BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW

ENZYMES BELONG TO WHICH GROUP OF BIOMOLECULES?

• Proteins

WHICH BIOMOLECULES FUNCTION IS DETERMINED BY THE ORDER OF ITS MONOMERS?

• Nucleic acids• proteins

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF LIPID (FAT) MOLECULES?

• Energy storage• Cell membrane structure• Chemical messengers (hormones)• Forms tissues that insulate the body

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR) MOLECULES?

• Readily assessable energy (monosaccharides, disaccharides)• Energy storage (polysaccharides)• Structural part of plant cell walls

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN MOLECULES?

• Structural component of cells• Pump molecules in and out of cells (homeostasis)• Catalyze chemical reactions in the body

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Protein

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES?

• Store genetic information which codes for what proteins will be made by the cells

A POLYMER IS MADE UP OF…?

• Monomers

WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES?

• Carbohydrate monomers include monosaccharides like glucose. • Polymers include polysaccharides like starch and

glycogen

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Lipid

WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF PROTEINS?

• Amino acids• They form long chains called polypeptide chains

which fold to form proteins. The shape determines its function.

WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS?

• Nucleotides• The order of nitrogen bases on the nucleotides

determines the genetic instructions for what protein will be made

WHAT ARE THE MONOMERS OF LIPIDS?

• Lipids do not have monomers.

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Nucleic acid

HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE A CARBOHYDRATE (SUGAR)?

• A 2:1 ratio of H to O• Look for rings

HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE A MOLECULE OF PROTEIN?

• Look for C, H, O, and N forming amino acids which may be chained together.

HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE LIPIDS?

• Look for a much greater than 2:1 ratio of H to O• Look for long chains of CH with a few O’s

HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE A NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULE?

• Look for C, H, O, N, and P• They will often appear as a twisted ladder

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Carbohydrate• Polysaccharide

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ENZYMES?

• Catalyze (start) chemical reactions in the cells• Lowers the activation energy of chemical

reactions in the cells

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS FOUND IN ORGANIC MOLECULE?

• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Nitrogen• Phosphorus• Sulfur

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS THIS?

• Protein

WHAT IS AN ORGANIC MOLECULE?

• Always contains C, H, and O• Molecules that form living things

WHAT ARE THE STEPS THAT ENZYMES GO THROUGH TO CATALYZE A CHEMICAL REACTION?

• A substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme• The enzyme holds the substrate in position to

react• Products are released from the active site• The enzyme goes off to catalyze another reaction

WHAT IS BIOMAGNIFICATION?

• When a toxin concentrates at the top of a food chain

WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULES ARE THESE?

• Lipids

A SCIENTIST PERFORMS A STUDY TO DETERMINE IF FERTILIZER MAKES PLANTS GROW BETTER. WHAT IS

THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE?

• The fertilizer

A SCIENTIST PERFORMS A STUDY TO DETERMINE IF FERTILIZER MAKES PLANTS GROW BETTER. WHAT IS

THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE?

• Plant growth

A SCIENTIST PERFORMS A STUDY TO DETERMINE IF FERTILIZER MAKES PLANTS GROW BETTER. WHAT

ARE THE CONTROLLED VARIABLES?

• Amount of water, soil, sunlight.

THE GROUP OF PLANTS THAT DO NOT GET FERTILIZER REPRESENTS…

• The control group

MULTIPLE TRIALS IN ANY EXPERIMENT INCREASE ITS…

• validity

WHAT DOES THE GRAPH DEMONSTRATE?

• How enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

WHAT DOES THE GRAPH TELL US?

• How enzymes have an optimal efficiency range when it comes to pH• This also goes for temperature