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10/5/2014 Bio-Gas As Alternative Fuel In IC Engines (1) Mechanical Seminar Topics

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Bio-Gas As Alternative Fuel In IC Engines

INTRODUCTION

A. Relevance :-The economic of India depends to a large extent on the wheels of transport. The specter of economy ruin due to depleted oil reserveshas changed the interest of scientist and research work towards alternative fuels for motor vehicle. Viable substitute for motor spirit aregaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas, alcohol & electricity that run on hydrocarbon gas & electricity are still in the experimental stage.While alcohol is used as a fuel chiefly in Brazil, it?s feasibility as motor fuel depends on the successful cultivation & processing ofsugarcane. Gaseous hydrocarbons seem to be the best immediate option presently available. These are mainly COMPRESSED NATURALGAS (CNG) & LIQUIFIED PETROLIUM GAS (LPG). LPG is being imported whereas CNG is available in abundance in India. Till recently,technology to permit conversion of vehicles from petrol burners to gas burners had to imported, but now due to the pioneering effortsof departments of mechanical engineering at the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI. India is largest cattle breeding country, there is abundance of raw material for producing biogas. Also municipal sewage can be used forthis purpose.

The use of methane separated from biogas as a fuel will substantially reduce harmful engine emission and will help to keep theenvironment clean. Biogas consists of approximately 55-60 % of methane. It is economical and slurry can be used as organic manure.One of the alternate technologies Sulabh propagates is the biogas plant that utilises human excreta as its raw input. In the last 20 years,it has setup a hundred such plants throughout India. The plants? twin outputs, similar to those of cattle biogas plants, are nutrient-richsludge and methane-rich biogas. The sludge is used primarily as manure, and the biogas either as cooking fuel or as street-lighting gas.

B. The Technology :-Biogas dates as far back as the 16th century, when it was used for heating bath-water in Persia. It has been used in India for almost ahundred years (Sampat, 1995). The Indian government introduced large-scale biogas production in 1981 through the National Projecton Biogas Development. Biogas is produced by extracting chemical energy from organic materials in a sealed container called a digester.2 million biogas plants were in operation in 1995, and about 10 million rural Indians were benefiting from the electric power and cooking

fuel the gas provided, and also from the rich agricultural fertilizer the plant produces as a byproduct.



Central to the generation of biogas is the concept of anaerobic digestion, also called biological gasification. It is a naturally occurring,microbial process that converts organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. The chemical reaction takes place in the presence ofmethanogenic bacteria with water an essential medium. The anaerobic digestion process, as the name states, is one that functionswithout molecular oxygen. Ideally, in a biogas plant there should be no oxygen within the digester. However, efforts to completelyremove it will be prohibitively expensive. Oxygen therefore exists in the digester, dissolved mainly in water. Fortuitously, some microbeswithin the digester are facultative anaerobes, i.e. they utilize oxygen and lower the dissolved oxygen concentration to levels suitable forother anaerobic microbes to perform their chemical reactions. Oxygen removal from the digester is important for two main reasons.First, the presence of oxygen leads to the creation of water, not methane. Second, oxygen is a contaminant in biogas and also apotential safety hazard. Due to presence of oxygen, calorific value of biogas becomes low. First, cow dung, the primary raw input for almost all operating biogas plants is widespread and easily available. India has more cattlethan any other country (450 million head, 19% of the world population).

Second, the cow is held in religious veneration and its products are considered purifying agents. Hence, there is a universal acceptance ofeven its dung, which otherwise would instinctively be thought of as repulsive. Dung (or gobar in Hindi) is widely used in India for houseconstruction (as an infill material and external plaster), in religious rituals, as composted fertilizer and as a cooking fuel (dung cakes).Dung accounts for over 21 percent of total rural energy use in India, and as much as 40 percent in certain states of the country. Third,only 27% of rural India has access to electricity supplied by the national grid (ostensibly, 84% of all villages are connected). Localizedbiogas plants obviate the dependency on the grid by producing energy from a locally controlled and easily accessible raw material.

