Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant.pdf

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng MaynilaIntramuros, Manila

College of Engineering and TechnologyElectrical Engineering Department

BinalbaganHydroelectric Power

Plant

Submitted by: Alberto, Randy R.

Bago, Christopher B.Cabato, Bruce Jason

Pelagio, Raymond Glenn

Submitted to:Engr. Roel B. Calano

March 07 2015



Binalbagan Hydroelectric Power Plant 2015

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Acknowledgement

“Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing” ~Wernher Von Braun

This led the proponents to pursue them in this proposal study.

The proponents would like to express deep gratitude to God Almighty, for his

blessings, guidance and presence. Without him, wisdom would be useless. Thanks for

being as inspiration and good example for the proponents.

To our beloved parents – Zita Alberto, Gloria and Remigio Cabato, Evelyn

Pelagio, and Susan Bago; who support us, morally and financially and for their

continuous guidance and advises. Because of them, the researchers were more

determined to finish their investigative project and to face life’s struggles.

To our instructor, Engr. Roel B. Calano, for his guidance, support, knowledge andhelp. Without him, this proposal would be impossible.

To our friends, classmates and schoolmates who entertains us to ease pressures

and hardships. Thanks for the presence in times of necessity, thanks for boosting up

the researchers characters.

To our families, who encourages us when were down, who always pray for usand who always cheer us up.




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To our beloved parents,Friends and classmates,To Engr. Roel B. Calano

And to our teachers Above all,

To the Almighty God...




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Table of Contents

Chapter IResearch and its Settings

Introduction 4Background of the Study 5Significance of the Study 6Statement of the Problem 7

Chapter IIReview of Related Literatures 9

Chapter IIIMethodology

Powerplant Design 17Powerplant Operation 19

Chapter IVData and Results

Components of the Project 21Theoretical Power Generation 23Generator Rating 24Transformer Rating 25Electrical Substation 25Layout of Substation 27Characteristics of Substation 27Circuit Breakers 28Power Transformer 29Environmental Aspects 30Powerplant Economics 32Return of Investment 35Visayas Grid Approximate Model

Chapter VSummary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary 37Conclusion 37Recommendation 38

References 39

The Authors 40




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Chapter 1Research and I ts Settings

Introduction

Hydroelectric power is a form of energy and categorize as a renewable source of

energy. Hydroelectric power is the third largest power contributor in the Philippines.

Other renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power,

and solar power. Hydroelectric power plants do not use up resources to create

electricity nor do they pollute the air, land or water, as other power plants may.

Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of the country’s

power industry. Both small and large hydroelectric power developments were

instrumental in the early expansion of the electric power industry.

Hydroelectric power is important to the Philippines. Growing population and

modern technology require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building and

expanding.

It is an essential contributor in the national grid because of its ability to respond

quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with

steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear process cannot accommodate.

In nature, energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but its form can change. In

generating electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of energy is

converted to another form. To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is

kinetic energy. When flowing water turns blades in turbine, the form is change to

mechanical energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts thismechanical energy into electrical energy.

Facilities are called hydroelectric power plants, and hydropower is generated.

Some power plants are located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a reliable water

supply, dams are needed. Dams store water for later release for such purposes as




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irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and power generation. The reservoir acts much

like a battery, storing water to be released as needed to generate power.

The dam creates a “head” or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock)

carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast moving water pushes the

turbine blades. The water force on the turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving part

of the electric generator. When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past the generator’s

stationary coil (stator), electricity is produced.

The actual output of energy at dam is determined by the volume of water

released (discharged) and the vertical distance the water falls (head). The head and the

discharge at the power site and the desired rotational speed of the generator determine

the type of turbine to be used.

The two basic types of turbines are impulse and reaction turbine. The specific

type of turbine to be used in a power plant is not selected until all operational studies

and cost estimates are complete. The turbine selected depends largely on the site

condition.

ackground of the Study

Hydroelectric power remains the most attractive renewable energy investment in

the Philippines as eight new mini hydro projects gain approval for construction last

year. Hydrotec Renewables, the developer of the eight hydro projects invested 53

million USD to 62 million USD on the combined 23-50 MW project. The project is

estimated to be completed by the year 2016. The projects are located in nearby

provinces outside Metro Manila, with three in Rodriguez City, one in San Mateo, two in

Marikina City and two in Antipolo City.




