BiBliogrAphy - Springer978-1-137-59724-3/1.pdf246 BIBLIoGRAPHY Bose, Samantha. 2002. Bosnia after...
Transcript of BiBliogrAphy - Springer978-1-137-59724-3/1.pdf246 BIBLIoGRAPHY Bose, Samantha. 2002. Bosnia after...
245copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
Section A SecondAry SourceS uSed
Ackermann Alice 2000 Making peace prevail Preventing violent conflict in Macedonia New York Syracuse University Press
Albright Madeleine 2004 Madam Secretary A memoir London Pan BooksAli Tariq 2000 Masters of the universe NATOrsquos Balkan crusade London VersoAshdown Paddy 2009 A fortunate life The autobiography of Paddy Ashdown
London AurumAsmus Ronald D 2004 Opening NATOrsquos door How the alliance remade itself for
a new era New York Columbia University PressBadsey Stephen and Paul Latawski 2004 Britain NATO and the lessons of the
Balkan conflicts 1991ndash1999 London Frank CassBaumann Robert F George W Gawrych and Walter E Kretchik 2005 Armed
peacekeepers in Bosnia Fort Leavenworth Combat Studies Institute PressBelloni Roberto 2007 State building and international intervention in Bosnia
New York RoutledgeBennett Christopher 1996 Yugoslaviarsquos bloody collapse Causes course and conse-
quences New York New York University PressBerdal Mats and Spyros Economides 2007 United Nations interventionism
1991ndash2004 New York Cambridge University PressBieber Florien and Zidas Daskalovski 2003 Understanding the war in Kosovo
London Frank CassBlack Jeremy 2002 European warfare 1815ndash2000 New York PalgraveBlair Tony 2010 A journey London HutchinsonBono Giovanna 2003 NATOrsquos lsquopeace-enforcementrsquo tasks and lsquopolicy communitiesrsquo
1990ndash1999 Aldershot Ashgate
BiBliogrAphy
246 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Bose Samantha 2002 Bosnia after Dayton Nationalist partition and interna-tional intervention London Hurst amp Company
Boutros-Ghali Boutros 1999 Unvanquished A US-UN Saga New York Random House
Brown Keith 2003 The past in question Modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation Princeton Princeton University Press
Bryman Alan 2008 Social research methods New York oxford University PressBucknam Mark A 2005 Responsibility of command How UN and NATO com-
manders influenced airpower over Bosnia Honolulu University Press of the Pacific
Burg Steven L and Paul S Shoup 2000 The war in Bosnia Herzegovina Ethnic conflict and international intervention New York ME Sharpe
Chandler David 2000 Bosnia Faking democracy after Dayton London Pluto Press
Chandler David 2002 From Kosovo to Kabul Human rights and international intervention London Pluto Press
Chandler David 2006 Peace without politics Ten years of international state building in Bosnia London Routledge
Cigar Norman 1995 Genocide in Bosnia The policy of ethnic cleansing Houston Texas A amp M University Press
Cini Michelle 2007 European Union politics New York oxford University PressClark General Wesley K 2002 Waging modern war Bosnia Kosovo and the future
of Combat New York Public AffairsClinton Bill 2004 My life New York KnopfCobb Ronald Lee 2004 Memories of Bosnia The 35th divisionrsquos SFOR 13 NATO
peacekeeping mission Bloomington Author HouseCohen Lenard J 1993 Broken bonds The disintegration of Yugoslavia oxford
Westview PressCottey Andrew and Derek Averre 2002 New security challenges in post- communist
Europe Securing Europersquos east Manchester Manchester University PressCrnobrnja Mihailo 1994 The Yugoslav drama London IB Tauris PublicationsDaalder Ivo H 2000 Getting to Dayton The making of Americarsquos Bosnia policy
Washington DC Brookings Institution PressDaalder Ivo H and Michael E orsquoHanlon 2000 Winning ugly NATOrsquos war to
save Kosovo Washington DC Brookings Institution PressDanchev Alex and Thomas Halverson 1996 International perspectives on the
Yugoslav conflict oxford St Anthonyrsquos CollegeDavid Matthew and Carole D Sutton 2012 Social research An introduction
Angeles Sage Publications LosDel Castillo Graciana 2008 Rebuilding war-torn states The challenge of post-
conflict economic reconstruction New York oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 247
Denscombe Martyn 2010 Ground rules for social research Guidelines for good practice Maidenhead open University Press
Donais Timothy 2005 The political economy of peacebuilding in post-Dayton Bosnia London Routledge
Duignan Peter 2000 NATO Its past present and future Stanford Hoover Institution Press
Engstrom Jenny 2009 Democratisation and the prevention of violent conflict Lessons learned from Bulgaria and Macedonia Farnham Ashgate
Ferguson Niall 2006 The war of the world Historyrsquos age of hatred London Penguin
Fletcher John 1995 Conducting effective interviews London Kogan PageFrey James H and Sabine Martens 1995 How to conduct interviews by telephone
and in person London Thousand oaksGallagher Tom 2003 The Balkans after the cold war From tyranny to tragedy
London RoutledgeGardner Hall and Radoskva Stefanova 2001 The new transatlantic agenda
Facing the challenges of global governance Aldershot AshgateGeorge Alexander L and Andrew Bennett 2004 Case studies and theory develop-
