Bilateral Investment Treaties · 2020. 9. 4. · Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959-1999 4 By the...

Bilateral Investment

Treaties

1959-1999

UNITED NATIONS

UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959-1999

United NationsNew York and Geneva, 2000

ii

NOTENOTE

UNCTAD serves as the focal point within the United Nations Secretariat for allmatters related to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations. In the past, theProgramme on Transnational Corporations was carried out by the United Nations Centreon Transnational Corporations (1975-1992) and the Transnational Corporations andManagement Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and SocialDevelopment (1992-1993). In 1993, the Programme was transferred to the United NationsConference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD seeks to further the understanding ofthe nature of transnational corporations and their contribution to development and to createan enabling environment for international investment and enterprise development.UNCTAD's work is carried out through intergovernmental deliberations, technicalassistance activities, seminars, workshops and conferences.

The term "country" as used in this study also refers, as appropriate, to territoriesor areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nationsconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations ofcountry groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do notnecessarily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particularcountry or area in the development process.

The following symbols have been used in the tables:

Two dots (..) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. Rows intables have been omitted in those cases where no data are available for any of the elementsin the row;

A dash (-) indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible;

A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated.

A slash (/) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994/95, indicates a financial year;

Use of a hyphen (-) between dates representing years, e.g., 1994-1995, signifies the fullperiod involved, including the beginning and end years.

Reference to "dollars" ($) means United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound rates.

Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add to totals because of rounding.

The material contained in this study may be freely quoted with appropriateacknowledgement.

UNCTAD/ITE/IIA/2

Copyright © United Nations, 2000All rights reserved

iii

Preface

Today, all countries seek foreign direct investment to advance theirdevelopment process. They have therefore shown keen interest inpromoting and protecting such investment through national andinternational policy instruments. Part of these efforts involve theadoption of bilateral treaties for the promotion and protection offoreign investment.

The United Nations has analysed bilateral investment treatiesover the years as part of its work on foreign direct investment,presently carried out by the Division on Investment, Technology andEnterprise Development of the United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD). It has published two comprehensiveanalytical studies on this subject, in 1988 and 1998. It also updatesthe list of bilateral investment treaties and monitors developments onan annual basis; the updates are reported in various publications,notably the World Investment Report and International InvestmentInstruments: A Compendium. From time to time, UNCTAD publishesa comprehensive list of bilateral investment treaties. It furthermoreassists developing countries that so request in the organization ofevents during which bilateral investment treaties can be negotiated.

The 1990s saw a rapid increase in the number of bilateralinvestment treaties, and, by the end of the decade, the universe ofthese treaties looked dramatically different from that of previousdecades. The number of treaties quintupled during the decade, risingfrom 385 at the end of the 1980s to 1,857 at the end of the 1990s. Thenumber of countries involved in bilateral investment treatiesreached 173. At the same time, the number of such treatiesconcluded by developing countries and Central and Eastern Europeancountries have between themselves experienced a sharp increase,from 63 at the end of the 1980s to 833 at the end of the 1990s. Allof this suggests that bilateral investment treaties are playing anincreasingly important role in international investment relationsworlwide, including in South-South cooperation.

Preface

iv

The present booklet is intended to document these trends andprovide a snapshot of the universe of bilateral investment treatiessigned by the end of 1999. The list of bilateral investment treaties ispreceded by a brief introduction highlighting significant recentdevelopments. It is meant to complement the analytical andtechnical cooperation work on bilateral investment treaties beingundertaken by UNCTAD.

The booklet was prepared by Abraham Negash under theguidance of Victoria Aranda and the overall direction of Anh-NgaTran-Nguyen and Karl P. Sauvant. Production of the booklet wascarried out by Florence Hudry.

Rubens Ricupero

Geneva, December 2000 Secretary-General of UNCTAD

v

Table of contents

Page

Preface ............................................................................. iii

Introduction .................................................................... 1

Bilateral investment treaties concluded up to 1 January 2000 ....................................................... 25

BoxUNCTAD’s support for BITs and DTTs ..................................... 2

Figures1. Growth of the number of BITs, 1959-1999........................ 12. Number of BITs concluded by developing

countries, by decade, 1960-1999 ...................................... 53. BITs between developing countries, by region

and decade, 1960-1999 .................................................... 64. Participation of countries in BITs, by region and

decade, 1960-1999 ........................................................... 155. Number of BITs concluded by Central and Eastern

European countries, by decade, 1960-1999........................ 176. Ranking of the top 30 countries in terms of the number

of BITs concluded, 1 January 2000 .................................. 187. Density mapping of BITs worldwide, 1 January 2000........ 19

TableTableCountries/territories that have concluded BITs, 1 January 2000 . 7

Selected UNCTAD publications on transnationalcorporations and foreign direct investment .................... 125

Questionnaire

1

Introduction

Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) constitute to date the mostimportant instrument for the international protection of foreigninvestment. Since the adoption of the first BIT in 1959, the numberof such treaties has grown steadily and, by the end of 1999, reached atotal of 1,857. The most dramatic increase took place during the1990s, when their number quintupled (figure 1).

Figure 1. Growth of the number of BITs, 1959-1999

Source: UNCTAD database on BITs.

Initially, BITs were concluded between a developed and adeveloping country, usually at the initiative of the developed country.The developed country — typically a capital exporting country —entered into a BIT with a developing country — typically a capitalimporting country — in order to secure additional and higherstandards of legal protection and guarantees for the investments of itsfirms than those offered under national laws. The developingcountry, on the other hand, would sign a BIT as one of the elementsof a favourable climate to attract foreign investors.

172

165

385

1,857

0100200300400500600700800900

10001100120013001400150016001700180019002000

end 1959 end 1969 end 1979 end 1989 end 1999

1990s1980s1970s1960s1950s


2

This pattern has changed since the late 1980s and especially inthe 1990s, as developing countries and economies in transition beganto sign BITs between themselves in great numbers (box). As a result,the dividing line for BIT partners between capital exporting andcapital importing countries no longer holds true and, in manyinstances, countries approach BITs with the dual purpose ofprotecting their outward investments to, while attracting inwardinvestment from, the other BIT partner. Of course, the degree ofemphasis that countries place on each of these objectives variesconsiderably from BIT to BIT.

Box. UNCTAD’s support for BITs and DTTs

The UNCTAD Secretariat has launched an initiative aimed atstrengthening investment cooperation between developing countriesby providing them an opportunity to negotiate bilateral investmenttreaties (BITs) and bilateral treaties for the avoidance of doubletaxation of income and capital (DTTs). To that effect, the UNCTADSecretariat facilitates meetings between interested countries for thenegotiation and initialization of such treaties, to be signed and ratifiedin accordance with internal and diplomatic rules and practices in forcein each country.

• In January 1999, the UNCTAD Secretariat, together with theGroup of Fifteen (G-15) and UNDP, hosted the first meeting ofBIT negotiators of interested members of the G-15 near Geneva. Itresulted in the conclusion of three BITs. In addition, consolidatedtexts of two BITs were prepared reflecting consensus adreferendum on all key issues, as well as consolidated texts of threeBITs reflecting consensus ad referendum on most issues.

• A round of DTT negotiations was organized in December 1999in Colombo, Sri Lanka, with the G-15 and the United NationsDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). One DTTwas initialled, two memoranda of understanding wereconcluded and one existing DTT was reviewed.

/…

Introduction

3

Box (continued)

• The next round of BITs negotiations, organized in Geneva inJanuary 2000, brought together six developing countries andeconomies in transition. As a result, eight BITs were initialledand three were signed in February 2000 in Bangkok duringUNCTAD X.

• At the request of one developing country, a round of BITnegotiations between that country and a group of selectedcountries took place in Lima, Peru, in March 2000. Thisevent resulted in two initialled BITs.

• Finally, in June 2000, the UNCTAD Secretariat organized around of negotiations in Sapporo, Japan, hosted by theGovernment of Japan. This event brought together elevencountries from Africa, Asia and Latin America, and resulted inthe finalization of 22 BITs among themselves.

The next negotiating event is scheduled to take place inJanuary 2001 in Geneva, focusing on BIT negotiations by leastdeveloped countries. It is expected that the agreements concludedduring this round would be signed on the occasion of the LDC-IIIConference in May 2001.

While facilitating the organization of these rounds ofnegotiations, the UNCTAD Secretariat provides logisticalassistance and, as requested, technical advice based on UNCTAD'sexpertise and experience in this area. Resource persons are madeavailable uponrequest. The UNCTAD secretariat does notparticipate in the negotiations.

The facilitation of BIT and DTT negotiations forms part ofa broader Programme on International Investment Agreementaimed at helping developing countries participate as effectively aspossible in international discussions or negotiations on investment.

/…


4

By the end of 1999, out of the total 1,857 BITs, 737 (40 per cent)were between developed and developing countries (compared with260 — or 68 per cent — at the end of 1989), 476 (26 per cent)between developing countries (compared with 40 — or 10 per cent— at the end of 1989), 253 (14 per cent) between developing andCentral and Eastern European countries (compared with 23 — or 6per cent — at the end of 1989), 276 (15 per cent) between developedand Central and Eastern European countries (compared with 51 — or13 per cent — at the end of 1989), and 104 (6 per cent) betweenCentral and Eastern European countries (none at the end of 1989)(figures 2 and 3). There are only a few (11) BITs between developedcountries, the reason being that investment relations amongdeveloped countries are dealt with in a number of instrumentsadopted under the auspices of the OECD, to which all developedcountries belong.

It is not only the number of BITs that has been growing, but also thenumber of countries involved, from 2 at the end of the 1950s to 48at the end of the 1960s, 69 at the end of the 1970s, 102 at the end ofthe 1980s, and a total of 173 at the end of the 1990s, includingcountries from all regions (table and figure 4).

Box (concluded)

This work includes capacity-building seminars, regional symposia,training courses, dialogues between negotiators and groups of civilsociety and the preparation of a series of papers on Issues inInternational Investment Agreements.

The organization of these events is financially supported byUNCTAD's Trust Fund on International Investment Agreements,financed by contributions from the European Commission,France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerlandand the United Kingdom. The round of negotiations in Peru wasfurther supported by the Government of Canada.

Source: UNCTAD.

