Bioenergy Promotion Strategies in IRAN · Biomass is the most important renewable energy source in...
Transcript of Bioenergy Promotion Strategies in IRAN · Biomass is the most important renewable energy source in...
OUTLINE:
1. Introduction 2. Biomass Resources in Iran 3. Methodological Points 4. Results: Biomass Resources Potential 5. Developments in Iran 6. Policy Recomendations
1- Introduction
Biomass
Biomass is the most important renewable energy source in the world today 10.6% world total energy supply
- 80 % total renewable energy supply
Solid biomass has grown at 1.8% per year since 1990 Liquid biomass has grown at 84% annually
Solid biomass/ charcoal 77.4%
Liquid Biomass
0.7% Renewable Municipal
Solid Waste 1.20%
Gas from Biomass 0.50%
Wind; 0,2
Hydro; 16,4 Solar; 0,3
Geothermal; 3,2
Combustible renewable and waste;
79,9
Source: EIA
Introduction
Fossil Fuels Increase: 5 times more
Why to Promote Bioenergy in Iran???!!!!!
Introduction
Climate Diversity
6
Moderate temperature, high humidity and high amount of annual precipitation in north regions (the coastal plains of the Caspian Sea);
Low temperature and severe winters in west regions; High temperature, low precipitation in east and
central regions; High temperature, high humidity and very hot
summer in south regions (the coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Oman sea)
Iran Landuse Pattern
Other 7%
Forests9%
Rangelands53%
Deserts20%
Woodlands1% Cultivation Lands
10%
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Production
Decreasing consumption by 1% per year
Current situation to be continued
Mill
ion
Barr
els
Oil e
q
Domestic Energy Consumption = 44% of total Energy production
year
1994 2006 2002 2014 2010 1998 2030 2022 2018 2026
Production
Decreasing consumption by 1% per year
Current situation to be continued
Primary Energy Supply Share of Sources (%) (1967-2012)
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
Nuclear
Hydro
Solid Biomass andBiogasCoal
Natural Gas
Oil
Primary Energy Supply Sources % (1967-2012) Oil
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
Hydro
Solid Biomass andBiogas
Coal
Natural Gas
Electricity Generation Installed Capacity (MW) 2005-2012
Biogas
Solar
Wind0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
Biogas
Solar
Wind
Biogas
Solar
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
20052006
20072008
20092010
20112012
Biogas
Solar
Electricity Generation Installed Capacity (MW) 2005-2012 - Biogas and Solar
Bioenergy Promotion
WHY? Realizing Potential Diversification of Energy Sources Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Energy Security Benefits (DG)
Introduction:
2- Biomass Resources
3- Methodological Points
Five types of methods
Resource focussed approach (Basic and advanced) statistical methods (Basic and advanced) spatially explicit methods Cost-supply methods Demand driven approach Energy and economic modelling methods
Combined approach Integrated assessments
1- Theoretical 2- Technical 3-Economic 4- (Actual) Implementation 5- Environmentally sustainable potential
Types of biomass potentials
Other materialsForestry policies
Biodiversity policies
Energy policyClimate change policy
Energy
Food
Conversion process
Wood (materials)
Population
Economy
Water
Climate
Potential primary bioenergy
Potential secondary bioenergy
GPP / NPP
Soil type
Agricultural policies
Land (bioenergy production)
Yield(bioenergy production)
Land (food and
woodproduction)
Yield(food and
woodproduction)
Biodiversity
Biodiversitypolicies
GHG emissions and climate change
Other limitations; social criteria, environmental criteira, institutional barriers, etc.
Management
TECHNIAL POTENTIAL THEORETICAL POTENTIALECONOMIC POTENTIAL
IMPLEMENTATION POTENTIAL
Other materialsForestry policies
Biodiversity policies
Energy policyClimate change policy
Energy
Food
Conversion process
Wood (materials)
Population
Economy
Water
Climate
Potential primary bioenergy
Potential secondary bioenergy
GPP / NPP
Soil type
Agricultural policies
Land (bioenergy production)
Yield(bioenergy production)
Land (food and
woodproduction)
Yield(food and
woodproduction)
Biodiversity
Biodiversitypolicies
GHG emissions and climate change
Other limitations; social criteria, environmental criteira, institutional barriers, etc.
