SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI UNIVERSITY , KAKRYAL , KATRABIOENERGY POTENTIAL OF INDIA

BIOGAS DIGESTERS TYPES OF BIOFUELS

ASSIGNMENT OF NON – CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCESTEACHER CONCERNED:

DR. V.V. TYAGI

PREPARED BY:ANAM MUKTHAR

( 16-MRE-010)

TOPICS OF DISCUSSION

•BIOENERGY POTENTIAL

•BIOGAS DIGESTERS

•TYPES OF BIOFUELS

WHAT IS BIOENERGY?• Energy from biomass

• Plants capture energy from the sun through

photosynthesis.

– Carbon dioxide (CO2) + sunlight + water sugar

• The energy is stored in plants as cell mass.

• The stored energy in plants (biomass) can be used to

produce .

– Fuels

– Heat

– Power (electricity)

WHY USE BIOMASS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE?

▫Oil is a scarce resource.

▫Countries are becomming more and more dependent on oil

i.e. oil import from other countries are increasing.

▫Greenhouse effects –Kyoto protocol calls for reduction of

CO2 emissions.

▫The biobased economy must be established in the 21’st

century.

▫Biomass can provide a substantial part of our energy supply.

6

THE BIOENERGY CYCLE

http://www.renewcology.nu

BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES

S.NO. PROCESS INPUT FEEDSTOCK

CONVERSION TEMPERATURE

CONVERSION PRESSURE (0 C)

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESS

PRODUCT FORM

PROCESS YIELD ( % OF ORIGINAL MASS)

1. Anaerobic fermentation

Aqueous slurry (30%-20% solids)

20 -50 Atmospheric

Fermentation of wastes or algae grown on waste of energy crops

50% -70% methane , remainder co2

20 - 26%

2. Biophotolysis Aqueous slurry for algae, bacteria and protein – enzyme complexes

20 -50 Atmospheric

Sunlight produces `intracellular enzymatic reduction of H2O

Hydrogen

3. Acid Hydrolysis

5% acidified slurry (H2SO4 with cellulose)

20 -50 Atmospheric

Glucose fermented to ethyl alcohol. Cellulose hydrolized to glucose.

Ethyl Alcohol

4. Enzyme Hydrolysis

Aqueous slurry (cellulose rich)

20 -50 Atmospheric

Extracellular enzymatic conversion of cellulose to sugar to alcohol.

Ethyl Alcohol 90%

5. Combustion Dried feedstock (10-25% H2O)

1200-1300 Atmospheric

Augments(5-20%) boiler fuel

Heat , steam converted to electricity.

6. Pyrolysis Dried feedstock 500-1300 Atmospheric

1/3 of char is produced .o2 free environment used.

Oil Char gas

40%20%

BIOENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA

RESOURCE:NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES AND UTILISATION SECOND REVISED EDITION (2014);R.K.RAJPUT

S.NO. RESOURCE ESTIMATED POTENTIAL(MW)

ACHIEVEMENT UPTO JAN. 2009 (MW)

1. Biopower (wood biomass) 52,000 683

2. Waste-to-energyi) Grid interacted powerii) Distributed power

5,000

50,000

34.95

11.03

3. Biomass gasifiers - 87 4. Cogeneration bagasse 5,000 1034

5. Family type biogas plants 120 lakhs 39.8 lakhs

BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN INDIAS.NO. RESOURCES POTENTIAL

1. Surplus biomass 17000 MW

2. Cows manure and poultry droppings 1500 MW

3. a) Urban Wastes

b) Industrial Wastes

2600 MW

1300 MW

INDIA AND THE BIOENERGY

ADVANTAGES OF BIOENERGY

• Bio fuels are friendlier to the nature than fossil fuels.

• The fossil fuel reserves will decline biofuels’

importance rises.

• Diversifying energy sources.

• Employment.

• Energy supply for developing countries.

11

BIO FUEL

FROM BIOMASS TO BIOFUEL

13

BIOFUELS

• Most biomasses are also bio fuels as such.

• Biomass can be refined into fuels that are easier to

store, transport, and use.

• Processed biofuels are:

– Solids: Processed solids

– Liquid: Liquid biofuels

– Gas: Biogas12

HISTORY

• An important fuel for most of

mankind's history is the Invention

of gasoline-burning, internal

combustion engine (late 19th

century) change toward coal and

petroleum-based fuels.

• Use of biofuels began to rise

during the 1970’s .16

NATIONAL BIO-FUEL POLICY

•Announced in December, 2009.

•Development and utilization of indigenous non-

food feedstock's raised on degraded or waste

lands.

•Thrust on research and development on

cultivation, processing and production of bio

fuels.

•20% Ethanol and Bio-diesel blending by 2017 –

current target is 5% blending – achieving ~ 2%.