Introduction

5

Figure 2. Number of BITs concluded bydeveloping countries, by decade, 1960-1999


In the 1990s, the regional distribution of participatingcountries was also quite different from that of previous decades,comprising 41 countries from Africa (in contrast with 21 in the1980s), 46 from developing Asia and the Pacific (18 in the 1980s), 27from Latin America and the Caribbean (15 in the 1980s), 24developed countries (22 in the 1980s), and 19 Central and EasternEuropean countries (7 in the 1980s).

African countries were more actively involved in BITpractice during the 1960s than any other region. They have sincecontinued to conclude BITs, especially during the 1990s, when thenumber of BITs increased by 279, from 149 at the end of 1989 to atotal of 428. Of these, 221 treaties were concluded with developedcountries (172 with countries members of the European Union), 168

0 4

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6965

477

436

31

63

230

19

0

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150200

250300

350400

450500

550

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990's

With developed countries

Between developing countries

With Central and Eastern European countries


6

Figure 3. BITs between developing countries,by region and decade, 1960-1999


with developing countries (44 between African countriesthemselves), 108 with Asian countries, 16 with Latin American andCaribbean countries, and 39 with Central and Eastern Europeancountries.

Among developing regions, the countries of the Asia andPacific region have concluded the largest number of BITs, with atotal of 842 at the end of 1999.1 Of these, 697 BITs were concludedduring the 1990s alone, in contrast with the 1980s in which only 98BITs were signed. The countries of South, East and South-East Asiahave signed 523 BITs (74 between themselves); those of Central Asia158 (15 between themselves); those of West Asia 251 (16 betweenthemselves); and those of the Pacific 6 (none between themselves).The recent sharp growth of BITs in the region is partly explained by 1 The total number of BITs signed by the Asia and Pacific region iscalculated by subtracting from the sum of all BITs signed by the countries ofthe region the 96 BITs signed between the subregions, so as to avoiddouble-counting these BITs.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1960's 1970's 1980's 1990's

BITs betw een developing countries indifferent regionsBITs betw een Latin American andCaribbean countriesBITs betw een developing Asian and thePacific countriesBITs betw een African countries

/… 7

Table. Countries/territories that have concluded BITs, 1 January 2000

Developed countries Developing countriesCountries and Latin America

territories Western United Other developed Asia and and the Central andEuropea States countriesb Africa the Pacific Caribbean Eastern Europec

Albania 13 1 1 2 3 - 9Algeria 6 - - 4 5 1 2Angola 2 - - 1 - - -Antigua and Barbuda 2 - - - - - -Argentina 14 1 3 5 9 12 9Armenia 6 1 1 1 8 1 3Australia - - - - 9 3 6Austria - - - 4 9 5 14Azerbaijan 4 1 - - 9 - 2Bahrain 1 - - 1 3 - -Bangladesh 6 1 1 - 9 - 2Barbados 4 - 1 - 1 2 -Belarus 8 1 - 1 8 - 9Belgium / Luxembourg 1 - - 16 20 10 15Belize 1 - - - - 1 -Benin 3 - - - - - -Bolivia 11 1 - - 2 5 1Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 - - 1 4 - 1Botswana 1 - - - 1 - -Brazil 10 - - - 1 3 -Brunei Darussalam 1 - - - 1 - -Bulgaria 18 1 1 4 13 2 14

Table (continued)

/… 8



Burkina Faso 2 - - 1 1 - -Burundi 3 - - - - - -Cambodia 2 - - - 6 - -Cameroon 5 1 - - 1 - 1Canada - - - 2 4 10 8Cape Verde 6 - - 1 1 1 -Central African Republic 3 - - - - - -Chad 4 - - 1 - - -Chile 15 - 1 2 7 14 6China 16 - 4 15 33 9 17Colombia 2 - - - - 2 -Comoros - - - 1 - - -Congo 5 1 - - - - -Congo, Democratic Republic of 5 1 1 1 2 - -Costa Rica 6 - 1 - 1 2 1Côte d'Ivoire 7 - - 2 - - -Croatia 12 1 1 1 5 2 13Cuba 10 - - 5 8 16 6Cyprus 2 - 1 2 1 - 6Czech Republic 3 - 2 5 17 9 16Czechoslovakiad 14 1 2 - 4 - -Denmark - - - 7 14 8 14Djibouti - - - 1 1 - -Dominica 2 - - - - - -Dominican Republic 2 - - - - 3 -

Table (continued)

/… 9



Ecuador 7 1 1 1 1 10 2Egypt 16 1 2 21 26 3 15El Salvador 6 1 1 1 2 6 1Equatorial Guinea 1 - - - - - -Eritrea 1 - - - - - -Estonia 14 1 1 - 2 - 5Ethiopia 3 - - - 4 - -Finland - - - 2 15 5 17France 1 - 1 20 32 20 18Gabon 7 - - 2 1 - 1Gambia 1 - - - - - -Georgia 7 1 1 1 9 - 4Germany 3 - 1 40 37 25 18Ghana 7 - - 3 2 1 2Greece 1 - - 4 7 3 16Grenada 1 1 - - - - -Guatemala 1 - - - - 3 -Guinea 3 - - 2 1 - 1Guinea-Bissau 1 - - - - - -Guyana 2 - - - - 1 -Haiti 3 1 - - - 1 -Honduras 5 1 - - 1 1 -Hong Kong, China 10 - 3 - 1 - -Hungary 15 - 3 2 13 5 13Iceland - - - - 1 - 1India 10 - 2 4 13 1 5

Table (continued)

/… 10



Indonesia 13 - 1 7 20 5 6Iran, Islamic Republic of 4 - - 4 15 - 6Iraq - - - 1 1 - -Ireland - - - - - - 1Israel 2 - - 1 9 2 13Italy 1 - - 18 25 12 21Jamaica 6 1 - 2 2 2 -Japan - - - 1 6 - 1Jordan 7 1 - 4 4 - 4Kazakhstan 9 1 1 1 12 - 7Kenya 3 - - - - - -Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 2 - - 1 2 - 6Korea, Republic of 14 - 1 8 20 7 10Kuwait 7 - - 5 9 - 8Kyrgyzstan 4 1 - - 13 - 2Lao People's Democratic Republic 6 - 1 - 8 1 1Latvia 16 1 2 1 6 - 9Lebanon 8 - 1 3 8 1 5Lesotho 2 - - - - - -Liberia 4 - - - - - -Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1 - - 3 1 - -Lithuania 15 1 2 - 5 2 11Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 7 - - - 4 - 8

Table (continued)

/… 11



Madagascar 4 - - - - - -Malawi - - - - 2 - -Malaysia 13 - - 12 24 5 9Mali 2 - - 3 1 - -Malta 7 - - 2 1 - 1Mauritania 3 - - 1 - - 1Mauritius 5 - - 2 5 - 1Mexico 10 - - - - 1 -Moldova, Republic of 9 1 1 - 6 - 10Mongolia 8 1 - - 10 1 6Morocco 15 1 - 6 13 2 5Mozambique 1 1 - 4 1 - -Myanmar - - - - 1 - -Namibia 3 - - - 1 1 -Nepal 3 - - 1 - - -Netherlands 1 - - 17 21 14 19New Zealand - - - - 2 - -Nicaragua 6 1 - - 1 3 -Niger 2 - - 3 - - -Nigeria 3 - - - 4 - -Norway - - - 1 4 2 8Oman 7 - - 4 5 - -Pakistan 11 - 2 2 20 - 4Palestine Authority - - - 1 - - -Panama 5 1 1 - 1 4 1Papua New Guinea 2 - 1 - 2 - -

Table (continued)

/… 12



Paraguay 11 - - - 2 7 3Peru 12 - 1 - 4 7 2Philippines 12 - 2 - 11 2 3Poland 16 1 3 3 19 3 17Portugal 1 - - 10 3 9 12Qatar 2 - - 3 5 - 2Romania 22 1 4 12 29 8 14Russian Federatione 18 1 2 1 14 3 13Rwanda 3 - - - - - -Saint Lucia 2 - - - - - -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 - - - - - -Sao Tome and Principe 1 - - - - - -Saudi Arabia 2 - - 1 2 - -Senegal 6 1 - 3 4 1 1Seychelles - - - - 1 - -Sierra Leone 2 - - - - - -Singapore 6 - - 1 9 - 5Slovakia 2 - - 1 5 1 11Slovenia 13 - 1 1 2 - 11Somalia 1 - - - - - -South Africa 12 - 1 5 3 3 1Spain - - - 7 11 17 12Sri Lanka 11 1 1 1 8 - 1Sudan 4 - - 2 8 - 1Suriname - - - - 1 1 -

Table (continued)

/… 13



Swaziland 2 - - - 1 - -Sweden - - - 8 13 6 16Switzerland 1 - - 34 26 18 16Syrian Arab Republic 3 - - 2 7 - -Taiwan Province of China - - - 4 5 6 1Tajikistan - - - - 9 - 2Tanzania, United Republic of 5 - - 1 1 - -Thailand 6 - 1 - 10 1 5Togo 2 - - 1 - - -Tonga 1 - - - - - -Trinidad and Tobago 2 1 1 - - 1 -Tunisia 16 1 - 11 9 2 5Turkey 11 1 2 6 19 3 17Turkmenistan 3 - 1 1 10 - 3Uganda 5 - - 1 - - -Ukraine 13 1 2 1 15 3 15United Arab Emirates 6 - - 4 6 - 3United Kingdom 1 - - 19 31 25 16United States - - - 8 11 11 13Uruguay 10 - 3 - 2 5 4Uzbekistan 9 1 1 1 12 - 9Venezuela 10 - 1 - - 9 2Viet Nam 10 - 1 2 13 3 10Yemen 5 - - 4 9 - 2Yugoslavia, 6 - - 3 2 - 9

Table (continued)

/… 14



Federal Republic ofZambia 2 - - - 1 - -Zimbabwe 8 - - 1 6 1 2Totalf 913 43 79 472 1043 427 737Total actual numbers)g 904 43 79 428 842 366 633


a Western Europe: European Union countries, Iceland, Malta, Norway and Switzerland.b

Other developed countries: Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan and New Zealand.c

Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, the FormerYugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

dThe Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic have upheld all BITs concluded by Czechoslovakia.

eAll international obligations undertaken by the USSR have been assumed by the successor States.

f These figures reflect a double-counting of BITs signed between countries in the same region.g Without double-counting of BITs signed between countries in the same region.

Note: The world total calculated as the sum of each region in this table would be 3,714 BITs. This figure reflects double-counting because of the involvement of two countries in each BIT. The actual total number of worldwide BITs is 1,857.