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The country is already one of the world’s leaders in renewable energy, with a

third of its primary energy source coming from renewable. The commission on climate

change aims to shift the country’s current fuel system to 100 % renewable energy

capacity in a decade.

Hydro plants are classified based on their capacities as follows: micro-hydro 1-

100 kW, mini-hydro 101 kW to 10 MW and large hydro more than 10 MW. The total

untapped hydropower resource potential of the country is estimated at 13,097 MW, of

which 85 % are considered large and small hydros (11,223 MW), 14% (1,847 MW) are

classified as mini-hydros while less than 1 % (27 MW) are considered as micro-hydros.

Significanceof the Study

Hydropower is fuelled by water, so it’s a clean fuel source. Hydropower doesn’t

pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuel, such as coal or natural gas. It uses

water sources as prime movers which do not emit harmful substances that can damage

our environment.

Hydropower is a domestic source of energy, produced in United States. This type

of power plant relies on water cycle driven by the sun, thus it’s a renewable power

source. Water being used in the process of generating electricity is maintained for the

purpose of recycling water for continuous operation of the hydropower plant.

Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of

water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. They can limit theoperation of the power plant to the demand required by the grid. Engineers have the

control over the operation proportional to the flexibility of the demand. These plants

provide benefits in addition to clean electricity.




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Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational

opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations

are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take

advantage of these opportunities. Usually they provide additional tourist attractionswithin the reservoir just like eco-parks and other wildlife sanctuaries.

Reservoir at most is used mainly as water storage for power generation and

water supply within the nearby community. In this case, they maximize the capability of

the dams which in return gives more benefits to mankind. Other benefits may include

flooding control.

Statement of the Problem

Although hydroelectric power plant has its advantages over all other power

plants, it also has its following disadvantages. Hydropower can impact water quality and

flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem

that is harmful to riverbank habitats and is addressed using various techniques which

oxygenate the water.

Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is

also critical for survival of riverbank habitats. Usually, insufficient water is flowing down

the river affecting the livelihood near the river banks. It can greatly affect the people

living downstream where the hydropower plant is located.

Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past

impoundment dams to spawning fish passage grounds or if they cannot migrate

downstream to the ocean. Compensation techniques can be used to aid this problems

like upstream fish passage using fish ladders or elevators. On the other hand,

downstream fish passage can be aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using

screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum

spill flow past the turbine.




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Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the

hydropower plants can’t produce electricity. In this case, operation of the hydropower

plant is dependent on the presence of water. So when there is insufficient water on the

river or reservoir, there will be no production of electricity since a prime mover is notpresent to run the turbine.

In the modern times, new hydropower facilities impact the local environment and

may compete with the other uses for land. Those alternatives uses may be more highly

valued than electricity generation such as irrigation, water supply and other applications

that water is needed. Humans and other living things will be affected and may lose their

natural habitat.

Local cultures and historical sites may impinge upon. Some older hydropower

facilities may have historic value, so renovations of these facilities must also be

sensitive to such preservation concerns and to impacts on plant and animal life.

Lastly, typhoon-prone countries like the Philippines usually experience intense

rainfalls when there is typhoon resulting to flooding and over spillage of dams. When

excess water is not escaped within the dam, it will cause severe damage and may result

to total destruction of the dam if not to do so. Flooding is one of the main problems ofthis type of power plant.




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Chapter 2Review of Related Li teratures

The U.S. Geological Survey explains that the source of hydropower is mechanical

energy. Today, most hydropower comes from a dam that is constructed to create a

reservoir of water, and water turbines are built within the dam below the water’s

surface. The turbines are driven by the force of the water flowing through them, which,

from the subsequent spinning of electromagnets. The rotation of the electromagnets

generates a current in stationary wire coils, which runs through transformer (U.S.