ment in the social sciences Cambridge Harvard University PressGlenny Misha 1996 The fall of Yugoslavia The Third Balkan War London
PenguinGlenny Misha 2000 The Balkans 1804ndash1999 Nationalism war and the great
powers London Granta BooksGoldgeier James M 1999 Not whether but when The US decision to enlarge
NATO Washington DC Brookings Institution PressGoldstone Richard and Carl Tham 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict interna-
tional response lessons learned oxford oxford University PressGow James 1997 Triumph of the lack of will International diplomacy and the
Yugoslav War New York Columbia University PressGow James 2003 The Serbian project and its adversaries A strategy of war crimes
London C HurstHam Peter van and Sergei Medvedev 2003 Mapping European security after
Kosovo Manchester Manchester University PressHarrison Lisa 2011 Political research An introduction New York RoutledgeHauser Gunther and Franz Kernic 2006 European security in transition
Aldershot AshgateHawton Nick 2009 The quest for Radovan Karadzic London HutchinsonHendrickson Ryan C 2006 Diplomacy and war at NATO The secretary general
and military action after the Cold War London University of Missouri PressHenriksen Dag 2007 NATOrsquos gamble Combining diplomacy and airpower in the
Kosovo crisis 1998ndash1999 Annapolis Naval Institute Press
248 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Hodge Carol 2006 Britain and the Balkans 1991 Until the present London Routledge
Holbrooke Richard 1998 To end a war New York Random HouseHosmer Stephen T 2001 The conflict over Kosovo Why Milosevic decided to settle
when he did Santa Monica Rand PublicationsHudson Kate 2003 Breaking the South-Slav dream The rise and fall of Yugoslavia
London Pluto PressHuman Rights Watch 2001 Under orders War crimes in Kosovo New York
Human Rights Watch PressHurd Douglas 2004 Memoirs London AbacusInnes Michael A 2006 Bosnian security after Dayton New perspectives London
RoutledgeJanzekovic John 2006 The use of force in humanitarian intervention Morality
and practicalities Aldershot AshgateJohnson David E 2001 Learning large lessons The evolving roles of ground power
and air power in the post Cold War era Santa Monica Rand CorporationJudah Tim 2000 The Serbs History myth and the destruction of Yugoslavia
London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2002 Kosovo War and revenge London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2008 Kosovo What everyone needs to know New York oxford
University PressJudt Tony 2005 Postwar A history of Europe since 1945 London William
HeinemannKaplan Lawrence S 2004 NATO divided NATO united The evolution of an alli-
ance London PraegerKaufman Joyce P 2002 NATO and the former Yugoslavia Crisis conflict and the
Atlantic Alliance oxford Rowman amp Littlefield PublishersKay Sean 1998 NATO and the future of European security Lanham Rowman amp
LittlefieldKerznerrsquos Harold 2009 Project management Case studies Upper Saddle River
John Wiley amp SonsKing Iain and Whit Mason 2006 Peace at any price How the world failed Kosovo
London Hurst amp CompanyKnudsen Tonny Brems and Carsten Bagge Laustsen 2006 Kosovo between war
and peace Nationalism Routledge New York Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship
Kohlmann Evan F 2006 Al-Qaidarsquos Jihad in Europe The Afghan-Bosnian net-work oxford Berg
Krstic-Brano Branislav 2004 Kosovo Facing the court of history New York Prometheus Books
Kvale Steinar 1996 Interviews An introduction to qualitative research interview-ing California Sage PublicationsThousand oaks
BIBLIoGRAPHY 249
Kvale Steinar 2007 Doing interviews London Sage PublicationsKvale Steinar 2009 Interviews Learning the craft of qualitative research inter-
viewing London Sage PublicationsLambeth Benjamin S 2001 NATOrsquos air war for Kosovo A strategic and opera-
tional assessment Arlington RAND PublicationsLampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as history Twice there was a country New York
Cambridge University PressLatawski Paul and Martin A Smith 2003 The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of a
post-Cold War European security Manchester Manchester University PressLeBor Adam 2003 Milosevic A biography London BloomsburyLeBor Adam 2006 Complicity with evil The United Nations in the age of modern
genocide London Yale University PressLeurdijk Dick A 1994 The United Nations and NATO in the former Yugoslavia
Partners in international co-operation The Hague Netherlands Atlantic Commission Netherlands Institute of International Relations lsquoClingendaelrsquo
Lindley-French Julian 2007 The North Atlantic treaty organization The endur-ing alliance London Routledge
MacKenzie Lewis 1993 Peacekeeper The road to Sarajevo Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre
Major John 2000 The autobiography London Harper CollinsMalcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A short history London PapermacMalcolm Noel 1998 Bosnia A short history London MacmillanMalcolm Noel 2002 Kosovo A short history London Pan BooksMarten Kimberly Zisk 2004 Enforcing the peace Lessons from the imperial past