Introduction

15

the creation of a number of independent States in the Central Asian subregion after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.2 In fact the Central Asian region has since been the fastest growing as far as the number of BITs concluded is concerned.

Figure 4. Participation of countries in BITs, by region and decade, 1960-1999

Source: UNCTAD database on BITs. The Latin American countries did not start signing BITs until the late 1980s. Changes in the development strategies of the countries in the region have since led to a rapid growth of BITs, to reach a total of 300 treaties, 93 per cent of which were signed during the 1990s. Together with the 82 BITs signed by the Caribbean countries —

2 For the purpose of UNCTAD’s BITs work, the new Central Asian countries emerging from the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 were originally included in the Central and Eastern European region. Since 1997, they have been included in the Asia and Pacific region. This explains discrepancies in BIT data on Asia and Central and Eastern Europe between earlier publications on BITs and the most recent ones.

0

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1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

African countriesDeveloping Asia and the PacificLatin America and the CaribbeanCentral and Eastern European countriesDeveloped countries


16

which, however, had started signing BITs much earlier — they haveconcluded a total of 366 BITs,3 of which 205 with developedcountries, mainly from Western Europe (179). The rest were signedwith developing countries — 61 between countries of the regionitself, 46 with Asian countries and 16 with African countries — and38 with Central and Eastern European countries.

The Central and Eastern European countries have signed 633BITs, of which 104 were concluded between themselves (all signedduring the 1990s), 253 with developing countries, and 276 with thedeveloped countries. More than 75 per cent of the BITs withdeveloped countries were signed with members of the EuropeanUnion, mostly in the 1990s. Most of the BITs with developingcountries are with countries of the Asian region (176, of which 91with South, East and South-East Asia, 53 with West Asia and 32 withCentral Asia), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (38) andAfrica (39) (figure 5).

Overall, Western European countries have concluded thelargest number of BITs (904), representing 49 per cent of all BITs.Of these, 658 BITs, representing 73 per cent of the total, wereconcluded with developing countries — 270 with Asia (of which160 with South, East and South-East Asia), 209 with Africa, and 179with Latin America and the Caribbean. A total of 235 wereconcluded with Central and Eastern European countries. They havealso concluded 9 treaties between themselves.

North America and Japan were relative latecomers to the BITpractice — although the United States and, to a lesser extent, Japanwere earlier engaged in concluding Friendship, Commerce and

3 The total number of BITs signed by the Latin American andCaribbean region is calculated by subtracting from the sum of all BITssigned by the countries of the region the 16 BITs signed between the LatinAmerican and Caribbean subregions, so as to avoid double-counting theseBITs.

Introduction

17

Figure 5. Number of BITs concluded by Central and Eastern European countries, by decade, 1960-1999

Source: UNCTAD database on BITs. Navigation treaties (which contained provisions on investment) and, over the years, both Canada and the United States have signed numerous investment guarantee agreements. However, they picked up speed during the 1980s and especially the 1990s, and have now concluded 75 BITs (24 by Canada, 8 by Japan and 43 by the United States), of which 11 were concluded with African countries, 21 with Asian countries, 21 with Latin American and Caribbean countries, and 22 with Central and Eastern European countries. Among developed countries, Germany continues to be the country with the largest number of BITs concluded (124), followed by Switzerland (95), and France and the United Kingdom with 92 BITs each. Among developing countries and Central and Eastern European countries, China has concluded the largest number of BITs (94), followed by Romania (90) and Egypt (84) (figures 6 and 7). These trends are the result of various factors, notably a clear shift in development strategies on the part of most developing countries, which have given increased importance to the role of FDI; the move towards a free market economy system in Central and

0

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1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

With developed countries

With developing countries

Between Central and EasternEuropean countries


18

Figure 6. Ranking of the top 30 countries in termsof the number of BITs concluded, 1 January 2000


39

39

42

43

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47

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94

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Finland

Pakistan

Morocco

Denmark

Sweden

United States

Tunisia

Chile

Cuba

Spain

Ukraine

Hungary

Czech Republic

Indonesia

Russian Federation

Argentina

Bulgaria

Turkey

Republic of Korea

Belgium / Luxembourg

Poland

Malaysia

Netherlands

Italy

Egypt

Romania

France

United Kingdom

China

Switzerland

Germany

Introduction19


20

Eastern Europe; and the emergence of new countries on theinternational scene.

The basic features of BITs, including their objectives, formatand broad principles underlying the agreements, have changed littleover the years.4 Their main provisions typically deal with the scopeand definition of foreign investment (which in most cases includestangible and intangible assets, direct as well as portfolio investments,and existing as well as new investments); admission of investments;national and most-favoured-nation treatment; fair and equitabletreatment; guarantees and compensation in respect of expropriationand compensation for war and civil disturbances; guarantees of freetransfer of funds and repatriation of capital and profits; subrogationon insurance claims; and dispute-settlement provisions, both State-to-State and investor-to-State. In addition, some BITs include provisionsregarding transparency of national laws; performance requirements;entry and sojourn of foreign personnel; general exceptions; andextension of national and most-favoured-nation-treatment to the entryand establishment of investments. Within these broad themes, theexact content of BIT provisions varies considerably, even betweenBITs signed by the same country, reflecting different approaches aswell as bargaining positions. Over the years, as practice develops,some provisions in BITs have tended to become more elaborated.

BITs can have an influence in the development of regional andmultilateral investment instruments. Sometimes, model BITs havebeen prepared by individual countries that reflect their positions and

4 For an extensive analysis, see UNCTAD, Bilateral InvestmentTreaties in the Mid-1990s (New York and Geneva: United Nations, 1998),United Nations publication, Sales No. E.98.II.D.8, which builds on anearlier publication, namely, UNCTC. Bilateral Investment Treaties (NewYork: United Nations, 1988), United Nations publication, Sales No.E.88.II.A.1.

Introduction

21

expectations on international FDI rules and standards.5 BITs can alsoinfluence national laws. It is therefore of critical importance tomonitor the evolution of the substantive provisions in recent BITs.Such analysis, however, exceeds the scope and purpose of thispublication.

5 A number are reproduced in UNCTAD, International InvestmentInstruments: A Compendium, vols. III and V (New York and Geneva: UnitedNations, 1996 and 2000), United Nations publications, Sales Nos.E.96.II.A.11 and E.00.D.II.14.

Bilateral investment treatiesconcluded

up to 1 January 2000

/…25

Bilateral investment treaties concluded up to 1 January 2000

Country/territory Date of signature Date of entry into force

Albania

Greece 01 August 1991 04 January 1995Italy 12 September 1991 29 January 1996Germany 31 October 1991 18 August 1995Turkey 01 June 1992 ...Switzerland 22 September 1992 30 April 1993China 13 February 1993 20 January 1994Poland 05 March 1993 09 August 1993Austria 18 March 1993 01 August 1995Croatia 10 May 1993 16 April 1994Egypt 22 May 1993 06 April 1994Tunisia 30 October 1993 ...Malaysia 24 January 1994 29 March 1994United Kingdom 30 March 1994 30 August 1995Netherlands 15 April 1994 01 September 1995Bulgaria 27 April 1994 28 January 1996Czech Republic 27 June 1994 07 July 1995United States 11 January 1995 04 January 1998Sweden 31 March 1995 01 April 1996Russian Federation 11 April 1995 29 May 1996Romania 11 May 1995 02 September 1995France 13 June 1995 16 June 1996Denmark 05 September 1995 ...Hungary 24 January 1996 01 April 1998Israel 29 January 1996 18 February 1997Finland 24 June 1997 20 February 1999Slovenia 23 October 1997 ...Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 04 December 1997 03 April 1998Portugal 11 September 1998 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 01 February 1999 ...

Algeria

Belgium/Luxembourg 24 April 1991 13 February 1992Italy 18 May 1991 26 November 1993France 13 February 1993 ...Romania 28 June 1994 30 December 1995Spain 23 December 1994 17 January 1996Germany 11 March 1996 ...


/…26


Mali 11 July 1996 16 February 1999Jordan 01 August 1996 05 June 1997China 17 October 1996 ...Viet Nam 21 October 1996 ...Egypt 29 March 1997 ...Niger 16 March 1998 ...Turkey 03 June 1998 ...Bulgaria 25 October 1998 ...Mozambique 12 December 1998 ...Denmark 25 January 1999 ...Cuba 22 September 1999 ...Yemen 25 November 1999 ...

Angola

Italy 10 July 1997 ...Cape Verde 30 September 1997 15 December 1997Portugal 24 October 1997 ...

Antigua and Barbuda

United Kingdom 12 June 1987 12 June 1987Germany 05 November 1998 05 November 1998

Argentina

Italy 22 May 1990 14 October 1993Belgium/Luxembourg 28 June 1990 20 May 1994United Kingdom 11 December 1990 19 February 1993Germany 09 April 1991 08 November 1993Switzerland 12 April 1991 06 November 1992France 03 July 1991 03 March 1993Poland 31 July 1991 01 September 1992Chile 02 August 1991 01 January 1995Spain 03 October 1991 28 September 1992Canada 05 November 1991 29 April 1993United States 14 November 1991 20 October 1994Sweden 22 November 1991 28 September 1992Turkey 08 May 1992 01 May 1995Egypt 11 May 1992 03 December 1993Tunisia 17 June 1992 23 January 1995Austria 07 August 1992 01 January 1995Netherlands 20 October 1992 01 October 1994China 05 November 1992 01 August 1994

/…27


Denmark 06 November 1992 02 February 1995Hungary 05 February 1993 01 October 1997Senegal 06 April 1993 ...Armenia 16 April 1993 20 December 1994Romania 29 July 1993 01 May 1995Bulgaria 21 September 1993 11 March 1997Finland 05 November 1993 03 May 1996Venezuela 16 November 1993 01 July 1995Jamaica 08 February 1994 01 December 1995Ecuador 18 February 1994 01 December 1995Bolivia 17 March 1994 01 May 1995Korea, Republic of 17 May 1994 25 September 1996Malaysia 06 September 1994 20 March 1996Portugal 06 October 1994 03 May 1996Peru 10 November 1994 24 October 1996Croatia 02 December 1994 01 June 1996Israel 23 July 1995 10 April 1997Ukraine 09 August 1995 06 May 1997Australia 23 August 1995 11 January 1997Indonesia 07 November 1995 ...Cuba 30 November 1995 01 June 1997Lithuania 14 March 1996 01 September 1998El Salvador 09 May 1996 08 January 1999Panama 10 May 1996 22 June 1998Viet Nam 03 June 1996 01 June 1997Morocco 13 June 1996 ...Czech Republic 27 September 1996 23 July 1998Mexico 13 November 1996 22 June 1998Guatemala 21 April 1998 ...Russian Federation 25 June 1998 ...South Africa 23 July 1998 ...Nicaragua 10 August 1998 ...India 20 August 1999 ...Philippines 20 September 1999 ...Greece 26 October 1999 ...