Geological Survey, 2006)

The water that fuels the power of hydroelectric plants is subject to the natural

process of the water cycle. Put simply by the U.S. Department of Energy. “The sun

draws moisture up from the oceans and rivers, and the moisture then condenses into

clouds in the atmosphere. The moisture falls as rain or snow, replenishing the oceans

and rivers. Gravity drives the water, moving it from high ground to low ground”

(Department of Energy, 2008).

The ability of the hydroelectric plant to generate power is determined by the

mechanical energy of the water, the flow of the river, and the efficiency of the dam,

which can be simplified by the following equation: Power = (Height of Dam) x (River

Flow) x (Efficiency). River flow vary and dam heights vary widely, but dam efficiencies

tend to range from 60% to 90%, depending on how well hydroelectric facilities are

maintained.

A plant’s hydroelectric energy from dam can be calculated by multiplying itsoutput in units power, by units of time: Power x Time = energy. To figure out how

many consumers’ energy needs can be served, one may simple divide the energy

output from the plant by the average energy consumption of the hydroelectric plant’s




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customer: (Plant Energy Output) / (Energy consumption per Consumer)(Wisconsin

Valley Improvement Company, 2006)

Any kind of renewable, ecological friendly produced electricity is an essential

contribution to the protection of our environment and nature for forthcoming

generations and it will stabilize or lower electricity prices (Hydrotec Renewables, Mueller

Hannes, 2014).

The major benefit of the hydro power is the average annual contribution of

hundreds of megawatt-hours of clean electricity to the Philippine grid, reduction of

brownouts, avoiding thousands of tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and a significantreduction of the import and dependence of crude oil and the operation of environment

polluting carbon and diesel plants (Mueller, 2014).

Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity

and supply more than 1 billion people with power. The world's hydropower plants

output a combined total of 675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion

barrels of oil. There are more than 2,000 hydropower plants operating in the United

States, making hydropower the country's largest renewable energy source (National

Renewable Energy Laboratory).

The great variety in the size of hydropower plants gives the technology the

ability to meet both large centralized urban energy needs as well as decentralized rural

needs. Though the primary role of hydropower in the global energy supply today is in

providing electricity generation as part of centralized energy networks, hydropower

plants also operate in isolation and supply independent systems, often in rural andremote areas of the world. Hydro energy can also be used to meet mechanical energy

needs, or to provide space heating and cooling. More recently hydroelectricity has also

been investigated for use in the electrolysis process for hydrogen fuel production,

provided there is abundance of hydropower in a region and a local goal to use




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hydrogen as fuel for transport (Andreassen et al., 2002; Yumurtacia and Bilgen, 2004;

Silva et al., 2005).

The great variety in the size of hydropower plants gives the technology the

ability to meet both large centralized urban energy needs as well as decentralized rural

needs. Though the primary role of hydropower in the global energy supply today is in

providing electricity generation as part of centralized energy networks, hydropower

plants also operate in isolation and supply independent systems, often in rural and

remote areas of the world. Hydro energy can also be used to meet mechanical energy

needs, or to provide space heating and cooling. More recently hydroelectricity has also

been investigated for use in the electrolysis process for hydrogen fuel production,

provided there is abundance of hydropower in a region and a local goal to use

hydrogen as fuel for transport (Andreassen et al., 2002; Yumurtacia and Bilgen, 2004;

Silva et al., 2005).

In Africa, the electricity supply in a number of states is largely based on

hydroelectric power. However, few available studies examine the impacts of climate

change on hydropower resource potential in Africa. Observations deducted from general

predictions for climate change and runoff point to a reduction in hydropower resource

potential with the exception of East Africa (Hamududu et al., 2010).

In major hydropower-generating Asian countries such as China, India, Iran,

Tajikistan etc., changes in runoff are found to potentially have a significant effect on

the power output. Increased risks of landslides and glacial lake outbursts, and impacts

of increased variability, are of particular concern to Himalayan countries (Agrawala et

al., 2003). The possibility of accommodating increased intensity of seasonal

precipitation by increasing storage capacities may become of particular importance(Limi, 2007).

