Biodiversity Conservation and Management at INTSORMIL Gebisa Ejeta Plant Genetics & Breeding Purdue...
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Transcript of Biodiversity Conservation and Management at INTSORMIL Gebisa Ejeta Plant Genetics & Breeding Purdue...
Biodiversity Conservation and Management at INTSORMIL
Gebisa Ejeta
Plant Genetics & Breeding
Purdue University
The African “center of crop origin”
• Cereals – African rice (Oryza glaberrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (West African
drylands), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (Abyssinia), tef (Eragrostis abyssinica), fonio (Digitaria exilis) (West Africa)
• Pulses – cowpea (Vigna linguculata), bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), hyacinth
bean (Lablab purpureus), kersting's groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpa)• Roots & tuber crops
– yam (Dioscorea cayanensis)• Oil crops
– oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (West Africa), castor bean (Ricinus communis) • Fruits & nuts
– baobab (Adansonia digitata) (tropical Africa), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) melon (Cucumis melo) (central Africa)
• Vegetables & spices – okra (Hibiscus esculentus), sesame (Sesamum indicum), egglplant (Solanum
aethiopicum) (tropical Africa). • Fibers
– kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) (Western Sudan)• Stimulants
– coffee (Coffea arabica) (Abyssinia)
VI. Abyssinian Center Abyssinia, Eritrea, and part of Somaliland (Vavilov centers of origin)
Grains & Legumes
Abyssinian hard wheat Triticum durum abyssinicum
Poulard wheat Triticum turgidum abyssinicum
Emmer Triticum dicoccum abyssinicum
Polish wheat Triticum polonicum abyssinicum
Barley Hordeum sativum
Grain sorghum Andropogon sorghum
Pearl millet Pennisetum spicatum
African millet Eleusine coracana
Tef Eragrostis abyssinica
Cowpea Vigna sinensis
Flax Linum usitatissimum http://www.hort.purdue.edu/
Miscellaneous
Sesame Sesamum indicum (basic center)
Castor bean Ricinus communis (a center)
Garden cress Lepidium sativum
Coffee Coffea arabica
Okra Hibiscus esculentus
Myrrh Commiphora abyssinicia
Niger Guizotia abyssinica
Ensete Musa ventricosum
Indigo Indigofera argente
Diversity• Diverse ecological conditions and different ethnic customs and
preferences resulted in enormous genetic diversity.
• Most have shown great resilience and broad adaptation
• Global distribution of these species has served humanity well.
• Some have had a narrowly defined nich & utility
– Example: Teff is a highly valued staple cereal crop in Ethiopia, but is cultivated no where else as a food crop .
Conservation and Management ofGenetic Resources: Essential
• In situ conservation• Ex situ Conservation
• Whose Responsibility?– Partnerships and Dialogue
• Ag & Conservation Groups• Scientists & Policy Makers• Rich & Poor Nations
– Accountability (community, nation, & donors)– Education, based on demonstrable benefit
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation
Americas
China
Sorghum Domestication
India
early Sorghum bicolor
Sudan
Ethiopia
NPGSUSA
42,221 accessions
domestication center
ICRISAT India
36,719 accessions
Sorghum Collections
Sources of genetic variation
Drought toleranceFeteritas - SudanHegaris - SudanTransplants - Sudan, Chad, CameroonHard Durras - Ethiopia, IndiaSoft Durras - Nigeria
Nutritional QualityWotet BeguncheSinde LamineIndian Durras/BhasmatiSweet stalksTanzania Rice Types
Stand EstablishmentWest African CaudatumsChinese Kaoliangs
Cold ToleranceChinese KaoliangsEthiopian DurrasYemen Durras
Striga ToleranceKittgn Aifere - EthiopiaSeguétana - Mali
Acid Soils ToleranceUganda, Zambia, Mali
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding
programs
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs• Facilitate open exchange and distribution
Released in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, 2001 under the name “Brhan”
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs• Facilitate open exchange and distribution• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
– Morphological– Molecular
Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Sorghums
• Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Races of Sorghum (Menkir et al., 1997. Crop Sci. 37:564)
– 190 acc. from four geographic regions of origin (Far and Middle East, Central and Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Western Africa) - 162 polymorphic RAPD bands
– Cultivated races with limited amount of genetic differentiation Low level of differentiation among regions
– Genetic distances estimates to help identifying suitable germplasm for introgression into breeding stocks
• Phenotypic Diversity among Sudanese Landraces (Grenier et al., 2003. GRES in press)
– 2,017 acc. Sudanese landrace collection - 19 morpho-agronomic characters– Different distribution of phenotypic diversity among regions
Specific patterns of phenotypic diversity for each geographical area of origin– Phenotypic diversity to highlight selective pressures that have reduced the variation
to certain ideotypes
Genetic Diversity in Cultivated Races of Sorghum
Regions Far and Middle East
Central and Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Far and Middle East
0.350a 0.357bc 0.356c 0.375b
Central and Eastern Africa
0.353ab 0.348b 0.365ad
Southern Africa
0.305a 0.374b
Western Africa
0.358a
Mean genetic distance estimates calculated from 162 polymorphic RAPD bands for all pairs of accessions from either one or two geographic regions of origin (Menkir et al., 1997. Crop Sci. 37:564)
Phenotypic Diversity among Sudanese
Landraces
Principal component analysis on the total Sudanese landrace collection (2,017 acc.) and for nine quantitative morpho-agronomic characters (Grenier et al., 2003. GRES in press)
Factor 1 : Plant height - Flowering date
Fa
cto
r 2
: K
ern
el s
ize
- 1
00
-se
ed
we
igh
t
Gezira-Gedarif
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Kassala
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Blue Nile
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Upper Nile
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Equatoria
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Unknown
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Upper Nile
Gezira-Gedarif
Kassala
Blue Nile
Equatoria
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs• Facilitate open exchange and distribution• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
– Morphological– Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild & Cultivated
Gene Flow Between Cultivated and Wild
Sorghums in Africa
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs• Facilitate open exchange and distribution• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
– Morphological– Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild & Cultivated• Investigate extent of real genetic erosion
Genetic Resource Conservation Activities at INTSORMIL
• Collection, characterization, and documentation• Enhance the diversity base of breeding programs• Facilitate open exchange and distribution• Conduct diversity analysis (ex-situ , in-situ)
– Morphological– Molecular
• Assess extent of gene flow bet. Wild & Cultivated• Investigate extent of real genetic erosion • Facilitate repatriation and/or new introduction
Biomass & Biofuel Potential?