C. Present Theory and Practices

i. Biogas cars: -Koges, Switzerland is developing a new fuel based on biogas which would be eco friendly and cheaper than petrol. Wastage fromkitchens and gardens are collected, non-biodegradable matter removed and again put into fermentation reactor. Here, in the anaerobicenvironment microorganisms transforms the garbage into compost and biogas called

kompogas. Gas obtained from 100kg. Of waste can fuel a medium sized car up to 100km. The engine runs more quietly on kompogas,vibrates less and the exhaust is almost odourless. At the present 150 vehicles are running on kompogas.ii. In India, some projects are undertaken in which diesel and biogas as dual fuel for diesel pump.iii. In Israel, biogas is used as a fuel for loaded vehicles.

D. Need Till date, LPG, CNG has been used as fuel. But they have their own limitations. LPG is explosive, CNG is expensive. Methane separatedfrom biogas is equivalent to CNG but economical than CNG. Now-a-days the whole world is facing energy crisis. Available sources ofliquid fuel will be depleted after few years. In this situation biogas can serve as best alternative fuel.

E. Applications :-1. Fuels for internal combustion engine.2. Pump.3. Electricity generation.4. Domestic fuel for burners in kitchen.

PRESENT FUELS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE :-1. Gasoline.2. Diesel.3. Alcohol4. LPG.5. CNG.6. Electricity.7. Solar.8. Producer gas.9. Hydrogen.

Present Fuels and Limitations:-There are so many fuels used in I.C. Engines, but they have certain physical and chemical properties. In other words, fuels used in I.C.Engine re designed tom satisfy performance requirements of engine system, in which they are used. The limitations of fuels that areused presently are as follows1. Gasoline contains many impurities. It has low octane number. All petroleum fuels oxidize slowly in presence of air. The oxidation ofunsaturated hydrocarbons result in formation of resinous materials called

gum and reduces its lubricating quality and tends to form sludge and warmish on piston and rings. It has less knock resistance as well asenergy per unit mass. It has less efficiency compared to other fuels. It has high cost.2. In alcohol, higher latent heat of vaporization reduced charge temperatures before combustion. Alcohols suffer disadvantages of waterabsorption, corrosive and lubricant incompatibility.3. In LPG, it reduces volumetric efficiency due to its high heat of vaporization. The road sensitivity is very high. It is very corrosive.Response to blending is very poor. It has higher cost of transportation. It has higher cost for conversion kit, installation of extensive.4. In electricity, they use in initially generated power stations that use fossil fuel of nuclear power. There are other problems too. Theproblem is with batteries in these vehicles. These batteries are quite heavy and life of these is also low. Cost of replacing these batteriesis high.

PREPARATION OF BIO-GAS I. Micro Organisms And Mechanism Of Bio-Gas Production a. Micro Organisms-An organic waste consist of many organisms but the organisms useful for biogas production are i. Aerobic



ii. Anaerobic

b. Constituents of Organic Waste ?The organic waste contains many constituents such as cellulose, Hemicelluloses, lignin, proteins, and starch, water-soluble, fats Soluble etc. c. Mechanism of biogas production: -Stage 1 It involves the decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulos Lignin, starch, protein, fats etc. Into simpler organic compounds likeacids, alcohols and gases like CO2, H2, and NH3, H2S etc. by aerobic and anaerobic Micro-organisms. Stage 2: - The anaerobic organism or methane bacteria utilizes Simple carbon compounds available from first stage and produce methane.This is biogas production.