In Europe, by the 2070’s, hydropower potential for the whole of Europe has been

estimated to potentially decline by 6%, translated into a 20 to 50% decrease around




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the Mediterranean, a 15 to 30% increase in northern and Eastern Europe, and a stable

hydropower pattern for western and central Europe (Lehner et al., 2005).

In New Zealand increased westerly wind speed is very likely to enhance wind

generation and spill over precipitation into major South Island watersheds, and to

increase winter rain in the Waikato catchment. Warming is virtually certain to increase

melting snow, the ratio of rainfall to snowfall, and to increase river flows in winter and

early spring. This is very likely to increase hydroelectric generation during the winter

peak demand period, and to reduce demand for storage.

In Latin America, hydropower is the main electrical energy source for mostcountries, and the region vulnerable to large-scale and persistent rainfall anomalies due

to El Nino and La Nina, as observed in Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay

and Venezuela. A combination of increased energy demand and droughts caused a

virtual breakdown of hydroelectricity in most of Brazil in 2001 and contributed to a

reduction in gross domestic product (GDP). Glacier retreat is also affecting hydropower

generation, as observed in the cities of La Paz and Lima.

In North America, hydropower production is known to be sensitive to total

runoff, to its timing, and to reservoir levels. During the 1990s, for example, Great Lakes

levels fell as a result of a lengthy drought, and in 1999, hydropower production was

down significantly both at Niagara and Sault St. Marie. For a 2 to 3 ‘C warming in the

Columbia River Basin and BC Hydro service areas, the hydroelectric supply under worst-

case water conditions for winter peak demand is likely to increase (high confidence).

Similarly, Colorado River hydropower yields are likely to decrease significantly, as Great

Lakes hydropower. Northern Quebec hydropower production would be likely to be

affected by lower water levels. Consequences of changes in the seasonal distribution of

flows and in timing of ice formation are uncertain.




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In a recent study (Hamadudu and Killingtveilt, 2010), the regional and global

changes in hydropower generation for the existing hydropower system were computed,

based on a global assessment of changes in river flow by 2050 (Milly et al., 2005, 2008)

for the SRES A1B scenario using 12 different climate models. The computation wasdone at the country or political region (USA, Canada, Brazil, India, Australia) level and

summed up to regional and global values.

In general, the results are consistent with the (mostly qualitative) results given in

previous studies (IPCC, 2007b; Bates et al., 2008). For Europe, the computed reduction

(-0.2%) has the same sign, but is less than the -6% found by Lehner et al. (2005) give

changes by 2070, so a direct comparison is difficult.

It can be concluded that the overall impacts of climate change on the existing

global hydropower generation may be expected to be small, or even slightly positive.

However, results also indicated substantial variations in changes in energy production

across regions and even within countries (Hamadudu and Killingveit, 2010).

Insofar as a future expansion of the hydropower system will occur incrementally

in the same general areas/watersheds as the existing system, these results indicate that

climate change impacts globally and averaged across regions may also be small andslightly positive.

Still, uncertainly about future impacts as well as increasing difficulty of future

systems operations may pose a challenge that must be addressed in the planning and

development of future HPP (Hamadudu et al., 2010)

Hydropower infrastructure development is closely linked to national, regional and

global development policies. Beyond its role in contributing to a secure energy supplysecurity and reducing a country’s dependence on fossil fuels, hydropower offers

opportunities for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Hydropower also can

contribute to regional cooperation, as good practice in managing water resources

requires a river basin approach regardless of national borders. In addition, multipurpose




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hydropower can strengthen a country’s ability to adapt to climate change- induced

hydrological variability (World Bank, 2009).

Many governments and international bodies have relied upon various distinctions

between ‘small’ and ‘large’ hydro, as defined by installed capacity (MW), in establishing

the eligibility of hydropower plants for certain programs. While it is well known that

large-scale HPPs can create conflicts and concerns (WCD, 2000), the environmental and

social impacts of HPP cannot be deduced by size in itself, even if increasing the physical

size may increase the overall impacts of a specific HPP (Egre and Milewski, 2002;

Sternberg, 2008). Despite their lack of robustness, these classifications have had

significant policy and financing consequences (Egre and Milewski, 2002).