TYPES OF BIOFUELS

PROCESSED SOLIDS

• Charcoal

• Pellets

• Briquettes

• Wood chips 19

CHARCOAL

• Oldest processed biofuel.

• Produced from all tree species and parts of plants,

hardwood considered the best.

• Produced through pyrolysis and carbonisation:

– wood is heated to about 500°C

in absence of oxygen.

http://www.renewcology.nu 20

THE PRODUCTION OF CHARCOAL

1. Preparation of wood.

2. Drying – reduction of moisture content.

3. Pre-carbonization – reduction of volatiles content.

4. Carbonization – further reduction of volatiles

content.

5. End of carbonization – increasing the carbon

content.

6. Cooling and stabilization of charcoal. 21

PELLETS

• Made out of woody residues.

• Cylindrical or cubic granules.

• Production: drying and possibly grinding and then

compressing biomass.

22

BRIQUETTES

• Produced by compressing dry sawdust, grinding dust or

cutter chips.

• Cylindrical.

• Diameter between 50 and 80 mm.

• Net calorific value is 17mj/kg.23

WOOD CHIPS

• Waste product of forestry operations.

• Made in mechanical chippers.

24

LIQUID BIOFUELS

25

• Generated by gasification, fermentation, and pyrolysis

technologies.

• Ethanol

• Methanol

• Vegetable oils

• Biodiesel

• Pyrolysis bio-oil

ETHANOL • Sugars are fermented into ethanol:

– C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

• Ethanol can be used as

– a fuel

– reacted with isobutylene to form ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) for blending

with gasoline.

• Environmental benefits

– CO2 emission is reduced.

– current world production of ethanol fuel is about 20 to 21 billion litres annually

26

ETHANOL

27

METHANOL

• Produced by gasification

– Synthesis gas (mainly H2 and CO) at high temperatures (>1000K):

CO + 2H2 CH3OH +heat

– Excess hydrogen (with catalyst):

3H2 + CO2 CH3OH + H2O

• Methanol is used as

– a fuel as such

– reacted with isobutylene methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) for blending with

gasoline. 28

VEGETABLE OIL

• Produced from plants using extraction technologies.

• Extraction process

– the oil bearing part of the plant is separated and

squeezed using a screw press to release the oil.

• Processing steps can be performed at almost any scale. 29

VEGETABLE OIL

• Sources of vegetable oil.

– coconuts (left) .

– sunflowers (right).

30

BIODIESEL

• Diesel fuel based on vegetable

oil.

• Chemical process:

transesterification.

• Glycerine is separated with

alcohol from the vegetable oil.

• Can be blended with petroleum

diesel.

31

PYROLYSIS BIO-OIL

• From residue chips and sawdust.

• Fast pyrolysis

– organic materials are rapidly heated to 450 - 600 oC in

absence of air organic vapours condensed to bio-oil.

• Chemically complex.

• Heating value 14-18 MJ/kg .32

PYROLYSIS BIO-OIL

33

GREEN BUS

NAGPUR’S ETHANOL GREEN SCANIA BUS SHOWCASED IN PUNE

DRAWBACKS

• Expensive

• Transportation

• Low heating values

• Decaying

• Quality variations

• Some negative environmental impacts

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ADVANTAGES OF BIOENERGY

• Bio fuels are friendlier to the nature than fossil fuels.

• The fossil fuel reserves will decline biofuels’

importance rises

• Diversifying energy sources

• Employment

• Energy supply for developing countries

37

AWARDS

Bio energy awards for cutting edge research (B-ACER).

IUSSTF –held by Indo-US Science and Technology

Forum.

EECA Awards 2016 – Innovation and outstanding

achievement in energy efficiency.

Stanford Borough Council Green Awards 2015.

IChemE –Bio processing Award 2013.

Bio energy Man of the year.

EUBCE(European Biomass Conference and

Exhibition)

• EUBCE is a world class annual event which, since 1980,

is held at different venues throughout Europe .

• The EUBCE covers the entire value chain of biomass to

conduct business network and to present and discuss the

latest developments and innovations , the vision is to

educate the biomass community and to accelerate growth.

• In June 2015 , EUBCE was held in Stockholm, Sweden.

BIOGAS DIGESTERS

INTRODUCTION

• Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel (gas ) that can be obtained by

anaerobic digestion of animal residues and domestic and farm wastes,

abundantly available in the countryside.

• Biogas generally comprise of 55-65 % methane, 35-45 % carbon

dioxide, 0.5-1.0 % hydrogen sulfide and traces of water vapor.

• Average calorific value of biogas is 20 MJ/m3 (4713 kcal/m3).

