Biochemistry Introductory Powerpoint

BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRYNote Outline

• I can identify the elements commonly found in living things (C, H, O, and N).

• I can describe how atoms bond together to form molecules.

• I can compare the chemical structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids by describing how they form and are broken down.

• I can relate the importance of the 4 biomolecules to living things.

• I can describe the function of an enzyme and factors that influence enzyme activity.

I. Learning Targets

A. What is Biology?A. What is Biology?

II. Features of Life


1. Definition: the study of the 1. Definition: the study of the

diversity of lifediversity of life



1. Definition: the study of the 1. Definition: the study of the

diversity of lifediversity of life

2. More specifically, biologists…2. More specifically, biologists…


a. Study interactions of the environment

b. Propose solutions to problems

B. What Constitutes Life?B. What Constitutes Life?

The term The term livingliving is not easy to define. is not easy to define.

Living things Living things MUSTMUST contain contain ALLALL 5 of 5 of

the following to be considered alive.the following to be considered alive.

Living things…Living things…

1) Reproduce1) Reproduce

2) Are Organized (Cells)2) Are Organized (Cells)

3) Grow and Develop3) Grow and Develop

4) Use Energy / Evolve4) Use Energy / Evolve

5) Respond to their Surroundings5) Respond to their Surroundings

A. ElementsA. Elements

1. Everything is made of substances

called elements.

III. Atoms and their Interactions

A. ElementsA. Elements

1. Everything is made of substances

called elements.

2. Most common elements are…

CCarbon, HHydrogen, OOxygen,

and NNitrogen

III. Atoms and their Interactions

Comparing the composition of the Earth’s crust to the human body

B. B. AtomsAtoms are the basic building block of are the basic building block of

all matter.all matter.

1. Definition: an atom is the

smallest particle of an element

that has the same characteristics

of that element.

C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom

C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom

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C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an Atom1. 1. NucleusNucleus::


a. protons (+ charge)a. protons (+ charge)



b. neutrons (0 charge)b. neutrons (0 charge)




c. Overall charge of the c. Overall charge of the nucleus nucleus

= = + charge+ charge




c. Overall charge of the c. Overall charge of the nucleus nucleus

= + charge= + charge

2. 2. Electron CloudElectron Cloud




c. Overall charge of the nucleus c. Overall charge of the nucleus

= + charge= + charge

2. 2. Electron CloudElectron Cloud

a. electrons (- charge and move a. electrons (- charge and move

rapidly)rapidly)

C. Structure of an AtomC. Structure of an AtomNucleusNucleus

Electron cloudElectron cloud

D. Atoms become stable by D. Atoms become stable by bondingbonding

with other atoms.with other atoms.



1. When atoms bond together, they

form new compounds, which

have different properties than the

individual atoms had.



1. When atoms bond together, they

form new compounds, which

have different properties than the

individual atoms had.

C + O2 CO2

+

2. Some compounds contain just one

or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas

others contain tens, hundreds, or

even thousands of atoms.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Water_molecule.svg

2. Some compounds contain just one

or two atoms (H2O or CO2), whereas

others contain tens, hundreds, or

even thousands of atoms.

a. Large molecules = macromoleculesmacromolecules

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Water_molecule.svg

b. Macromolecules are formed by

bonding together small molecules

to form chains called polymers.




poly = many meros = parts




poly = many meros = parts

mono = one meros = part

3. Macromolecules chains are controlled

by water.


by water.

a. When H2O is added, hydrolysis

breaks apart chains.


by water.



hydro = water lysis = to split


by water.



b. When H2O is lost, condensation

forms chains.