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2010c), 1.4 billion people

have no access to electricity. Small-scale hydropower (SHP) can sometimes be an

economically viable supply source in these circumstances, as SHP can provide a

decentralized electricity supply in those rural areas that have adequate hydropower

technical potential (Egre and Milewski, 2002). In fact, SHPs already play an important

role in the economic development of some remote rural areas. Small- scale

hydropower-based rural electrification in China has been on of the most successful

examples, where over 45,000 small hydropower plants totalling 55 GW have been built

that are producing 160 TWh (0.58 EJ) annually. Though many of these plants are used

in centralized electricity networks, SHPs constitute one-third of China’s total hydropower

capacity and are providing services to over 300 million people (Liu and Hu, 2010). More

generally, SHP is found in isolated grids as well as in off-grid and central-grid settings.

As 75% of costs are site-specific, proper site selection is a key challenge. Additionally,

in isolated grid systems, natural seasonal flow variations might require that hydropower

plants be combined with other generation sources in order to ensure continuous supply

during dry period (World Bank, 2008) and may have excess production during wet

seasons; such factors need to be considered in the planning process (Sundqvist and

Warlind, 2006).




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In addition to providing energy and capacity to meet electrical demand,

hydropower generation often has several characteristics that enable it to provide other

services to reliably operate power systems. Because hydropower plants utilize gravity

instead of combustion to generate electricity, hydropower plants are often lesssusceptible to the sudden loss of generation than is thermal generation. Hydropower

plants also offer operating flexibility in that they can start generating electricity with

very short notice and low start-up costs, provide rapid changes in generation, and have

a wide range of generation levels over which power can be generated efficiently (i.e.

high part-load efficiency)(Haldane and Blackstone, 1955; Altinbilek et al., 2007).

The ability to rapidly change output in response to system needs without

suffering large decreases in efficiency makes hydropower plants well suited to providing

the balancing services called regulation and load-following. RoR HPPa operated in

cascades in unison with storage hydropower in upstream reaches may similarly

contribute to the overall regulating and balancing ability of a fleet of HPPs. With the

right equipment and operating procedures, hydropower can also provide the ability to

restore a power station to operation without relying on the electric power transmission

network (i.e. black start capability)(Knight, 2001).

The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) recently decided to focus

on better planning of existing and new (planned) hydropower dams. It is believed that

the annual worldwide investment in dams will be about $30 billion during the next

decade, and the cost can be reduced by 10 to 20% by more cost-effective solutions.

ICOLD also wants to promote multipurpose dams and better planning tools for

multipurpose water projects (Berga, 2008).

Once built and put in operation, hydropower plants usually require very little

maintenance and operation costs can be kept low, since hydropower plants do not

have recurring fuel costs Operating and maintenance costs are usually given as a




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percentage of investment cost per kW. The EREC/Greenpeace study (Teske et al,.

2010) and Krewitt et al,. (2009).

For hydropower, and in particular large hydropower, the largest cost

components are civil structures with very long lifetimes, like dams, tunnels, canals,

powerhouses etc. Electrical and mechanical equipment, with much shorter lifetimes,

usually contribute less to the cost. It is therefore common to use a longer lifetime for

hydropower than for other electricity generation sources (Krewitt et al. 2009)

Hydropower stations can be installed along with multiple purposes such as

irrigation, flood control, navigation, provision of road, drinking water supply, fish supply

and recreation. Many of the purposes cannot be served alone as they have consumptive

use of water and may have different priority of use. There are different methods of

allocating the cost to individual purposes, each of which has advantages and

drawbacks. The basic rules for allocation are that the allocated cost to any purpose will

carry its separable cost. Separable cost for any purposes is obtained by subtracting the

cost of a multipurpose project without that purpose from the total cost of the project

with the purpose included (Dzurik, 2003).

Historically, reservoirs were mostly funded and owned by the public sector,thus project profitability was not the highest consideration or priority in the decision.