II. Bio-gas plants: -There are two types of plants- i. Daily fed or continuous type.ii. Batch fed or periodic type.

1). Daily fed or continuous type biogas plants: -It consists of 5 m. deep underground tank of masonry construction. It is known as digester or fermentation well. The inlet tank isconnected to digester by an inlet pipe and the outlet tank is connected to digester by the outlet pipe as shown in figure. The gas holder collects biogas produced in digester. It can be takenfor use through gas outlet pipe. The organic waste such as cattle dung is mixed with water in 1: 1Proportion and poured in inlet tank everyday. This material is usually known as substrate. Substrate gets collected in the fermentationwell through the inlet pipe. The trapped air is removed from the digester through the gas outlet and the gas holder is placed in theposition.When the plant is commissioned, an inoculation of the bacteria is brought from existing biogas plant and is injected in the digester toaccelerate the purpose of decomposition to produce biogas at faster rate.Size of plant depends upon 1. The required amount of gas daily and 2 Available quantity of cattle dung daily. After the digester is full of substrate within a week?s time, the digester start coming out through the gas outlet pipe. It is displaced out.This gas can not burn. Initially high CO2 contained in the gas makes it unsuitable for use.Within 4-8 weeks, the microorganism develops sufficiently and biogas is generated. This stabilized gas burns continuously in the burner.The gas outlet is covered with wire mesh to prevent a flame rushing into the digester.The plant should be exposed to the sunlight and shielded from the wind to accelerate the growth of bacteria. The substrate should notbe added till the steady flame of gas is obtained at the burner. The plant is operated at low pressure for proper burning of gas andproper fermentation.The used out substrate passing to outlet tank through the outlet pipe. The residual slurry gets stored in this tank. The solid residue canbe used for diluting the dung. Sometimes mixture is used in the digester to help digestion. The digester may be surrounded by water andheating coil to maintain temperature.

Advantages: -1. Continuous gas output.2. Minimum space requirement3. Suitable for individual familyDisadvantages: -1. Substrate of uniform quality is desirable 2. Daily attention is required 3. Daily feeding is necessary

III. Purification of Biogas:-Biogas coming from tank contains ?

Composition:? Methane(CH4) 50-68%Carbon monoxide (CO2) 25-35%Hydrogen(H2) 1-5%Nitrogen (N2) 2-7%Oxygen (O2) 0-.1%Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) Rare

Out of these CO2 does not help in combustion process but reduce the calorific value of biogas. H2S is in minor quantity but it hascorrosive action on combustion chamber and also reduces calorific value of biogas. Also traces of moisture are to be remove for betterthermal efficiency. So harmful gradients are removed and use only methane as a fuel.

Different Purification Processes:-1) Removal of H2S - The gas coming out of system is heated to 1500 C and over ZnO bed, maintained at 1800 C leaving process gas free of H2S. ZnO + H2S = ZnS + H2O.ZnSO4 + 2NaOH = Zn (OH) 2 + Na2SO4 2) Removal of CO2 ?CO2 is high corrosive when wet and it has no combustion value so its removal is must to improve the biogas quality. The processes to remove CO2 are as follows ?a) Caustic solution, NAOH ? 40% NAOH + CO2 = NAHCO3



b) Renfield process ? K2CO3 - 30 % K2CO3 + CO2 = 2KCO3

3) Removal of NH3:-The chemical reaction is as:NH3 + HCL =NH4Cl

4) Removal of H2O:-For the removal of moisture, we passed the gas from above reaction, through the crystals of white silica gel.

PROPERTIES OF BIO-GASIn its pure state, it is color less, odorless, tasteless. For safety reason, an odorant is added so that any leak can be easily detectedbecause of typical smell.The composition of bio gas is never constant. Methane is by far the largest component, its presence accounting for about 95% of thetotal volume. Methane is a simple hydrocarbon, a substance consisting of carbon & hydrogen. There are many of these compoundseach has its own carbon & hydrogen atoms joined together to for a particular hydrocarbon gas as fuel gas. Methane is very light fuelgas. If we increase the number of hydrogen & carbon atoms, we have got progressively heavier gases, releasing more heat, thereforemore energy, when ignited. Specific gravity of methane is .55 which is less than petrol & LPG. This means that biogas will rise if escaping, thus dissipating from thesite of a leak. This important characteristic makes biogas safer than other fuels. It does not contain any toxic component; thereforethere is no health hazard in handling of fuel.The air to biogas (stoichiometric) ratio by volume for complete combustion is 9.5:1 to 10:1.Biogas has a very slow flame velocity, only .290 m/s. at its highest. The range of flammability is 4 to 14% which can give goodcombustion efficiency.Biogas has very high octane number approximately 130. By comparison, gasoline is 90 to 94 & alcohol 105 at best. This means that ahigher compression ratio engine can be used with biogas than petrol. Hence, cylinder head of the engine is faced so that clearancevolume will be reduced & compression ratio can sufficiently increase. Thus volumetric efficiency & power output are increased. Becauseof its high octane value the detonation occur however high the compression may be. The Boiling point of biogas is above 300 degreeCelsius while the calorific value is 35.390 MJ/m3 One of the promising renewable energy sources is biogas, which is compound gas consisting mainly of methane (CH4) and carbondioxide (CO2). It is normally formed with the decomposition of organic substances. Because of its low energy density, the gas isgenerally stored in high-pressure gas bomb. To store it in a condition of high density, it is also attempted to store methane in the formof clathrate. The clathration of methane requires normally high pressure and low temperature. If the clathration of biogas and methanecould be achieved under the normal pressure and temperature, this would make the gases a very useful energy source. In this study,the clathration of methane under the normal pressure and temperature was first attempted by using Tetrahydrofuran (THF) as additive.Further, to realize the higher storage density of methane, CO2 must be removed beforehand because not only methane but also CO2form clathrate. To achieve CO2 removal, the possibility of absorption method using Monoethanolamine (MEA) is experimentallyinvestigated, aiming efficient biogas utilization in final.