BIOGAS

Acetate CH4 + CO2

CH4 H2 + CO2

Methanol CH4 + H2O

Hydrolysis Complex carbohydrates Simple sugarsComplex lipids Fatty acidsComplex proteinsAmino acids AcidogenesisSimple sugars + fatty acids + amino acids Organic acids, including acetate + alcohols Acetogenesis (acetate production)Organic acids + alcohols --------Acetate MethanogenesisAcetoclastic methanogeesis

Hydogenotrophic methanogenesis

Methyltrophic methanogenesis

BIOGAS PRODUCTION MECHANISM

Biogas production process is a multiple-stage process in which some main stages are:

DIGESTER

• It is the underground cylindrical wall portion made of

bricks, sand and cement.

• It is this place where fermentation of dung takes

place.

• It is also some times called fermentation tank.

• Two rectangular openings facing each other are

provided for inflow and outflow at almost middle of

its height.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS

• It is an air tight, oxygen free container that is fed an

organic material such as animal manure or food scraps.

• A biological process occurs to this mixture to produce

methane gas, commonly known as biogas along with an

odour reduced effluent.

• Microbes breakdown into biogas and nutrient-rich

effluent.

TYPES OF DIGESTERS characteristics Covered lagoon Plug flow Complete mix Fixed film

Digestion vessel Deep lagoon Rectangular in ground

Round / square above / inground

Above ground tank

Level of technology

Low Low Medium Medium

Supplemental heat

No Yes Yes No

Total solids 0.5-3 % 11-13 % 3-10 % 3 %

Solid characteristics

Fine Coarse Coarse Fine

Retention time 40-60 days 15+ days 15+ days 2-3 days

Optimum climate Temp. & warm All All Temp. & warm

BIOGAS PLANT

The basic biogas plants that are being mostly promoted in the country are

depend upon the design of the digester:

• Floating gas holder: Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)

type design for family, community, institutional and industrial biogas plants.

• Fixed dome design: Janata and Deenbandhu designs for family size

biogas plants.

• Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), design and other designs

for medium and large size plants for industrial, municipal and sewage waste

based biogas plants.

Fixed dome design: Janata and Deenbandhu designs for family size biogas plants. Advantages:No moving parts, therefore no maintenance problem.Low operating and maintenance cost & longer working life.No corrosion problem.Amount of gas produced is higher than floatingDisadvantages:Required skilled masons for construction.Variable gas pressure.Problem of scum formation.Floating dome design: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC) type design for family, community, institutional and industrial biogas plants.Advantages:Constant gas pressure and higher gas production.No problem of gas leakage.Scum problem is less.No danger of mixing between biogas and external air.Disadvantages:Heat is lost through gas holder.

•Fig. Showing different types of common biogas reactors in India (a)Laboratory batch reactor, (b) Fixed dome Reactor, (c) Floating dome Reactor, (d) Continues stirrer tank reactor (CSTR), e) Plug Flow and, (f) Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB).

UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB):UASB design is used for medium and large size plants for industrial, municipal and sewage waste based biogas plants.UASB reactors are typically suited to dilute waste water streams (3% TSS with particle size >0.75mm

KVIC Model Biogas Plant

05/02/2023 Digester is 3.5-6.5 m in depth and 1.2 to 1.6 m in diameter.

05/02/2023 Development Alternative

Deenbandhu 2m3 model Family size biogas plant

05/02/2023 Development Alternative

Medium-size KVIC model Biogas plant in village Bhicmudrak in Surat, Gujarat being used for supplying biogas through a piped network to about 120 households

Materials             Total Solid content (%) Water content (%) C/N Ratio

Dry rice straw 83 17 70

Dry wheat straw 82 18 90

Green grass 24 76 37

Human  excrement 20 80 8

Pig excrement 18 82 18

Cattle excrement 17 83 24

Poultry waste 47 53 10

Water hyacinth 18 82 25

Pongamia deoiled

cake

92.5 7.5 8.7

Table . The total solid content and C/N ratio of some common organic materials .

Some Mega Projects based on Biogas Technology in India:

8.25MW biogas based Power Project in a Distillery at Banur, Dist. Patiala, Punjab

12,000 m3 Biogas per day Biomethanation Project from Starch Industry Liquid Waste in Salem, Tamilnadu

CONCLUSION

•A robust analysis of the resources and potential of biomass has been

presented.

•Huge potential exist for exploration of available biomass in India to

convert it to energy.

•Agencies and industries are practicing the conversion of different waste

biomass to energy in India and reported benefits from these.

•MNRE showed the huge potential data of installed capacity and surplus

biomass.

CONTD.• Selection of conversion technologies for biomass depends upon the

form in which the energy is required like combustion produce heat,

mechanical, electricity energy; pyrolysis, fermentation and

mechanical extraction produce liquid fuels suitable for use as

transportation fuels etc.

• The states are also generating power by baggase cogeneration which

uses the waste of sugar mills.

• The prime motto of Govt. to provide the subsidy or providing

financial assistance is to encourage the use of non conventional

sources of energy, which helps in sustainable development of nation.

“THE BEAUTY YOU SEE IN ME IS THE REFLECTION OF YOU”

RUMI