Today, the liberalization of the electricity market has set new economic standards for

the funding and management of dam-based projects. The investment decision is based

on an evaluation of viability and profitability over the full life cycle of the project. The

merging economic elements (energy and water selling prices) with social benefits (flood

protection, supplying water to farmers in case of lack of water) and the value of the

environment (to preserve a minimum environmental flow) are becoming tools forconsideration of cost sharing for multipurpose reservoirs (Skoulikaris, 2008)




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Chapter 3Methodology

Power Plant Design

Moises Padilla is situated in central part of Negros Island. Along the east side

part of the town is the longest river in Negros Island, the Binalbagan river. The hydro

power plant is designed to produce approximately a total of 19.845 MW.

(Actual Representation) source: Google Earth

(Graphical Representation)




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The type of turbine to be used is a francis turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine

that combines radial and axial flow concepts.

Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a

water head from 40 m to 600 m and primarily used for electrical power production. It is

a type of reaction turbine in which the working fluid come to the turbine under

immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working

fluid.

The penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow , or

an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines.



The power stationgeneration of electric power.

francis turbines.

Power Plant Operation


or the power house is the industrialThe power house in this project consists

Plant 2015

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acility for thef three units of




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Flowing water is directed at a turbine. The flowing water causes the turbine to

rotate, converting the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical

energy produced by the turbine is converted into electrical energy using a turbine

generator. Inside the generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of

copper wire.

The amount of electricity that can be generated by a hydropower plant

depends on two factors:

Flow rate – the quantity of water flowing in a given time; and

Head – the height from which the water flows, in the case of this project. The head is

the effective height from the forebay with respect to the powerhouse.




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Chapter 4Data and Results

Components of the Project

Weir and Intake

Weir and intake elevation: 682 meters (above sea level)

The height of the weir and intake (from ground level): 10meters

Flood Discharge: 43.18 cu meter/ sec

Conveyance Tunnel

Type: Circular Section

Tunnel Length: 1500 meters




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Tunnel Diameter: 3 meters

Forebay

Water elevation: 852.15 meters (altitude above sea level)

Volume: 4000 cu meter (effective)

Length: 25 meters

Width: 20 meters

Height: 10 meters

Penstock

Penstock type: Steel pipe




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Penstock diameter: 2447 mm

Penstock thickness: 9~14 mm

Penstock Length: 375 meters

Powerhouse

Plant type: Surface

Width: 15 meters

Length: 30 meters

Tailrace Elevation level: 150 meters

Theoretical Power Generation of Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant

=Where:

= ( )

= = ()

= ( )= .

Assuming an efficiency of 45%

= . ( . )=( . )()= .




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Generator Rating

Generator Type: SFWG7100-26/3260

Rated Capacity: 7.89/7.1 MVA/MW

Rated Voltage: 6.3kv

Rated Current: 417.5 A

Rated Power Factor: 0.9 cos

Rated Speed: 230.8 r/min

Transformer Rating

Transformer: Power Transformer

Coil Number: Three – Phase Two Windings

Cooling Type: ONAN / ONAF

Brand Name: YUANGUANG

Phase: Three – phase

Power Transformer Type: 25 MVA transformer

Standards: IEC, GB, ANSI

Rated Power Range: 6300 – 63000 kVA

Model Number: SFZ11 – 66kv

Coil Structure: Toroidal

Windings Material: Copper

High Voltage Range: 63 – 69kv




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Theoretically, the data shows the installed capacity of Binalbagan Hydroelectric

Powerplant consisting of three individual generators each producing a maximum

installed capacity of 19.845 MW in which we assume an efficiency of 45% for

hydroelectric powerplant. The annual generation of the powerplant would be 7.243GW of electricity.

Transmission line route map with 41 transmission tower

Moises Padilla Electrical Substation

The first step in designing a power substation is to design an earth and

bonding system.

Earth and Bonding

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing

system connection to which transformer neutrals and earthing impedances may be

connected in order to pass the maximum fault current . The earthing system also

ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within




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the power substation , thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance

personnel.