Armeniaa

China 04 July 1992 18 March 1995United States 23 September 1992 29 March 1996Viet Nam 01 February 1993 ...Argentina 16 April 1993 20 December 1994Greece 25 May 1993 28 April 1995United Kingdom 27 May 1993 11 July 1996


/…28


Kyrgyzstan 04 July 1994 27 October 1995Romania 20 September 1994 24 December 1995Ukraine 07 October 1994 07 March 1996Egypt 09 January 1995 ...Cyprus 18 January 1995 01 July 1996Bulgaria 10 April 1995 27 March 1996Lebanon 01 May 1995 01 October 1998Iran, Islamic Republic of 06 May 1995 26 February 1997France 04 November 1995 21 June 1997Germany 21 December 1995 ...Turkmenistan 19 March 1996 ...Georgia 04 June 1996 ...Canada 08 May 1997 29 March 1999Italy 23 July 1998 ...Switzerland 19 November 1998 ...

Australia

China 11 July 1988 11 July 1988Papua New Guinea 03 September 1990 20 October 1991Viet Nam 05 March 1991 11 September 1991Poland 07 May 1991 27 March 1992Czechoslovakia 29 July 1991 ...Hungary 15 August 1991 10 May 1992Indonesia 17 November 1992 29 July 1993Romania 21 June 1993 22 April 1994Hong Kong, China 15 September 1993 15 October 1993Czech Republic 30 September 1993 29 June 1994Lao People's Democratic Republic 06 April 1994 08 April 1995Philippines 25 January 1995 08 December 1995Argentina 23 August 1995 11 January 1997Peru 07 December 1995 02 February 1997Chile 09 July 1996 ...Pakistan 07 February 1998 ...Lithuania 24 November 1998 ...India 26 February 1999 ...

Austria

Romania 30 September 1976 08 November 1977Malaysia 12 April 1985 01 January 1987China 12 September 1985 11 October 1986Hungary 26 May 1988 01 September 1989

/…29


Turkey 16 September 1988 01 January 1992Poland 14 November 1988 01 November 1989Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 25 October 1989 01 June 1991Russian Federation 08 February 1990 01 September 1991Czechoslovakia 15 October 1990 01 October 1991Korea, Republic of 14 March 1991 01 November 1991Cape Verde 03 September 1991 01 April 1993Argentina 07 August 1992 01 January 1995Morocco 02 November 1992 01 July 1995Albania 18 March 1993 01 August 1995Paraguay 13 August 1993 ...Estonia 16 May 1994 01 October 1995Latvia 17 November 1994 01 May 1996Viet Nam 27 March 1995 01 October 1996Tunisia 01 June 1995 01 January 1997Romania 15 May 1996 01 July 1997Lithuania 28 June 1996 01 July 1997Hong Kong, China 11 October 1996 01 January 1998Ukraine 08 November 1996 01 December 1997Kuwait 16 November 1996 22 September 1998South Africa 28 November 1996 01 January 1998Bulgaria 22 January 1997 01 November 1997Croatia 19 February 1997 ...Bolivia 04 April 1997 ...Chile 08 September 1997 ...Mexico 29 June 1998 ...Iran, Islamic Republic of 21 September 1999 ...India 08 November 1999 ...

Azerbaijana

Turkey 09 February 1994 ...China 08 March 1994 01 April 1995Pakistan 09 October 1995 ...Germany 22 December 1995 29 July 1998United Kingdom 04 January 1996 11 December 1996Georgia 08 March 1996 10 July 1996Uzbekistan 27 May 1996 02 November 1996Kazakhstan 16 September 1996 ...Italy 25 September 1996 ...Iran, Islamic Republic of 28 October 1996 ...Ukraine 21 March 1997 09 December 1997United States 01 August 1997 ...


/…30


Poland 26 August 1997 ...Kyrgyzstan 28 August 1997 28 August 1997Lebanon 11 February 1998 ...France 01 September 1998 ...

Bahrain

United Kingdom 30 October 1991 30 October 1991Egypt 04 October 1997 ...Malaysia 15 June 1999 ...China 17 June 1999 ...Lebanon 26 August 1999 ...

Bangladesh

United Kingdom 19 June 1980 19 June 1980Germany 06 May 1981 14 September 1986Belgium/Luxembourg 22 May 1981 14 September 1987France 10 September 1985 03 October 1986United States 12 March 1986 25 July 1989Korea, Republic of 18 June 1986 06 October 1988Romania 13 March 1987 31 October 1987Turkey 12 November 1987 21 June 1990Thailand 13 March 1988 ...Italy 20 March 1990 20 September 1994Malaysia 12 October 1994 20 August 1996Netherlands 01 November 1994 01 June 1996Pakistan 24 October 1995 ...China 12 September 1996 ...Philippines 08 September 1997 01 August 1998Indonesia 09 February 1998 22 April 1999Poland 08 July 1998 ...Japan 10 November 1998 ...Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 21 June 1999 ...

Barbados

United Kingdom 07 April 1993 07 April 1993Venezuela 15 July 1994 31 October 1995Germany 02 December 1994 ...Switzerland 29 March 1995 22 December 1995Italy 25 October 1995 21 July 1997Cuba 19 February 1996 13 August 1998

/…31


Canada 29 May 1996 17 January 1997China 20 July 1998 ...

Belarusa

Poland 24 April 1992 18 January 1993Viet Nam 08 July 1992 24 November 1994Finland 28 October 1992 11 December 1994China 11 January 1993 14 January 1995Germany 02 April 1993 23 September 1996Switzerland 28 May 1993 13 July 1994France 28 October 1993 ...United States 15 January 1994 ...United Kingdom 01 March 1994 28 December 1994Sweden 20 December 1994 01 November 1996Netherlands 11 April 1995 01 August 1996Romania 31 May 1995 08 January 1997Iran, Islamic Republic of 14 July 1995 ...Italy 25 July 1995 12 August 1997Turkey 08 August 1995 20 February 1997Ukraine 14 December 1995 11 June 1997Bulgaria 21 February 1996 11 November 1997Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 06 March 1996 25 January 1997Czech Republic 14 October 1996 09 April 1998Pakistan 22 January 1997 ...Egypt 20 March 1997 ...Korea, Republic of 22 April 1997 09 August 1997Latvia 03 March 1998 21 December 1998Cyprus 29 May 1998 03 September 1998Lithuania 05 March 1999 ...Kyrgyzstan 30 March 1999 ...Moldova, Republic of 28 May 1999 ...

Belgium/Luxembourg

Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 17 February 1999 ...Tunisia 15 July 1964 09 March 1966Morocco 28 April 1965 18 October 1967Indonesiab 15 January 1970 17 June 1972Korea, Republic of 20 December 1974 03 September 1976Congo, Democratic Republic of theb 28 March 1976 01 January 1977


/…32


Egypt 28 February 1977 20 September 1978Romania 08 May 1978 01 June 1980Singapore 17 November 1978 27 November 1980Malaysia 22 November 1979 08 February 1982Cameroon 27 March 1980 01 November 1981Bangladesh 22 May 1981 14 September 1987Sri Lanka 05 April 1982 26 April 1984Rwanda 02 November 1983 01 August 1985Mauritania 23 November 1983 ...China 04 June 1984 05 October 1986Liberia 05 June 1985 ...Thailand 19 March 1986 ...Hungary 14 May 1986 23 September 1988Turkey 27 August 1986 04 May 1990Malta 05 March 1987 15 June 1993Polandc 19 May 1987 02 August 1991Bulgaria 25 October 1988 29 May 1991Russian Federationc 09 February 1989 13 October 1991Burundi 13 April 1989 12 September 1993Czechoslovakiad 24 April 1989 13 February 1992Bolivia 25 April 1990 ...Argentina 28 June 1990 20 May 1994Viet Nam 24 January 1991 ...Cyprus 26 February 1991 ...Algeria 24 April 1991 13 February 1992Uruguay 04 November 1991 ...Mongolia 03 March 1992 28 October 1993Chile 15 July 1992 ...Paraguay 06 October 1992 ...Georgia 23 June 1993 ...Ukraine 20 May 1995 ...Estonia 24 January 1996 11 December 1996Romania 04 March 1996 ...Latvia 27 March 1996 04 April 1999Moldova, Republic of 21 May 1996 ...Hong Kong, China 07 October 1996 ...Tunisia 08 January 1997 ...Lithuania 15 October 1997 ...India 31 October 1997 ...Philippines 14 January 1998 ...Venezuela 17 March 1998 ...Kazakhstan 16 April 1998 ...Uzbekistan 17 April 1998 ...Pakistan 23 April 1998 ...

/…33


Cuba 19 May 1998 ...Gabon 27 May 1998 ...South Africa 14 August 1998 ...Mexico 27 August 1998 ...Brazil 06 January 1999 ...Albania 01 February 1999 ...Slovenia 01 February 1999 ...Egypt 28 February 1999 ...Côte d'Ivoire 01 April 1999 ...Morocco 13 April 1999 ...Lebanon 06 September 1999 ...El Salvador 12 October 1999 ...

Belize

United Kingdom 30 April 1982 30 April 1982Cuba 08 April 1998 16 April 1999

Benin

Switzerland 20 April 1966 06 October 1973Germany 29 June 1978 18 July 1985United Kingdom 27 November 1987 27 November 1987

Bolivia

Germany 23 March 1987 09 November 1990Switzerland 06 November 1987 13 May 1991United Kingdom 24 May 1988 16 February 1990France 25 October 1989 12 October 1996Spain 24 April 1990 12 May 1992Belgium/Luxembourg 25 April 1990 ...Italy 30 April 1990 22 February 1992Sweden 20 September 1990 03 July 1992Netherlands 10 March 1992 01 November 1994China 08 May 1992 26 July 1992Peru 30 July 1993 19 March 1995Argentina 17 March 1994 01 May 1995Chile 22 September 1994 ...Denmark 12 March 1995 22 March 1997Cuba 06 May 1995 ...Ecuador 25 May 1995 15 August 1997Romania 09 October 1995 16 March 1997Korea, Republic of 01 April 1996 04 June 1997


/…34


Austria 04 April 1997 ...United States 17 April 1998 ...