Management
TECHNIAL POTENTIAL THEORETICAL POTENTIALECONOMIC POTENTIAL
IMPLEMENTATION POTENTIAL
Relation between approach, methodology and type of biomass potentials
Type of biomass potential General approach General methodology Theoretical-
technical biomass potentials
Economic-implementation
biomass potentials Resource-focussed Statistical methods Yes No Resource-focussed Spatially explicit methods Yes No Resource-focussed Cost-supply methods Noa Yes Demand-driven Energy-economics and
energy-system model methods
No Yesb
Integrated assessment Integrated assessment model methods
Yesc Yesc
a Often demand-driven cost-supply analyses start with a statistical analysis or spatially explicit analysis of technical biomass energy potentials, although this is not the key focus of these studies. b Some demand-driven energy-economics and energy-system model analysis use the results of cost-supply analysis. c Integrated assessments typically focus on the economic and/or implementation potential, although IAMs are also used for the theoretical and/or technical biomass energy potential
Classification
Biomass cannot be regarded as a single product but consists of an almost countless group of products that can be classified according to: •Physical and chemical properties (moisture content, calorific value, etc.); •Type (energy crop, by-product/residue, waste product); •Sector of origin (agriculture, industry, waste processing sector); •Potential energy applications (electricity, heat, CHP or transport fuel); •Legal status (waste or product)
• Why? •Methods/data/decision making/technologies/…
Category Class Subclass/examples
1. Primary Agricultural Biomass (Post harvest/in farm)
Agriculture Residues Straw Silage
Horticulture Residues Garden thinning
Fruit waste
2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass (Processing Waste)
Solid
Rice husk and sugarcane Bagasse Sugar and Candy Industries’ waste Nuts Shell
Plant Oil industries’ waste and residues
Fruit and Vegetables Processing Industries’ waste and residues
Fodder and feed producing industries’ waste and residues
Other Industrial organic waste
Liquid
Alcohol and Nectar Production Wastewater
Slaughterhouse and Dairy Production Wastewater
Meat Processing Wastewater
Other Industrial Organic Wastewater
3. Primary Forestry Residues (Natural/Plantations)
Logging Residues Stump Residual Foliage Sawdust
Forest Fuel Wood Fuels Charcoal
4. Secondary Forest Biomass
Sawmill Residues Residues from round wood processing
Residues from Wood (panel) Material Production
Veneer and Plywood Production Residues
Fiberboard Production Residues Particleboard Production Residues
Laminate and Parquets Production Residues
Carpentries
Biomass Resources Major Classes
1. Primary Agricultural Biomass (on-farm post harvest residues)
2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass 3. Primary Forestry Residues 4. Secondary Forest Biomass 5. Urban Waste 6. Manure 7. Energy Crops
1. Primary Agricultural Biomass
Primary residues – Wheat, barely straw, sugarcane top, maize stalks; Horticulture: thinning/Prunning
2. Secondary Agricultural Biomass
Solid: Rice husk and sugarcane Bagasse Sugar and Candy Industries’ waste Nuts Shell Plant Oil industries’ waste and residues Fruit and Vegetables Processing Industries’ waste and
residues Fodder and feed producing industries’ waste and residues Other Industrial organic waste
Liquid: Alcohol and Nectar Production Wastewater Slaughterhouse and Dairy Production Wastewater Meat Processing Wastewater Other Industrial Organic Wastewater
3.Primary Forest Biomass
Logging Residues Residual Foliage Sawdust
Forest Fuel Wood Fuels Charcoal
4. Secondary Forest Biomass
Sawmill Residues Residues from round wood processing
Residues from Wood (panel) Material Production Veneer and Plywood Production Residues Fiberboard Production Residues Particleboard Production Residues Laminate and Parquets Production Residues
Wastes and Residues from Final Products Production Carpentries Door and Window Production Furniture Production waste and residuesPulp and Paper
Pulp and Paper Industry Black Liquor
WOOD CYCLE
Heat/Electricity
End- Products
Residues
Residues End-Products Production
Wood Materials
Imports
Residues Sawmills and Logging
Domestic Forests
Charcoal, wood fuel
5. Urban Waste
Municipal Wastewater Municipal Solid Waste
6. Manure
Poultry Chicken Turkey Ostrich
Livestock Cattle and Bull
7. Energy Crops
Energy Plants Cultivated on Arable Land Short Rotation Forest Plantations Agroforestry
Energy Plants Cultivated on Degraded Lands Jatropha Switchgrass Miscanthus
Algae
Biomass Potential Assessment
4- Results: Biomass Potential
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Wheat Production In IRAN Provinces
Total Production: 12,307,969 ~12.3 M ton in 2012
Basis of Methods (Example Straw/Grain)
Straw yield related to grain yield
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Grain yield (tonnes/ha)
Stra
w y
ield
(ton
nes/
ha)
40
Sugar Beet Production in Iran Provinces Total Production~ 5mton
41
Sugar Cane Production In 2012~ 3.2 million ton
42
Barely Production in Iran Provinces
Total Production ~ 2Mton in 2012
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Rice Production in Iran Provinces
Total Production: 2,736,842~ 3Mton in 2012
Agricultural Primary Residues
Forest Biomass Potential
Manure
Wastewater Energy Recovery
Agricultural+Horticultural+ Manure+Forestry Biomass
Technological Capacity
“The creation of domestic industries is often desirable to support local growth and job creation, which can also lead to political acceptability of renewable energy programs”
WWF 2013
Biomass Conversion Technologies
Equipments
Domestic Capabilities Low capability High capability
No Ability Able to Operate Able to Assemble R&D and Pilot Able to Design,
Manufacture and Install and Operate
Biomass Pretreatment
Shredder ■ ■ ■ ■ Sieve ■ ■ ■ ■ Dryer ■
Biomass Transportation
Conveyer ■ ■ ■ ■
feeder ■ ■ ■ ■
Combustion Furnace ■ ■ ■ ■ Boiler ■ ■ ■ ■
Instruments Instruments ■ ■ ■ ■
Air Feeders
Gas Tubes ■ ■ ■ ■
fan ■ ■ ■ ■
Compresser ■
Heat Recovery Economisers ■ ■ ■ ■
Exhaust Gas Cleaning
Cyclone ■ ■ ■ ■ Filter ■ ■ ■ ■ Scrubber ■
Dust Chamber ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Bag Filter ■
Electrostatic Scrubber ■
Anaerobic
5. Bioenergy Developments in Iran
SUNA, Biomass Office, Municipalities, Wastewater Companies, Rural Electrification Centre:
1. 460 kw power generation capacity installed from Biogas in Saveh – a city in 200 km of Tehran- (2005).