Advantages of Biogas : -1) It is light fuel gas.2) It mixes easily with the air.3) It is highly knocked resistant.4) Due to uniform distribution thermal efficiency is higher.5) Biogas has a high octane number.6) It reduces pollution.7) Higher compression ratio can be used with biogas.8) Plants capital cost is low.9) Domestic fuels for burners used in kitchen.10) No toxic to skin.

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF BIOGASA study released at the NGV Conference highlights the benefits of using biogas as a source of fuel for NGVs. Biogas consists primarily ofmethane and is given off in places where decaying organic material is found. According to the report, one of the primary benefits ofcapturing biogas generated at landfill sites, sewage waste treatment plants, and animal feedlots would be a substantial reduction ingreenhouse gas emissions. The report also finds that capturing and burning biogas would provide significant reductions in toxic emissionsand ozone forming pollutants, and lower particulate emissions in the case of heavy-duty vehicles. In addition, the report finds that waterquality could be improved as a result of reduced waste runoff near sites where biogas is captured and used in NGVs. The potential reductions of greenhouse gas emissions presented in this paper are staggering. Much of this benefit is derived fromcapturing and burning methane emissions that currently are released into the atmosphere. The report indicates that an NGV using fuelderived from biogas that otherwise would have been vented provides as much benefit as removing six petroleum-fueled vehicles fromthe nation's highways. Stated differently, use of biogas in NGVs would produce 600 percent less greenhouse gas emissions whencompared with using petroleum as a motor fuel. Using biogas that currently is flared instead of vented would provide about a 100 percent net reduction in greenhouse gas emissionswhen compared with burning petroleum motor fuel in a similar vehicle. The study also finds that utilization of available supplies of biogascould potentially reduce the motor vehicle-related greenhouse gas emission by more than 340 million tons -- a 23 percent reduction inoverall emissions of motor vehicle greenhouse gas emissions. The amount of natural gas that potentially could be produced from decaying material around the country is substantial. The reportindicates that biogas could displace about 6 billion gallons of motor fuel a year, accounting for nearly four percent of all the gasoline anddiesel currently used by motor vehicles. The report indicates that some of this biogas can be produced at prices competitive withconventional petroleum fuels. Much of the fuel, however, is not economic at today's fuel prices, but could easily be made economic ifthe right types of incentives or credits were provided.

BIOGAS in INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 1. S. I. EnginesThe only adoption for a spark ignition engine is a gas (not gasoline!) carburetor to work at the supply pressure (just like an LPGconversion, but an evaporator would not be needed as the storage pressure is low). It is also a good idea to scrub the H2S (as itcauses corrosion) and to derate the engine (unless you want to replace it each year if operating continuously). Modification of S.I. Engine - S.I. engines can run completely on biogas, however, the engines are required to be started on petrol at the beginning, conversion of S.I.