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Malaysia 16 December 1994 27 May 1995Croatia 26 February 1996 ...Iran, Islamic Republic of 27 July 1996 ...Turkey 21 January 1998 ...Egypt 11 March 1998 ...Netherlands 13 May 1998 ...Qatar 01 June 1998 ...

Botswana

Malaysia 31 July 1997 ...Switzerland 26 June 1998 ...

Brazil

Portugal 09 February 1994 ...Chile 22 March 1994 ...United Kingdom 19 July 1994 ...Switzerland 11 November 1994 ...France 21 March 1995 ...Finland 28 March 1995 ...Italy 03 April 1995 ...Denmark 04 May 1995 ...Venezuela 04 July 1995 ...Korea, Republic of 01 September 1995 ...Germany 21 September 1995 ...Cuba 26 June 1997 ...Netherlands 25 November 1998 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 06 January 1999 ...

Brunei Darussalam

Germany 30 March 1998 ...Oman 08 June 1998 ...

Bulgaria

Finland 16 February 1984 16 July 1985Malta 12 June 1984 07 February 1985

/…35


Germany 12 April 1986 10 March 1988Cyprus 12 November 1987 18 May 1988Netherlands 08 March 1988 24 May 1990Belgium/Luxembourg 25 October 1988 29 May 1991Italy 05 December 1988 27 December 1990France 05 April 1989 01 May 1990China 27 June 1989 21 August 1994Ghana 20 October 1989 ...Switzerland 28 October 1991 26 October 1993United States 23 September 1992 02 June 1994Greece 12 March 1993 29 April 1995Denmark 14 April 1993 20 May 1995Portugal 27 May 1993 ...Russian Federation 08 June 1993 ...Argentina 21 September 1993 11 March 1997Israel 06 December 1993 17 December 1996Poland 11 April 1994 09 March 1995Sweden 19 April 1994 01 April 1995Albania 27 April 1994 28 January 1996Romania 01 June 1994 23 May 1995Hungary 08 June 1994 07 September 1995Turkey 06 July 1994 19 September 1997Slovakia 21 July 1994 09 March 1995Ukraine 08 December 1994 10 December 1995Georgia 19 January 1995 ...Armenia 10 April 1995 27 March 1996Spain 05 September 1995 22 April 1998United Kingdom 11 December 1995 24 June 1997Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 13 February 1996 09 January 1997Belarus 21 February 1996 11 November 1997Moldova, Republic of 17 April 1996 11 June 1997Morocco 22 May 1996 ...Croatia 25 June 1996 20 February 1998Viet Nam 19 September 1996 15 May 1998Austria 22 January 1997 01 November 1997Kuwait 17 June 1997 16 September 1998Finland 03 October 1997 16 April 1999Egypt 15 March 1998 ...Uzbekistan 24 June 1998 ...Slovenia 30 June 1998 ...Algeria 25 October 1998 ...India 29 October 1998 ...Iran, Islamic Republic of 13 November 1998 ...


/…36


Italy 05 December 1998 05 December 1998Cuba 15 December 1998 ...Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 22 February 1999 ...Czech Republic 17 March 1999 ...Lebanon 01 June 1999 ...Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 16 June 1999

...

Kazakhstan 15 September 1999 ...Netherlands 06 October 1999 ...

Burkina Faso

Switzerland 06 May 1969 15 September 1969Tunisia 07 January 1993 ...Germany 22 October 1996 ...Malaysia 23 April 1998 ...

Burundi

Germany 10 September 1984 09 December 1987Belgium/Luxembourg 13 April 1989 12 September 1993United Kingdom 13 September 1990 13 September 1990

Cambodia

Malaysia 17 August 1994 ...Thailand 29 March 1995 16 April 1997China 19 July 1996 ...Switzerland 12 October 1996 ...Singapore 04 November 1996 ...Korea, Republic of 10 February 1997 12 March 1997Germany 15 February 1999 ...Indonesia 16 March 1999 ...

Cameroon

Germany 29 June 1962 21 November 1963Switzerland 28 January 1963 06 April 1964Netherlands 06 July 1965 07 May 1966Belgium/Luxembourg 27 March 1980 01 November 1981Romania 30 August 1980 24 September 1981United Kingdom 04 June 1982 07 June 1985United States 26 February 1986 06 April 1989

/…37


China 10 May 1997 ...

Canada

Russian Federation 20 November 1989 27 June 1991Poland 26 October 1990 22 November 1990Czechoslovakia 15 November 1990 09 March 1992Uruguay 16 May 1991 ...Hungary 03 October 1991 21 November 1993Argentina 05 November 1991 29 April 1993Ukraine 24 October 1994 24 June 1995Latvia 26 April 1995 27 July 1995Trinidad and Tobago 11 September 1995 08 July 1996Philippines 10 November 1995 01 November 1996South Africa 27 November 1995 ...Romania 17 April 1996 ...Ecuador 29 April 1996 06 June 1997Barbados 29 May 1996 17 January 1997Venezuela 01 July 1996 28 January 1998Panama 12 September 1996 13 February 1998Egypt 13 November 1996 03 November 1997Thailand 17 January 1997 24 September 1998Croatia 03 February 1997 ...Lebanon 11 April 1997 ...Armenia 08 May 1997 29 March 1999Uruguay 29 October 1997 ...Costa Rica 18 March 1998 ...El Salvador 31 May 1999 ...

Cape Verde

Germany 18 January 1990 15 December 1993Portugal 26 October 1990 04 October 1991Austria 03 September 1991 01 April 1993Switzerland 28 October 1991 06 May 1992Netherlands 11 November 1991 25 November 1992Cuba 22 May 1997 22 May 1997Italy 12 June 1997 ...Angola 30 September 1997 15 December 1997China 27 April 1998 ...

Central African Republic

France 13 August 1960 ...


/…38


Germany 23 August 1965 21 January 1968Switzerland 28 February 1973 04 July 1973

Chad

France 13 August 1960 ...Switzerland 21 February 1967 31 October 1967Germany 11 April 1967 23 November 1968Italy 11 June 1969 11 June 1969Egypt 14 March 1998 ...

Chile

Argentina 02 August 1991 01 January 1995Spain 02 October 1991 28 March 1994Germany 21 October 1991 ...Switzerland 11 November 1991 ...France 14 July 1992 13 June 1994Belgium/Luxembourg 15 July 1992 ...Malaysia 11 November 1992 04 August 1995Italy 08 March 1993 08 February 1995Venezuela 02 April 1993 25 May 1995Sweden 24 May 1993 30 December 1995Finland 27 May 1993 01 May 1996Denmark 28 May 1993 03 November 1995Norway 01 June 1993 07 September 1994Ecuador 27 October 1993 02 January 1996Brazil 22 March 1994 ...China 23 March 1994 01 August 1995Bolivia 22 September 1994 ...Croatia 28 November 1994 15 June 1996Czech Republic 24 April 1995 05 October 1996Portugal 28 April 1995 24 February 1998Romania 04 July 1995 27 July 1997Poland 05 July 1995 ...Paraguay 07 August 1995 17 December 1997Uruguay 26 October 1995 22 April 1999Ukraine 30 October 1995 29 August 1997Philippines 20 November 1995 06 August 1997United Kingdom 08 January 1996 21 April 1997Cuba 10 January 1996 ...Australia 09 July 1996 ...Greece 10 July 1996 ...Costa Rica 11 July 1996 ...

/…39


Korea, Republic of 06 September 1996 ...El Salvador 08 November 1996 29 March 1997Guatemala 08 November 1996 ...Nicaragua 08 November 1996 ...Panama 08 November 1996 ...Honduras 11 November 1996 ...Hungary 10 March 1997 ...Austria 08 September 1997 ...Turkey 21 August 1998 ...Tunisia 23 October 1998 ...South Africa 12 November 1998 ...Netherlands 30 November 1998 ...Indonesia 07 April 1999 ...Viet Nam 16 September 1999 ...

China

Sweden 29 March 1982 29 March 1982Romania 10 February 1983 10 February 1984Germany 07 October 1983 18 March 1985France 30 May 1984 19 March 1985Belgium/Luxembourg 04 June 1984 05 October 1986Finland 04 September 1984 26 January 1986Norway 21 November 1984 10 July 1985Italy 28 January 1985 28 August 1987Thailand 12 March 1985 13 December 1985Denmark 29 April 1985 29 April 1985Netherlands 17 June 1985 01 February 1987Austria 12 September 1985 11 October 1986Singapore 21 November 1985 07 February 1986Kuwait 23 November 1985 24 December 1986Sri Lanka 13 March 1986 25 March 1987United Kingdom 15 May 1986 15 May 1986Switzerland 12 November 1986 18 March 1987Poland 07 June 1988 08 January 1989Australia 11 July 1988 11 July 1988Japan 27 August 1988 14 May 1989Malaysia 21 November 1988 31 March 1990New Zealand 22 November 1988 25 March 1989Pakistan 12 February 1989 30 September 1990Bulgaria 27 June 1989 21 August 1994Ghana 12 October 1989 22 November 1990Russian Federation 21 July 1990 26 July 1991Turkey 13 November 1990 19 August 1994


/…40


Papua New Guinea 12 April 1991 12 February 1993Hungary 29 May 1991 01 April 1993Mongolia 25 August 1991 01 November 1993Czechoslovakia 04 December 1991 01 December 1992Portugal 03 February 1992 01 December 1992Spain 06 February 1992 01 May 1993Uzbekistan 13 March 1992 14 April 1994Bolivia 08 May 1992 26 July 1992Kyrgyzstan 14 May 1992 01 September 1996Greece 25 June 1992 21 December 1993Armenia 04 July 1992 18 March 1995Philippines 20 July 1992 10 September 1995Kazakhstan 10 August 1992 13 August 1994Korea, Republic of 30 September 1992 04 December 1992Ukraine 31 October 1992 29 May 1993Argentina 05 November 1992 01 August 1994Moldova, Republic of 07 November 1992 01 March 1995Turkmenistan 21 November 1992 04 April 1996Viet Nam 02 December 1992 01 September 1993Belarus 11 January 1993 14 January 1995Lao People’s Democratic Republic 31 January 1993 01 June 1993Albania 13 February 1993 20 January 1994Tajikistan 09 March 1993 20 January 1994Georgia 03 June 1993 01 March 1995Croatia 07 June 1993 01 July 1994United Arab Emirates 01 July 1993 28 September 1994Estonia 02 September 1993 01 June 1994Slovenia 13 September 1993 01 January 1995Lithuania 08 November 1993 01 June 1994Uruguay 02 December 1993 01 December 1997Azerbaijan 08 March 1994 01 April 1995Ecuador 21 March 1994 01 July 1997Chile 23 March 1994 01 August 1995Iceland 31 March 1994 01 March 1997Egypt 21 April 1994 01 April 1996Peru 09 June 1994 01 February 1995Romania 12 July 1994 01 September 1995Jamaica 26 October 1994 01 April 1996Indonesia 18 November 1994 01 April 1995Oman 18 March 1995 01 August 1995Morocco 27 March 1995 ...Israel 10 April 1995 ...Cuba 24 April 1995 ...