The earthing system also guarantees equipotential bonding such that there

are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.

Earthing Materials

1. Conductors

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The

copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters,

and they are laid at a shallow Depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares.

In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is

usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is bonded.

2. Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered

because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail.

Joints are usually bolted and in this case, the face of the joints should be tinned.

3. Earthing Rods

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the

dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing

resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

4. Switchyard Fence

Earthing: The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by

different utilities.




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Layout of Substation

The layout of the substation is very important since there should be a security

of supply.

In an ideal substation all circuits and equipment would be duplicated such that

following a fault, or during maintenance, a connection remains available. Practically this

is not feasible since the cost of implementing such a design is very high.

Single busbar substation layout

With this design, there is an ease of operation of the substation. This design

also places minimum reliance on signalling for satisfactory operation. Additionally there

is the facility to support the economical operation of future feeder bays.

Characteristic of the substation

1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does

not necessarily result in loss of supply.




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2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the

transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the

faulty circuit breaker.

3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the

substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. A

busbar fault causes loss of one transformer and one feeder.

4. Maintenance of one busbar section or isolator will cause the temporary outage of

two circuits.

5. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.

6. Introduction of bypass isolators between busbar and circuit isolator allows circuit

breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

Circuit Breakers

There are two forms of open circuit breakers:

1. Dead Tank – circuit breaker compartment is at earth potential.

2. Live Tank – circuit breaker compartment is at line potential.

The form of circuit breaker influences the way in which the circuit breaker is

accommodated. This may be one of four ways.

Ground Mounting and Plinth Mounting

The main advantages of this type of mounting are its simplicity, ease of

erection, ease of maintenance and elimination of support structures. An added

advantage is that in indoor substations, there is the reduction in the height of the

building. A disadvantage however is that to prevent danger to personnel, the circuit

breaker has to be surrounded by an earthed barrier, which increases the area required.




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Retractable Circuit Breakers

These have the advantage of being space saving due to the fact that isolators

can be accommodated in the same area of clearance that has to be allowed between

the retractable circuit breaker and the live fixed contacts. Another advantage is that

there is the ease and safety of maintenance. Additionally such a mounting is economical

since at least two insulators per phase are still needed to support the fixed circuit

breaker plug contacts.

Suspended Circuit Breakers

At higher voltages tension insulators are cheaper than post or pedestal

insulators. With this type of mounting the live tank circuit breaker is suspended bytension insulators from overhead structures, and held in a stable position by similar

insulators tensioned to the ground. There is the claimed advantage of reduced costs

and simplified foundations, and the structures used to suspend the circuit breakers may

be used for other purposes.

Power Transformers

EHV power transformers are usually oil immersed with all three phases in onetank. Auto transformers can offer advantage of smaller physical size and reducedlosses.The different classes of power transformers are:

o.n.: Oil immersed, natural coolingo.b.: Oil immersed, air blast coolingo.f.n.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forcedo.f.b.: Oil immersed, oil circulation forced, air blast cooling

Power transformers are usually the largest single item in a substation. For economyof service roads, transformers are located on one side of a substation, and theconnection to switchgear is by bare conductors. Because of the large quantity of oil, itis essential to take precaution against the spread of fire.

Hence, the transformer is usually located around a sump used to collect the excessoil. Transformers that are located and a cell should be enclosed in a blast proof room.




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Environmental Aspects

Negros Occidental has two pronounced seasons, the wet and dry. The dry

season is from late December to early parts of May for northern Negros and from

November to May for southern Negros Occidental. For the northern part of the

province, the rainy season starts June, reaches its peak in September and ends in

October. For southern Negros Occidental, the rainy season begins in June, attains it

peak in August and levels off towards the dry season. The northern monsoon prevails

during the dry season while it is the southwest monsoon that dominates during the

rainy season.

Graph 1. Shows number of rain/drizzle days in a month




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Graph 2 Shows the average precipitation amount in Negros Occidental

Floor elevation of the planned location of the run-of-river Binalbagan river. The

estimated terrain elevation is shown in the figure. The data below was gathered in theGoogle Earth software.




