System

Sympathetic Parasympathetic

BrainSpinal

CordNervous

SystemDivisions Central

Somatic/Skeletal Autonomic

Peripheral


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Nervous System

Somatic/Skeletal Autonomic


Peripheral (PNS)

Peripheral Nervous

System Divisions


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Peripheral Nervous System

Skeletal- controlsvoluntary movements

of skeletal muscles

Autonomic- self-regulating,controlsglands & muscles of internal organs

(e.g., heart)


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Networks




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TheEndocrine

System


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The Endocrine System:

Another Way to Communicate

Hormoneschemical messengers in thebloodstream

Endocrine glands

Pituitarymaster gland, growth hormone

Thyroid metabolic rate

Adrenalsalt and carbohydrate metabolism

Pancreassugar metabolismGonadssex hormones


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Studying the Brain

Paris

In The

The Spring


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Studying the Brain

Study Brain Injured Population

Study animals -Measure Brain Activity

- WW I & II; Phineas Gage

- Electrical stimulation duringneurosurgery

Neuroimaging or Brain Scans


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Brain Scans

StructuralTechniques

Functional

Techniques


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Neuroimaging Techniques

Structural techniquesCT or CATComputerized axial tomography


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Older CT Scan



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Comparisons



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Newer CT Scan (64-slice)


Aneuroism


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Structural techniques - MRIMagnetic resonance imaging



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Fatal Stroke Normal Brain


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Schizophrenia MRI


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Functional techniques - PETPositron emission tomography

Stroke Normal Brain


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Depresson PET Example

No Treatment 3+ Months Meds


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Functional techniques - fMRIFunctional Magnetic resonance

imaging (fMRI)


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Left Brain


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Right Brain

C b l C


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Cerebral Cortex Corpus callosum-


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Split Brain Research

Didnt see it.

Can Pick it up.

Cant tell its

name when in

hand.


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Major Cerebral Lobes


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I cant find

my Frontal LobeFunctions:

Contains motor cortex Contains Brocas area

Reasoning,

planning, speech, movement,emotions, & problem solving


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I cant feel my

Parietal LobeFunctions:

Contains thesomatosensory cortex

Touch,

pressure, pain,visual-spatial

I t ll


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I cant recall

what you said(Temporal Lobe)

Functions:

Contains Wernickes area

Contains hippocampus

Speech comprehension

memory


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I


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I cant see my

Occipital LobeFunctions:Vision


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S b i l


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Subcortical

Brain RegionsLook like? Located?Function?


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Brain Stem

Medulla:

Pons:

Reticular Formation:

ll


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Has your Cerebellum

been drinking?Cerebellum

Functions:Coordination of voluntarymovements & balance

E ti l Li bi S t


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Emotional Limbic System


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Neurons in Action


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B i N St t


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Soma (cell body)

AxonAxon terminals Dendrites

Myelin Node ofRanvier

Basic Neuron Structure


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Q u ic k T im e a n d

P la n a r R G B d e c o ma r e n e e d e d t o s e e t

Translating theNeuron Structure(and remembering it)

T f N


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Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons(few million)



Send signals fromthe senses, skin,muscles, and internal

organs TO the CNS


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Motor Neurons

(few million)



Motion-producing

neurons that sendsignals FROM theCNS to the muscles,glands, and organs

T f N


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Types of Neurons



CNS neurons that connectsensory-motor neurons.

Interneurons (100 billion)

H D


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How Does a

Nerve Impulse Travel?

Neuron are stimulated by

sensory receptor(s) or adjacent

neuron(s).

The soma can potentially

receive messages from thousandsof dendrites.

N l A ti P t ti l


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-70mV

0mV

+30mV

Volt

age

Resting Potential

Action Potential

Refractory Period

Neuronal Action PotentialAll or none response

Th N l I l


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The Neural Impulse

Speed of the impulsedepends on:

(a) Thickness of the axon

(b) Whether the axonis myelinated

l


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Neural Transmission

N l T i i


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Neural Transmission

1. Action Potential reachesSynaptic Vesiclesin TerminalButton


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2. Synaptic Vesicles release

Neurotransmitters

Bi di f


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Binding of

NeurotransmittersSpecific neurotransmittersbind AT and ONLY AT specificreceptor sites.

Lock & Key

Reuptake


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3. Neurotransmitters are

Excitatoryor Inhibitory


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Major Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (Ach)Dopamine

EndorphinsNorepinephrine

SerotoninGABA


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Bi i M i


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Biogenic Monoamines

Regulate everyday behaviors


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Dopamine

motivation;attention; reward;

movement; thinking.- ADHD, Parkinsons+ Cigarettes++ Psychotic


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Serotonin

Regulates sleep& wakefulness

- depression(SSRI)

+ Thanksgiving


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Norepinepherine

arousal & dreaming

- depression/fatigue+ over aroused or anxiety


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Acetycholine (ACh)

Attention & MemoryProcesses- Alzheimers Disease(Aricept)


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Gamma Amino

Butyric Acid(GABAInhibitory)

- Anxiety (if low GABA)

+ Sluggishness

E d hi


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Endorphins(Endogenous Morphines)

Entire family of internally

produced peptide hormonesthat resemble opiates in

structure and effects



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The Body s Communication

Networks



E d i S t


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Endocrine System

Regulateaspects of:

- growth,- reproduction,- metabolism,- behavior


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Hypothalamus- controls the

endocrine system

Pituitary glandMaster gland

that controls

other glands

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