/…41


Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 18 December 1995 ...Saudi Arabia 29 February 1996 01 May 1997Mauritius 04 May 1996 08 June 1997Zimbabwe 21 May 1996 01 March 1998Lebanon 13 June 1996 10 July 1997Zambia 21 June 1996 ...Cambodia 19 July 1996 ...Bangladesh 12 September 1996 ...Algeria 17 October 1996 ...Syrian Arab Republic 09 December 1996 ...Gabon 09 May 1997 ...Cameroon 10 May 1997 ...Nigeria 12 May 1997 ...Sudan 30 May 1997 ...Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 09 June 1997 01 November 1997Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 December 1997 ...South Africa 30 December 1997 01 April 1998Yemen 16 February 1998 ...Qatar 09 April 1998 ...Cape Verde 27 April 1998 ...Ethiopia 11 May 1998 ...Barbados 20 July 1998 ...Qatar 09 April 1999 ...Bahrain 17 June 1999 ...

Colombia

United Kingdom 09 March 1994 ...Peru 26 April 1994 ...Cuba 16 July 1994 ...Spain 09 June 1995 ...

Comoros

Egypt 13 November 1994 ...

Congo

France 15 August 1960 ...Switzerland 18 October 1962 11 July 1964Germany 13 September 1965 14 October 1967


/…42


United Kingdom 25 May 1989 09 November 1990United States 12 February 1990 13 August 1994Italy 17 March 1994 ...

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Germany 18 March 1969 22 July 1971Switzerland 10 March 1972 10 May 1973France 05 October 1972 01 March 1975Belgium/Luxembourgb 28 March 1976 01 January 1977United States 03 August 1984 28 July 1989Israel 14 May 1985 ...Korea, Republic of 19 July 1990 ...Greece 26 April 1991 ...China 18 December 1997 ...Egypt 18 December 1998 ...

Costa Rica

Switzerland 01 September 1965 18 August 1966United Kingdom 07 September 1982 ...France 08 March 1984 ...Germany 13 September 1994 24 March 1998Chile 11 July 1996 ...Spain 08 July 1997 ...Paraguay 29 January 1998 ...Canada 18 March 1998 ...Czech Republic 21 October 1998 ...Taiwan Province of China 25 March 1999 ...Netherlands 21 May 1999 ...

Côte d'Ivoire

Switzerland 26 June 1962 18 November 1962Netherlands 26 April 1965 08 September 1966Sweden 27 August 1965 03 November 1966Germany 27 October 1966 10 June 1968Italy 23 July 1969 ...Tunisia 16 May 1995 ...United Kingdom 08 June 1995 09 October 1997Ghana 04 November 1997 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 01 April 1999 ...

/…43


Croatia

Sweden 10 November 1978 21 November 1979Albania 10 May 1993 16 April 1994China 07 June 1993 01 July 1994Romania 08 June 1994 09 September 1995Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 06 July 1994 04 November 1995Chile 28 November 1994 15 June 1996Argentina 02 December 1994 01 June 1996Malaysia 16 December 1994 19 July 1996Poland 21 February 1995 04 October 1995Portugal 09 May 1995 27 November 1997Slovakia 12 February 1996 05 February 1997Turkey 12 February 1996 21 April 1998Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 February 1996 ...Czech Republic 05 March 1996 15 May 1997Hungary 15 May 1996 ...Russian Federation 20 May 1996 ...France 03 June 1996 05 March 1998Bulgaria 25 June 1996 20 February 1998United States 13 July 1996 ...Greece 18 October 1996 21 October 1998Switzerland 30 October 1996 ...Italy 05 November 1996 12 June 1998Canada 03 February 1997 ...Austria 19 February 1997 ...Kuwait 08 March 1997 02 July 1998United Kingdom 11 March 1997 16 April 1998Germany 21 March 1997 ...Spain 21 July 1997 17 September 1998Egypt 27 October 1997 ...Slovenia 12 December 1997 ...Ukraine 15 December 1997 ...Netherlands 28 April 1998 01 June 1999Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 18 August 1998 ...Finland 01 June 1999 ...Jordan 10 October 1999 ...

Cuba

Italy 07 May 1993 23 August 1995Russian Federation 07 July 1993 08 July 1996


/…44


Spain 27 May 1994 09 June 1995Colombia 16 July 1994 ...United Kingdom 30 January 1995 11 May 1995China 24 April 1995 ...Bolivia 06 May 1995 ...Ukraine 20 May 1995 04 December 1996Viet Nam 12 October 1995 01 October 1996Argentina 30 November 1995 01 June 1997South Africa 08 December 1995 07 April 1997Lebanon 14 December 1995 07 January 1999Chile 10 January 1996 ...Romania 27 January 1996 22 May 1997Barbados 19 February 1996 13 August 1998Germany 30 April 1996 22 November 1998Greece 18 June 1996 18 October 1997Switzerland 28 June 1996 07 November 1997Venezuela 11 December 1996 ...Slovakia 22 March 1997 05 December 1997France 25 April 1997 ...Lao People's Democratic Republic 28 April 1997 10 June 1998Ecuador 06 May 1997 01 June 1998Cape Verde 22 May 1997 22 May 1997Jamaica 31 May 1997 ...Brazil 26 June 1997 ...Namibia 27 June 1997 ...Indonesia 19 September 1997 ...Malaysia 26 September 1997 ...Turkey 22 December 1997 ...Belize 08 April 1998 16 April 1999Belgium/Luxembourg 19 May 1998 ...Portugal 08 July 1998 ...Bulgaria 15 December 1998 ...Suriname 07 January 1999 ...Panama 27 January 1999 ...Mongolia 26 March 1999 ...Trinidad and Tobago 26 May 1999 ...Guatemala 20 August 1999 ...Algeria 22 September 1999 ...Guyana 22 October 1999 ...Hungary 22 October 1999 ...Ghana 02 November 1999 ...Netherlands 02 November 1999 ...Dominican Republic 11 November 1999 ...

/…45


Cyprus

Bulgaria 12 November 1987 18 May 1988Hungary 24 May 1989 25 May 1990Belgium/Luxembourg 26 February 1991 ...Romania 26 July 1991 10 July 1993Greece 30 March 1992 26 February 1993Poland 04 June 1992 01 July 1993Armenia 18 January 1995 01 July 1996Russian Federation 11 April 1997 ...Seychelles 28 May 1998 19 March 1999Belarus 29 May 1998 03 September 1998Israel 13 October 1998 ...Egypt 21 October 1998 ...

Czech Republicd

Slovakia 23 November 1992 01 January 1993Hungary 14 January 1993 25 May 1995Slovenia 04 May 1993 21 May 1994Egypt 29 May 1993 04 June 1994Poland 16 July 1993 29 June 1994Australia 30 September 1993 29 June 1994Romania 08 November 1993 28 July 1994Portugal 12 November 1993 03 August 1994Tajikistan 11 February 1994 05 December 1995Thailand 12 February 1994 04 May 1995Peru 16 March 1994 06 March 1995Ukraine 17 March 1994 02 November 1995Russian Federation 05 April 1994 06 June 1996Albania 27 June 1994 07 July 1995Estonia 24 October 1994 18 July 1995Latvia 25 October 1994 01 August 1995Lithuania 27 October 1994 12 July 1995United Arab Emirates 23 November 1994 25 December 1995Philippines 05 April 1995 04 April 1996Singapore 08 April 1995 08 October 1995Chile 24 April 1995 05 October 1996Venezuela 27 April 1995 23 July 1996Kuwait 08 January 1996 21 January 1997Italy 22 January 1996 01 November 1997Croatia 05 March 1996 15 May 1997Ireland 28 June 1996 01 August 1997Malaysia 09 September 1996 03 December 1998


/…46


Uruguay 26 September 1996 ...Argentina 27 September 1996 23 July 1998Kazakhstan 08 October 1996 02 April 1998India 11 October 1996 06 February 1998Belarus 14 October 1996 09 April 1998Tunisia 06 January 1997 08 July 1998Uzbekistan 15 January 1997 06 April 1998Lebanon 19 September 1997 ...Jordan 20 September 1997 ...Israel 23 September 1997 16 March 1999Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 13 October 1997 ...Viet Nam 25 November 1997 09 July 1998Mongolia 13 February 1998 ...Korea, Democratic 's People’s Republic of 27 February 1998 ...Indonesia 17 September 1998 ...Costa Rica 21 October 1998 ...Paraguay 21 October 1998 ...South Africa 14 December 1998 ...Bulgaria 17 March 1999 ...Mauritius 05 April 1999 ...Pakistan 07 May 1999 ...Moldova, Republic of 12 May 1999 ...Panama 27 August 1999 ...Zimbabwe 13 September 1999 ...El Salvador 29 November 1999 ...