2. Assessment of potential and feasibility study of urban solid wastes of 10 power plants operating on waste-based fuels (2010).
3. Preparation of Bioenergy atlas of Iran 4. Study of a 2-megawatt biogas power plant in Tehran (Taraghdari, et al., 2012) 5. Landfill gas extraction and power generation in Mashhad and Shiraz with 600 and
1000 KW capacity respectively (2008). 6. Establishment and Running of Tehran Sewage Refinery in Capacity of 4800 KW 7. Two 6-MW Power Plants Operating on Waste-Based Fuels in Mazandaran
Province 8. Waste Water Treatment Center in the North of Isfahan with the Capacity of 1-MW 9. 3-MW Power Plant Operating on Waste-Based Fuel in Tehran
6. Policy recommendations
Set objectives
Potential Assessment
Identify Policy
Mechanisms
Set Targets
Identify Constraints
Impl. &Legal Directives
Revi
ew P
roce
ss
Transparency Accountability Participation &
Capacity
Providing Policy Mechanisms
Prefered Policy Mechanism depends on the country objectives:
1. Objective: to increase manufacturing,
supply-push policies (policies that support development and production conversion technologies
2. Objective: to increase installed capacities demand-pull policies(policies that increase
support for the production of electricity)
Uninterrupted Support Bioenergy Value Chain
1. PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES
2. PRODUCTION INFRASTRUCT
URE
3. FEEDSTOCK
PRODUCTION and TRADE
4. BIOFUELS
PROCESSING
5. BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES
OTHER SERVICES
•Business Plans •Sourcing funds •Land acquisitions /
lease contracts •Impact assessments •Obtaining permits
and licences •Securing markets •Setting-up of
bioenergy industry governance •Technology
assessments •Etc
•Drilling boreholes •Building
dams and canals •Assessing
soils •Building
access roads and bridges •Building
houses and offices •Building
processing plants •Etc,.
•Land clearance •Land
preparations •Nurseries •Plantation
development •Plantation
management •Weed and
pest control •Feedstock
harvesting •Feedstock
trading •Etc.
•Cassava peeling, chipping and drying
•Seed cleaning and packaging
•Oil extraction
•Molasses production
•Processing and refining of biofuels •Byproducts
production.
•Biofuels transportation •Byproduct transportation •Biofuels blending •Biofuels transportation •Engine conversion •Importation of biofuels
compliant vehicles and appliances •Manufacturing of inputs and
processing plants for the biofuels value chain •Biofuels R&D •Training in biofuels industry •Biofuels quality control
assessments •Biofuels plant repair •Development of appropriate
cookstoves •Etc.
•Education •Health •Recreation •Etc
General Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment
FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY • Identify sustainable, high-
quality feedstock supply and quantify risk
• Baseline sustainable regional feedstock productivity
• Develop commercial-scale supply systems
CONVERSION • Reduce costs/improve
quality of intermediates • Reduce enzyme costs • Develop fermentation
organisms • Enable high performance
separations technologies • Improve catalyst
performance– cleanup/ conditioning and fuel synthesis
• Maximize carbon utilization • Optimize reactor
performance
DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT • Validate biorefinery operations • Establish pioneer plants • Support advanced biofuels
compatibility testing • Support biopower demonstration
and deployment
Cross-cutting areas
SUSTAINABILITY • Assess effects across full
supply chain • Establish baselines and
targets for improving sustainability
• Develop best practices
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS • Define and validate
technology performance targets
• Guide program planning • Assess progress
STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS • Increase awareness of
accomplishments • Communicate new technology
strategies • Educate stakeholders on
environmental and oil-displacement benefits
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Government
Policies, regulations and standards Governance Information on value for investment (e.g.
balance sheet approach) Etc
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Industry Feedstocks Technologies Production efficiencies Etc
Public / consumers Consumer information Value chain information Products Standards Etc
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Universities / Educational Institutions
Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula Research, development and demonstration Etc
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
NGOs Community needs and information Bioenergy industry participatory methods Community resource management Land rights Gender issues Etc
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Iran has resources (material and human), but lacks productive action.
Available technologies can be used to establish a bioenergy industry in Iran
Energy efficiency should be first Priority Investment Loans (Waste Management Options)-
long payback time are vital Plan Regionally Promoting Symbiosis Approach
Last Words:
Finally I appreciate:
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation BC CARE - FU Berlin MONA CONSULTANTS Audience
MONA CONSULTANTS.