14-10-2010, 12:30 PM Post: #2

engine for the entry of biogas, throttling of intake air & advancing the ignition timing. Biogas can be admitted to S.I. engine through theintake manifold & air flow control valve can be provided on the air cleaner pipe connecting air cleaner & carburetor for throttling theintake air as shown in fig. 2. C.I. Engine :- Diesel engines also need a gas carburetor and scrubbing, but require at least 10% diesel via the injectors for ignition (and cooling). The initial starting of diesel engine is done on pure dieselModification of C.I. Engine:?C.I. engine can operate on dual fuel & the necessary engine modification include provision for the entry of biogas with intake air,provision of carburetor & system to reduce diesel supply, advanced injection timing. The entry of biogas and mixing of gas with intakeair can be achieved by providing the mixing chamber below the air cleaner which facilitate through mixing of biogas with air beforeentering into the cylinder. The arrangement is shown in fig. is largely used in stationary engine commercially available in India. Thecapacity of mixing chamber may be kept equal to the engine displacement volume. The pilot injection of cycle is required to be advancedfor smooth and efficient running of engine on dual fuel. The admittance of biogas into the engine at the initial stage increases enginespeed and therefore a suitable system reduces the diesel supply by actuating the control rack needs to be incorporated.There is a wide range of thoughts on what treatments should these biogases be subjected to before being used as fuel. Most operatorssimply remove the water present in the biogas, leaving it to the engine manufacturers to design engines which will cope with theimpurities inevitably included in the biogas (significant maintenance costs); other Operators are seriously evaluating maintenance costsagainst initial investments in biogas clean up technologies such as has been developed by Acrion Technologies (although Acrion'stechnologies are mainly aimed at biogas contaminant removal and separation into methane and carbon dioxide as feed stocks for avariety of commercial applications).

PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIESTo use the biogas as a fuel in SI engine there are some practical difficulties. It is not possible to compress the methane, separated frombiogas by available method, because the gas could be liquefied through chilling below -161 0C. This process is adapted by installing the units required when there use of methane separated from biogas as a fuel. Since gas can not becompressed it requires large space for storage.

PERFORMANCE1. In purification method, by reducing CO2 and moisture along H2S impurities in biogas, the engine performance is improved.2. Effect of spark timing :-Biogas is slow burning fuel. Hence in order to get optimum engine performance, spark timing does not advance, and then combustioncontinues in major part of the expansion stroke. This reduces effective work done. By advancing, spark timing power is improved onlow speed at partial throttle condition as well as high speed at full throttle condition.

EXHAUST EMMISSIONS The exhaust emission contains three specific substances which contribute the air pollution, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide &oxides ofnitrogen. Hydrocarbons are the unburned fuel vapour coming out with the exhaust due to incomplete combustion. Hydrocarbon alsooccurring in crankcase by fuel evaporation. The emission of hydrocarbon is closely related to many design &operating factors likeinduction system, combustion chamber design, air fuel ratio, speed, load. Lean mixture lower hydrocarbon emission.Carbon monoxide occurs only in engine exhaust. It is the product of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of air in air- fuelmixture. Some amount of CO is always present in the exhaust even at lean mixture. When the throttle is closed to reduce air supply atthe time of starting the vehicle, maximum amount of CO is produced. Oxides of nitrogen are the combination of nitric oxide & nitrogen oxide &availability of oxygen are the two main reasons for theformation of oxides of nitrogen. The spark advance means lower peak combustion temperature. It causes high NO concentration in theexhaust. With biogas, co emission levels are low than that of gasoline.

Comparison of Exhaust Emission :-

METHANE Vs GASOLINE Power Reduction 11%CO Reduction 99%HC Reduction 99%NO Reduction 59%ISFC Increase 19%

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RE: Bio-Gas As Alternative Fuel In IC Engines

publications_Design%20Biogas%20Plant.pdf (Size: 59.89 KB / Downloads: 557) DESIGN OF BIOGAS PLANT

INTRODUCTION

A. Relevance :-The economic of India depends to a large extent on the wheels of transport. The specter of economy ruin due to depleted oil reserveshas changed the interest of scientist and research work towards alternative fuels for motor vehicle. Viable substitute for motor spirit aregaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas, alcohol & electricity that run on hydrocarbon gas & electricity are still in the experimental stage.While alcohol is used as a fuel chiefly in Brazil, it?s feasibility as motor fuel depends on the successful cultivation & processing ofsugarcane. Gaseous hydrocarbons seem to be the best immediate option presently available. These are mainly COMPRESSED NATURALGAS (CNG) & LIQUIFIED PETROLIUM GAS (LPG). LPG is being imported whereas CNG is available in abundance in India. Till recently,technology to permit conversion of vehicles from petrol burners to gas burners had to imported, but now due to the pioneering effortsof departments of mechanical engineering at the INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI. India is largest cattle breeding country, there is abundance of raw material for producing biogas. Also municipal sewage can be used for

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this purpose.