Hydrolysis (water is Hydrolysis (water is addedadded))

Condensation (water is Condensation (water is lostlost))

Hydrolysis vs. Condensation


Water added,Water added, Chain breaksChain breaks


Water added,Water added, Chain breaksChain breaks

Water lost,Water lost, Chain formsChain forms

A. You are what you eat!A. You are what you eat!

IV. Organic Biomolecules

1. Food Pyramid

2. The foods we consume have carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins in them.


a. Carbohydrates give us energy

(ex. sugar, apples, potatoes, pasta…)




b. Fats are related to weight gain

(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)




b. Fats are related to weight gain

(ex. oils, butter, whole milk…)

c. Proteins help build muscles

(ex. fish, beef, eggs, cheese, nuts…)

3. A healthy diet of foods containing 3. A healthy diet of foods containing eacheach of these macromolecules of these macromolecules insures insures proper proper function of all the function of all the body’s cells, tissues, organs, and body’s cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. If one or more are organ systems. If one or more are lacking, the body cannot function lacking, the body cannot function to provide us with all of our to provide us with all of our necessary needsnecessary needs. .

B. Carbohydrates

http://www.taunton.com/finecooking/recipes/spaghetti_meatballs.aspx

1. Purpose: store and release energy

B. Carbohydrates



2. Compound structure:

a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen

B. Carbohydrates




a. Composed of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen

b. 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)

B. Carbohydrates


3. Monomer subunits:

a. MonosaccharideMonosaccharide: one sugar molecule

(ex. glucose or fructose)

B. Carbohydrates

3. Monomer subunits:

a. MonosaccharideMonosaccharide: one sugar molecule

(ex. glucose or fructose)

B. Carbohydrates

CC66HH1212OO66

b. DisaccharideDisaccharide: two sugar molecules

combined (ex. glucose + fructose =

sucrose “table sugar”)

B. Carbohydrates

c. PolysaccharidePolysaccharide: many sugars

combine to form the molecule

(ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose)

B. Carbohydrates

C. Lipids

1. Purpose: energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings

C. Lipids



a. Composed of C, H, and O with a

larger proportion of C-H bonds than

carbohydrates (have less O’s)

C. Lipids



a. Composed of C, H, and O with a

larger proportion of C-H bonds than

carbohydrates (have less O’s)

(ex. lipids in beef fat: C57H110O6)

C. Lipids

2. 2. Structure: b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)

C. LipidsC. Lipids

3. Insoluble in 3. Insoluble in waterwater

C. LipidsC. Lipids

3. Insoluble in 3. Insoluble in waterwater

C. LipidsC. Lipids

Water-loving

Water-fearing

2. 2. Structure: b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)b. Insoluble in water (doesn’t dissolve)

3. Monomer subunit:3. Monomer subunit:a. a. Fatty acidsFatty acids and a and a glycerolglycerol

C. LipidsC. Lipids

Creation of a fat molecule

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4. Forms: a. Saturated fatSaturated fat: no double bonds

between carbons, solid at room temperature, found mostly in

animals

C. Lipids

4. Forms: b. Unsaturated fatUnsaturated fat: double bonds

between some of the carbons, liquid at room temperature, found mostly in

plants

C. Lipids

Comparing Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

D. Proteins

1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunity

D. Proteins

1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunitya. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

D. Proteins

1. Purpose: provide structure, motion, and immunitya. Enzyme = catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

2. Compound structure: a. Composed of C, H, O, nitrogen (N),

and sulfur (S)

D. Proteins

D. Proteins

3. Monomer subunit:a. Amino acid = Basic building block of

protein

D. Proteins

3. Monomer subunit:a. Amino acid = Basic building block of

protein• 20 total amino acids• Our body naturally makes 11, but we

have to eat the other 9 (they must be present in our diet)

D. Proteins

b. Many amino acids bond together in a

chain using peptide bonds and form a

protein

D. Nucleic Acids

1. Purpose: store genetic information in the form of a code

D. Nucleic Acids

1. Purpose: store genetic information in the form of a code

2. Compound structure: a. Composed of C, H, O,

N, and phosphorus (P)

D. Nucleic Acids

3. Monomer subunit: a. Arranged as a nitrogen base, sugar,

and a phosphate group

D. Nucleic Acids

4. Forms: a. DNADNA: contains instructions to form all

of an organism’s enzymes and structural proteins

b. RNARNA: copy of DNA used when making proteins

D. Nucleic Acids

DNA versus RNA

V. Revisions to the Food Pyramid

A. Observations:A. Observations:

B. Facts:B. Facts:

Biochemistry Introductory Powerpoint

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Transcript of Biochemistry Introductory Powerpoint