Czechoslovakiad

Belgium/Luxembourgd 24 April 1989 13 February 1992United Kingdom 10 July 1990 26 October 1992Italy 01 August 1990 ...France 13 September 1990 27 September 1991Germany 02 October 1990 02 August 1992Switzerland 05 October 1990 07 August 1991Austria 15 October 1990 01 October 1991Finland 06 November 1990 23 October 1991Sweden 13 November 1990 23 September 1991Canada 15 November 1990 09 March 1992Spain 12 December 1990 28 November 1991Denmark 06 March 1991 19 September 1992Netherlands 29 April 1991 01 October 1992Norway 21 May 1991 06 August 1992

/…47


Greece 03 June 1991 31 December 1992Australia 29 July 1991 ...Thailand 16 October 1991 ...United States 22 October 1991 19 December 1992China 04 December 1991 01 December 1992Korea, Republic of 27 April 1992 16 March 1995Turkey 30 April 1992 01 August 1997

Denmark

Indonesia 30 January 1968 02 July 1968Romania 12 November 1980 09 April 1981China 29 April 1985 29 April 1985Sri Lanka 04 June 1985 04 June 1985Hungary 02 May 1988 18 October 1988Korea, Republic of 02 June 1988 02 June 1988Turkey 07 February 1990 01 August 1992Poland 01 May 1990 30 October 1990Russian Federation 01 May 1990 ...Czechoslovakia 06 March 1991 19 September 1992Estonia 06 November 1991 24 February 1993Malaysia 06 January 1992 18 September 1992Ghana 13 January 1992 06 January 1995Latvia 30 March 1992 18 November 1994Lithuania 30 March 1992 08 January 1993Ukraine 23 October 1992 29 April 1994Argentina 06 November 1992 02 February 1995Bulgaria 14 April 1993 20 May 1995Paraguay 22 April 1993 ...Chile 28 May 1993 03 November 1995Viet Nam 23 July 1993 07 August 1994Russian Federation 04 November 1993 26 August 1996Hong Kong, China 02 February 1994 04 March 1994Romania 14 June 1994 24 August 1995Peru 23 November 1994 17 February 1995Venezuela 28 November 1994 19 September 1996Bolivia 12 March 1995 22 March 1997Mongolia 13 March 1995 02 April 1996Nicaragua 13 March 1995 26 January 1996Brazil 04 May 1995 ...Albania 05 September 1995 ...India 06 September 1995 28 August 1996South Africa 22 February 1996 23 April 1997Tunisia 28 June 1996 11 April 1997


/…48


Pakistan 18 July 1996 25 September 1996Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 10 September 1996 25 December 1997Zimbabwe 25 October 1996 02 February 1999Philippines 25 September 1997 19 April 1998Lao People's Democratic Republic 09 September 1998 09 May 1999Algeria 25 January 1999 ...Tanzania, United Republic of 22 April 1999 ...Slovenia 12 May 1999 ...Egypt 24 June 1999 ...

Djibouti

Egypt 21 July 1998 ...Malaysia 03 August 1998 ...

Dominica

Germany 01 October 1984 11 May 1986United Kingdom 23 January 1987 23 January 1987

Dominican Republic

Spain 16 March 1995 07 October 1996Ecuador 26 June 1998 ...France 14 January 1999 ...Haiti 08 October 1999 ...Cuba 11 November 1999 ...

Ecuador

Germany 28 May 1965 30 November 1966Switzerland 02 May 1968 09 November 1969Uruguay 31 July 1985 31 July 1985Egypt 19 April 1992 ...United States 27 August 1993 11 May 1997Chile 27 October 1993 02 January 1996Venezuela 18 November 1993 01 February 1995Paraguay 28 January 1994 18 September 1995Argentina 18 February 1994 01 December 1995China 21 March 1994 01 July 1997United Kingdom 10 May 1994 24 August 1995

/…49


El Salvador 16 May 1994 14 January 1996France 07 September 1994 17 June 1996Bolivia 25 May 1995 15 August 1997Germany 21 March 1996 12 February 1999Romania 21 March 1996 18 July 1997Russian Federation 25 April 1996 ...Canada 29 April 1996 06 June 1997Spain 26 June 1996 18 June 1997Cuba 06 May 1997 01 June 1998Dominican Republic 26 June 1998 ...Peru 07 April 1999 ...Netherlands 27 June 1999 ...

Egypt

Kuwait 02 May 1966 09 August 1966Switzerland 25 July 1973 04 June 1974Germany 05 July 1974 22 July 1978France 22 December 1974 01 October 1975United Kingdom 11 June 1975 24 February 1976Morocco 03 June 1976 07 September 1978Netherlands 30 October 1976 01 January 1978Japan 28 January 1977 14 January 1978Belgium/Luxembourg 28 February 1977 20 September 1978Sudan 28 May 1977 14 March 1978Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 03 June 1977 20 March 1979Sweden 15 July 1978 29 January 1979Finland 05 May 1980 22 January 1982Oman 28 April 1985 09 October 1985United States 11 March 1986 27 June 1992United Arab Emirates 19 June 1988 ...Yemen 19 October 1988 03 March 1990Italy 02 March 1989 01 May 1994Saudi Arabia 13 March 1990 15 September 1992Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 03 December 1990 04 July 1991Tunisia 08 December 1990 02 January 1991Ecuador 19 April 1992 ...Argentina 11 May 1992 03 December 1993Spain 03 November 1992 26 April 1994Uzbekistan 16 December 1992 08 February 1994Ukraine 21 December 1992 10 October 1993Kazakhstan 14 February 1993 ...Albania 22 May 1993 06 April 1994


/…50


Czech Republic 29 May 1993 04 June 1994Greece 16 July 1993 06 April 1995Indonesia 19 January 1994 29 November 1994China 21 April 1994 01 April 1996Comoros 13 November 1994 ...Romania 24 November 1994 03 April 1996Armenia 09 January 1995 ...Hungary 23 May 1995 21 August 1997Turkmenistan 23 May 1995 28 February 1996Poland 01 July 1995 17 January 1998Uganda 04 November 1995 ...Netherlands 17 January 1996 01 March 1998Sri Lanka 11 March 1996 10 March 1998Lebanon 16 March 1996 06 February 1997Korea, Republic of 18 March 1996 25 May 1997Jordan 08 May 1996 ...Turkey 04 October 1996 ...Canada 13 November 1996 03 November 1997Belarus 20 March 1997 ...Algeria 29 March 1997 ...India 09 April 1997 ...Malaysia 14 April 1997 ...Morocco 14 April 1997 ...Singapore 15 April 1997 01 March 1998Latvia 24 April 1997 03 June 1998Syrian Arab Republic 28 April 1997 ...Slovakia 30 April 1997 ...Tanzania, United Republic of 30 April 1997 ...Viet Nam 06 September 1997 ...Russian Federation 23 September 1997 ...Bahrain 04 October 1997 ...Croatia 27 October 1997 ...Gabon 22 December 1997 ...Niger 04 March 1998 ...Senegal 05 March 1998 ...Guinea 06 March 1998 ...Mali 09 March 1998 ...Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 March 1998 ...Ghana 11 March 1998 ...Chad 14 March 1998 ...Bulgaria 15 March 1998 ...Oman 25 March 1998 ...Palestine Authority 28 April 1998 ...

/…51


Djibouti 21 July 1998 ...Cyprus 21 October 1998 ...Slovenia 28 October 1998 ...South Africa 28 October 1998 ...Mozambique 08 December 1998 ...Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 December 1998 ...Jamaica 10 February 1999 ...Malta 20 February 1999 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 28 February 1999 ...Portugal 29 April 1999 ...Zimbabwe 02 June 1999 ...Denmark 24 June 1999 ...Georgia 10 August 1999 ...

El Salvador

France 20 September 1978 12 December 1992Ecuador 16 May 1994 14 January 1996Switzerland 08 December 1994 16 September 1996Spain 14 February 1995 20 February 1996Argentina 09 May 1996 08 January 1999Peru 13 June 1996 15 December 1996Taiwan Province of China 30 August 1996 25 February 1997Chile 08 November 1996 29 March 1997Germany 11 December 1997 03 April 1998Paraguay 30 January 1998 08 November 1998Korea, Republic of 07 July 1998 ...Nicaragua 23 January 1999 ...United States 10 March 1999 ...Morocco 21 April 1999 ...Canada 31 May 1999 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 12 October 1999 ...Netherlands 12 October 1999 ...Czech Republic 29 November 1999 ...

Equatorial Guinea

France 03 March 1982 23 September 1983

Eritrea

Italy 06 February 1996 ...


/…52


Estoniaa

Denmark 06 November 1991 24 February 1993Finland 13 February 1992 02 December 1992Sweden 31 March 1992 20 May 1992France 14 May 1992 25 September 1995Norway 15 June 1992 15 June 1992Netherlands 27 October 1992 01 September 1993Germany 12 November 1992 12 January 1997Switzerland 21 December 1992 18 August 1993Poland 06 May 1993 06 August 1993China 02 September 1993 01 June 1994Israel 14 March 1994 23 May 1995United States 19 April 1994 16 February 1997United Kingdom 12 May 1994 16 December 1994Austria 16 May 1994 01 October 1995Czech Republic 24 October 1994 18 July 1995Ukraine 15 February 1995 05 July 1995Lithuania 07 September 1995 20 June 1996Belgium/Luxembourg 24 January 1996 11 December 1996Latvia 07 February 1996 23 May 1996Italy 20 March 1997 ...Greece 17 April 1997 07 July 1998Turkey 03 June 1997 ...Spain 11 November 1997 01 July 1998

Ethiopia

Germany 21 April 1964 ...Italy 23 December 1994 08 May 1997Kuwait 14 September 1996 ...China 11 May 1998 ...Switzerland 26 June 1998 07 December 1998Malaysia 22 October 1998 ...Yemen 15 April 1999 ...

Finland

Egypt 05 May 1980 22 January 1982Bulgaria 16 February 1984 16 July 1985China 04 September 1984 26 January 1986Malaysia 15 April 1985 03 January 1988Sri Lanka 27 April 1985 25 October 1987Hungary 06 June 1988 12 May 1989

/…53


Russian Federation 08 February 1989 15 August 1991Poland 05 April 1990 21 February 1991Czechoslovakia 06 November 1990 23 October 1991Estonia 13 February 1992 02 December 1992Latvia 05 March 1992 07 December 1992Romania 26 March 1992 06 January 1993Ukraine 14 May 1992 30 January 1994Lithuania 12 June 1992 08 January 1993Kazakhstan 29 September 1992 14 February 1998Uzbekistan 01 October 1992 22 October 1993Belarus 28 October 1992 11 December 1994Turkey 13 May 1993 12 April 1995Chile 27 May 1993 01 May 1996Viet Nam 13 September 1993 02 May 1996Korea, Republic of 21 October 1993 11 May 1996Argentina 05 November 1993 03 May 1996Thailand 18 March 1994 18 May 1996Brazil 28 March 1995 ...Peru 02 May 1995 14 June 1996Moldova, Republic of 25 August 1995 21 June 1997Kuwait 10 March 1996 21 May 1997United Arab Emirates 12 March 1996 15 May 1997Indonesia 13 March 1996 07 June 1997Poland 25 November 1996 11 March 1998Albania 24 June 1997 20 February 1999Lebanon 25 August 1997 ...Oman 27 September 1997 20 February 1999Bulgaria 03 October 1997 16 April 1999Philippines 25 March 1998 16 April 1999Slovenia 01 June 1998 ...South Africa 14 September 1998 ...Mexico 22 February 1999 ...Croatia 01 June 1999 ...