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Power Plant Economics

The cost of constructing and operating different types of power plants is of

considerable interest to investors and to individuals in many disciplines including

engineers, planners, economist, and system managers.

Powerplant cost can be broadly classified into two categories: investment costs

and operation costs. Equivalently, economist employs the terms fixed costs and variable

costs. The fixed costs of powerplant are those expenditures which would need to be

incurred whether or not the powerplant was ever used to generate electricity. Fixed

costs include both the initial investment required to construct a powerplant and thefixed operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Fixed O&M costs include all expenditures

necessary to maintain the powerplant for use and to keep it ready for operation. Labor

is an example of a fixed O&M cost.

The variable or operation costs of a powerplant are those costs which change

in relation to the generation level of the powerplant. Fuel costs are obviously a variable

cost since more fuel is required at higher output levels. Operation or variable O&M costs

also vary with output level and include expenditures for such things as cooling system

operations and lubrication.




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Table 3 Shows the cost estimation of Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant




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Table 3.1 Shows the cost estimation of Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant




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Return of Investment

Run of the river hydroelectric plants do not have any water storage. They

simply divert water from a stream, run it through the turbines and then return it to the

stream. For this reason, they are always base load plants. However, they may be forced

to shut down or reduce the amount of diverted water when the stream flow is

insufficient to provide habitat for aquatic organisms while providing water for electricity

generation.

Assuming that we consider the aquatic organisms affected by the area, we

projected that the Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant would only use its water

resource to produce electricity for 12 hours per day. And also considering that the

powerplant would be maintained once every 5 years. The priec of electricity is 0.5 PHP

per kWh.

= ( .)( )( )= , ,= , , , ,=17.08 or 17 years




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Visayas Grid Approximate Model(source:Cano,Edwin B.)




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Chapter 5Sum m ary, Conc lusion an d Recom m endation

Summary

Hydroelectric power is important to the Philippines. Growing population and

modern technology require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building and

expanding.

It is an essential contributor in the national grid because of its ability to respond

quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base load plants with

steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear process cannot accommodate.

In nature, energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but its form can change. In

generating electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of energy is

converted to another form. To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is

kinetic energy. When flowing water turns blades in turbine, the form is change to

mechanical energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts this

mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Conclusion

Once built and put in operation, hydropower plants usually require very little

maintenance and operation costs can be kept low, since hydropower plants do not

have recurring fuel costs Operating and maintenance costs are usually given as a

percentage of investment cost per kW.




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Recommendation

As the energy crisis in the Philippines continues to arise, one of the possible

solutions is to build sufficient power plants specifically promoting renewable energy

such as hydroelectric. Our country has an abundant renewable energy potential, it just

need proper study and exploration to harness our abundant renewable energy sources.

And for some reasons it could greatly contribute for the protection of our environment.




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References

1. http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/economics/reports/TMEC0603.pdf 2. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/925/art%253A10.1007%252Fs13369-

013-0590-

5.pdf?auth66=1424072411_1f4a979224e0d2d3020dfc480bca16b0&ext=.pdfl

3. Hydroelectric Power Generation | Economist - World News, Politics, Economics,

Business & Finance www.economist.com

4. http://www.hydro21.org/div_media/pdf/pdf_economie_en.pdf

5. Binalbagan River (stream) ph.geoview.info6. http://ph.geoview.info/binalbagan_river,1725153#s

7. http://elevationmap.net/binalbagan-river-ph#menu2

8. http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/925/art%253A10.1007%252Fs13369-

013-0590-

5.pdf?auth66=1424240821_f7181cca9d3b9eada4fceac00af72d74&ext=.pdf

9. Feasibility Assessment of Hydroelectric Power Plant in Ungauged River Basin: A

Case Study - Springer10.February Climate History for San Carlos Negros Occidental | Local | Philippines

11.PAGASA | Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration

12.http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/designing-of-hv-power-substation-and-

layout



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Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Binalbagan Hydroelectric Powerplant.pdf