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ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN I.C ENGINES.docx (Size: 75.01 KB / Downloads: 263)

This article is presented by:MITHUN SARKARDEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGKALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGEKALYANI, NADIA

ALCOHOL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN I.C ENGINES

INTRODUCTIONIn this century, it is believed that crude oil and petroleum products will become very scarce and costly. Day-to-day, fuel economy ofengines is getting improved and will continue to improve. However, enormous increase in number of vehicles has started dictating thedemand for fuel. With increased use and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative fuel technology will become more common in the comingdecades. Because of the high cost of petroleum products, emission problems some developing countries are trying to use alternate fuelsfor their vehicles.DIFFICULTIES:1. Extensive research and development is difficult to justify until the fuels are accepted as viable for large numbers of engines.2. Most alternate fuels are very costly at present since the quantity used is very less.3. There is lack of distribution points (service stations) where fuel is available to the public.

LIQUID FUELS:Liquid fuels are preferred for IC engines because they are easy to store and have reasonably good calorific value. The main alternative isthe alcoholALCOHOL:Alcohols are attractive alternate fuels because they can be obtained from both natural and manufactured sources. Methanol and ethanolare two kinds of alcohols that seem most promising.ADVANTAGES:1. It is a high octane fuel with anti-knock index numbers of over 100.Engines using high octane fuel can run more efficiently by usinghigher compression ratios. Alcohols have higher flame speed.2. It produces less overall emissions compared to gasoline.3. When alcohols are burned, it forms more moles of exhaust gases, which gives higher pressure and more power in the expansionstroke.4. It has high latent heat of vaporization which results in a cooler intake process. This raises the volumetric efficiency of the engine andreduces the required work input in the compression stroke.5. Alcohols have low sulphur content in the fuel.6. Reduced petroleum imports and transportation.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Alcohols have low energy content or in other words the calorific value of the fuel is almost half. This means that almost twice asmuch as gasoline must be burned to give the same energy input to the engine. With equal thermal efficiency and similar engine outputusage, twice as much fuel would have to be purchased, and he distance which could be driven with a given fuel tank volume would becut in half. Automobiles as well as distribution stations would require twice as much storage capacity, twice the number of storagefacilities, twice the volume of storage at the service stations, twice as many tank trucks and pipelines, etc. Even with the low energycontent of the fuel, engine power for a given displacement would be about the same. This is because of the lower air-fuel ratio neededby alcohol. Alcohol contains oxygen and thus requires less air for stoichiometric combustion. More fuel can be burned with the sameamount of air.2. Combustion of alcohols produces more aldehydes in the exhaust. If as much alcohol fuel was consumed as gasoline. Aldehydeemissions would be a serious problem.3. Alcohol is much more corrosive than gasoline on copper, brass, aluminum, rubber, and many plastics. This puts some restrictions onthe design and manufacturing of engines to be used with this fuel. Fuel lines and tanks, gaskets, and even metal engine parts candeteriorate with long-term alcohol use (resulting in cracked fuel lines, the need for special fuel tank, etc). Methanol is very corrosive onmetals.4. It has poor cold weather starting characteristics due to low vapor pressure and evaporation. Alcohol-fuelled engines generally havedifficulty in starting at temperatures below 10 C. Often a small amount of gasoline is added to alcohol fuel, which greatly improves cold-weather starting. However, the need to do this greatly reduces the attractiveness of alcohol.5. Alcohols have poor ignition characteristics n general.6. Alcohols have an almost invisible flame, which is considered dangerous when handling fuel. A small amount of gasoline removes thisdanger.7. There is the danger of storage tank flammability, due to low vapor pressure. Air can leak into storage tanks and create combustiblemixtures.8. There will be less NOx emissions because of low flame temperatures. However, the resulting lower exhaust temperatures take longertime to heat the catalytic converter to efficient operating temperatures.9. Many people find the strong odor of alcohol very offensive. Headaches and drizzles have been experienced when refueling anautomobile.10. There is a possibility of vapor lock in fuel delivery systems.

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