France

Chad 11 August 1960 ...Central African Republic 13 August 1960 ...Congo 15 August 1960 ...Tunisia 30 June 1972 30 June 1972Congo, Democratic Republic of the 05 October 1972 01 March 1975Mauritius 22 March 1973 01 March 1974Indonesia 14 June 1973 29 April 1975


/…54


Gabon 12 February 1974 ...Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 28 March 1974 03 March 1975Senegal 29 March 1974 ...Egypt 22 December 1974 01 October 1975Malaysia 24 April 1975 01 September 1976Morocco 15 July 1975 13 December 1976Singapore 08 September 1975 18 October 1976Philippines 14 June 1976 01 July 1976Malta 11 August 1976 01 January 1978Romania 16 December 1976 01 August 1978Syrian Arab Republic 28 November 1977 01 March 1979Korea, Republic of 28 December 1977 01 March 1979Jordan 23 February 1978 18 October 1979Sudan 31 July 1978 05 July 1980El Salvador 20 September 1978 12 December 1992Paraguay 30 November 1978 11 December 1980Liberia 23 March 1979 22 January 1982Sri Lanka 10 April 1980 19 April 1982Equatorial Guinea 03 March 1982 23 September 1983Panama 05 November 1982 09 October 1985Nepal 02 May 1983 13 June 1985Pakistan 01 June 1983 14 December 1984Israel 09 June 1983 11 January 1985Costa Rica 08 March 1984 ...Yemen 27 April 1984 19 July 1991Haiti 23 May 1984 25 March 1985China 30 May 1984 19 March 1985Bangladesh 10 September 1985 03 October 1986Hungary 06 November 1986 30 September 1987Poland 14 February 1989 10 February 1990Bulgaria 05 April 1989 01 May 1990Russian Federation 04 July 1989 18 July 1991Kuwait 27 September 1989 16 May 1991Bolivia 25 October 1989 12 October 1996Lao People's Democratic Republic 12 December 1989 08 March 1991Nigeria 27 February 1990 19 August 1991Czechoslovakia 13 September 1990 27 September 1991Argentina 03 July 1991 03 March 1993United Arab Emirates 09 September 1991 10 January 1995Mongolia 08 November 1991 22 December 1993Lithuania 23 April 1992 27 March 1995Estonia 14 May 1992 25 September 1995

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Latvia 15 May 1992 01 October 1994Viet Nam 26 May 1992 10 August 1994Chile 14 July 1992 13 June 1994Kazakhstan 23 September 1992 ...Jamaica 25 January 1993 15 September 1994Algeria 13 February 1993 ...Peru 06 October 1993 04 July 1996Uruguay 14 October 1993 04 July 1997Uzbekistan 27 October 1993 15 June 1996Belarus 28 October 1993 ...Trinidad and Tobago 28 October 1993 16 May 1996Turkmenistan 28 April 1994 02 May 1996Ukraine 03 May 1994 26 January 1996Kyrgyzstan 02 June 1994 10 August 1997Ecuador 07 September 1994 17 June 1996Philippines 13 September 1994 13 June 1996Oman 17 October 1994 04 July 1996Brazil 21 March 1995 ...Romania 21 March 1995 21 June 1996Albania 13 June 1995 16 June 1996South Africa 11 October 1995 22 June 1997Armenia 04 November 1995 21 June 1997Hong Kong, China 30 November 1995 30 May 1997Morocco 13 January 1996 ...Croatia 03 June 1996 05 March 1998Qatar 08 September 1996 ...Lebanon 28 November 1996 ...Georgia 03 February 1997 ...Cuba 25 April 1997 ...India 02 September 1997 ...Moldova, Republic of 08 September 1997 ...Tunisia 20 October 1997 18 January 1999Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of 28 January 1998 ...Kazakhstan 03 February 1998 ...Slovenia 11 February 1998 ...Nicaragua 13 February 1998 ...Honduras 27 April 1998 ...Guatemala 27 May 1998 ...Namibia 25 June 1998 ...Azerbaijan 01 September 1998 ...Mexico 12 November 1998 ...Dominican Republic 14 January 1999 ...Ghana 26 March 1999 ...


/…56


Gabon

Italy 18 November 1968 ...Germany 16 May 1969 29 March 1971Switzerland 28 January 1972 18 October 1972France 12 February 1974 ...Morocco 13 January 1979 07 November 1979Romania 11 April 1979 18 September 1982Spain 02 March 1995 ...China 09 May 1997 ...Egypt 22 December 1997 ...Belgium/Luxembourg 27 May 1998 ...Germany 15 September 1998 ...

Gambia

Switzerland 22 November 1993 30 March 1994

Georgiaa

Turkey 30 July 1992 28 July 1993China 03 June 1993 01 March 1995Belgium/Luxembourg 23 June 1993 ...Germany 25 June 1993 27 September 1998United States 07 March 1994 17 August 1997Greece 09 November 1994 03 August 1996Ukraine 09 January 1995 24 April 1995Bulgaria 19 January 1995 ...United Kingdom 15 February 1995 15 February 1995Israel 19 June 1995 18 February 1997Uzbekistan 04 September 1995 ...Iran, Islamic Republic of 26 September 1995 ...Azerbaijan 08 March 1996 10 July 1996Turkmenistan 20 March 1996 21 November 1996Armenia 04 June 1996 ...Kazakhstan 17 September 1996 ...France 03 February 1997 ...Kyrgyzstan 22 April 1997 28 October 1997Italy 15 May 1997 ...Moldova, Republic of 05 December 1997 ...Romania 11 December 1997 12 June 1998Netherlands 03 February 1998 ...Egypt 10 August 1999 ...

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Germany

Pakistan 25 November 1959 28 April 1962Malaysia 22 December 1960 06 July 1963Greece 27 March 1961 15 July 1963Togo 16 May 1961 21 December 1964Morocco 31 August 1961 21 January 1968Liberia 12 December 1961 22 October 1967Thailand 13 December 1961 10 April 1965Guinea 19 April 1962 13 March 1965Turkey 20 June 1962 16 December 1965Cameroon 29 June 1962 21 November 1963Madagascar 21 September 1962 21 March 1966Sudan 07 February 1963 24 November 1967Sri Lanka 08 November 1963 07 December 1966Tunisia 20 December 1963 06 February 1966Senegal 24 January 1964 16 January 1966Korea, Republic of 04 February 1964 15 January 1967Ethiopia 21 April 1964 ...Niger 29 October 1964 10 January 1966Tanzania, United Republic of 30 January 1965 12 July 1968Sierra Leone 08 April 1965 10 December 1966Ecuador 28 June 1965 30 November 1966Central African Republic 23 August 1965 21 January 1968Congo 13 September 1965 14 October 1967Iran, Islamic Republic of 11 November 1965 06 April 1968Côte d'Ivoire 27 October 1966 10 June 1968Uganda 29 November 1966 19 August 1968Zambia 10 December 1966 25 August 1972Chad 11 April 1967 23 November 1968Rwanda 18 May 1967 28 February 1969Indonesia 08 November 1968 19 April 1971Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 March 1969 22 July 1971Gabon 16 May 1969 29 March 1971Mauritius 25 May 1971 27 August 1973Haiti 14 August 1973 01 December 1975Singapore 03 October 1973 01 October 1975Yemen 21 June 1974 19 December 1978Egypt 05 July 1974 22 July 1978Jordan 15 July 1974 10 October 1977Malta 17 September 1974 14 December 1975Israel 24 June 1976 ...


/…58


Mali 28 June 1977 16 May 1980Syrian Arab Republic 02 August 1977 20 April 1980Benin 29 June 1978 18 July 1985Oman 25 June 1979 04 February 1986Romania 12 October 1979 10 January 1981Portugal 16 September 1980 23 April 1982Papua New Guinea 12 November 1980 03 November 1983Bangladesh 06 May 1981 14 September 1986Somalia 27 November 1981 15 February 1985Lesotho 11 November 1982 17 August 1985Mauritania 08 December 1982 26 April 1986China 07 October 1983 18 March 1985Panama 02 November 1983 10 March 1989Burundi 10 September 1984 09 December 1987Dominica 01 October 1984 11 May 1986Saint Lucia 16 March 1985 22 July 1987Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25 March 1986 08 January 1989Bulgaria 12 April 1986 10 March 1988Hungary 30 April 1986 07 November 1987Nepal 20 October 1986 07 July 1988Bolivia 23 March 1987 09 November 1990Uruguay 04 May 1987 29 June 1990Russian Federation 13 June 1989 05 August 1991Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of 10 July 1989 26 October 1990Poland 10 November 1989 24 February 1991Guyana 06 December 1989 08 March 1994Cape Verde 18 January 1990 15 December 1993Swaziland 05 April 1990 07 August 1995Czechoslovakia 02 October 1990 02 August 1992Argentina 09 April 1991 08 November 1993Mongolia 26 June 1991 23 June 1996Chile 21 October 1991 ...Albania 31 October 1991 18 August 1995Lithuania 28 February 1992 27 June 1997Kazakhstan 22 September 1992 10 May 1995Jamaica 24 September 1992 29 May 1996Estonia 12 November 1992 12 January 1997Ukraine 15 February 1993 29 June 1996Belarus 02 April 1993 23 September 1996Viet Nam 03 April 1993 19 September 1998Latvia 20 April 1993 09 June 1996Uzbekistan 28 April 1993 23 May 1998

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Georgia 25 June 1993 27 September 1998Paraguay 11 August 1993 03 July 1998Slovenia 28 October 1993 18 July 1998Namibia 21 January 1994 21 December 1997Moldova, Republic of 28 February 1994 ...Kuwait 30 March 1994 15 November 1997Costa Rica 13 S

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Transcript of Bilateral Investment Treaties · 2020. 9. 4. · Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959-1999 4 By the...