New York Columbia University PressMartin Pierre and Mark R Brawley 2000 Alliance politics Kosovo and NATOrsquos
war Allied force or forced allies New York PalgraveMazower Mark 2002 The Balkans London PhoenixMelanson Richard A 2000 American foreign policy since the Vietnam War The
search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton New York ME SharpeMorland Dave and Mark Cowling 2004 Political issues for the 21st century
Aldershot AshgateMurphy Ray 2007 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational
and legal issues in practice New York Cambridge University PressNardulli Bruce R Walter L Perry Bruce Pirnie John Gordon IV and John
G McGinn 2002 Disjointed war Military operations in Kosovo 1999 Santa Monica Rand Publications
Norris John 2005 Collision course NATO Praeger London Russia and KosovoorsquoKeeffe Padraig and Ralph Riegel 2007 Hidden soldier An Irish legionnairersquos
wars from Bosnia to Iraq Dublin The orsquoBrien PressorsquoNeill William J 2002 Kosovo An unfinished peace London Lynne Rienner
Publications
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
246 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Bose Samantha 2002 Bosnia after Dayton Nationalist partition and interna-tional intervention London Hurst amp Company
Boutros-Ghali Boutros 1999 Unvanquished A US-UN Saga New York Random House
Brown Keith 2003 The past in question Modern Macedonia and the uncertainties of nation Princeton Princeton University Press
Bryman Alan 2008 Social research methods New York oxford University PressBucknam Mark A 2005 Responsibility of command How UN and NATO com-
manders influenced airpower over Bosnia Honolulu University Press of the Pacific
Burg Steven L and Paul S Shoup 2000 The war in Bosnia Herzegovina Ethnic conflict and international intervention New York ME Sharpe
Chandler David 2000 Bosnia Faking democracy after Dayton London Pluto Press
Chandler David 2002 From Kosovo to Kabul Human rights and international intervention London Pluto Press
Chandler David 2006 Peace without politics Ten years of international state building in Bosnia London Routledge
Cigar Norman 1995 Genocide in Bosnia The policy of ethnic cleansing Houston Texas A amp M University Press
Cini Michelle 2007 European Union politics New York oxford University PressClark General Wesley K 2002 Waging modern war Bosnia Kosovo and the future
of Combat New York Public AffairsClinton Bill 2004 My life New York KnopfCobb Ronald Lee 2004 Memories of Bosnia The 35th divisionrsquos SFOR 13 NATO
peacekeeping mission Bloomington Author HouseCohen Lenard J 1993 Broken bonds The disintegration of Yugoslavia oxford
Westview PressCottey Andrew and Derek Averre 2002 New security challenges in post- communist
Europe Securing Europersquos east Manchester Manchester University PressCrnobrnja Mihailo 1994 The Yugoslav drama London IB Tauris PublicationsDaalder Ivo H 2000 Getting to Dayton The making of Americarsquos Bosnia policy
Washington DC Brookings Institution PressDaalder Ivo H and Michael E orsquoHanlon 2000 Winning ugly NATOrsquos war to
save Kosovo Washington DC Brookings Institution PressDanchev Alex and Thomas Halverson 1996 International perspectives on the
Yugoslav conflict oxford St Anthonyrsquos CollegeDavid Matthew and Carole D Sutton 2012 Social research An introduction
Angeles Sage Publications LosDel Castillo Graciana 2008 Rebuilding war-torn states The challenge of post-
conflict economic reconstruction New York oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 247
Denscombe Martyn 2010 Ground rules for social research Guidelines for good practice Maidenhead open University Press
Donais Timothy 2005 The political economy of peacebuilding in post-Dayton Bosnia London Routledge
Duignan Peter 2000 NATO Its past present and future Stanford Hoover Institution Press
Engstrom Jenny 2009 Democratisation and the prevention of violent conflict Lessons learned from Bulgaria and Macedonia Farnham Ashgate
Ferguson Niall 2006 The war of the world Historyrsquos age of hatred London Penguin
Fletcher John 1995 Conducting effective interviews London Kogan PageFrey James H and Sabine Martens 1995 How to conduct interviews by telephone
and in person London Thousand oaksGallagher Tom 2003 The Balkans after the cold war From tyranny to tragedy
London RoutledgeGardner Hall and Radoskva Stefanova 2001 The new transatlantic agenda
Facing the challenges of global governance Aldershot AshgateGeorge Alexander L and Andrew Bennett 2004 Case studies and theory develop-
ment in the social sciences Cambridge Harvard University PressGlenny Misha 1996 The fall of Yugoslavia The Third Balkan War London
PenguinGlenny Misha 2000 The Balkans 1804ndash1999 Nationalism war and the great
powers London Granta BooksGoldgeier James M 1999 Not whether but when The US decision to enlarge
NATO Washington DC Brookings Institution PressGoldstone Richard and Carl Tham 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict interna-
tional response lessons learned oxford oxford University PressGow James 1997 Triumph of the lack of will International diplomacy and the
Yugoslav War New York Columbia University PressGow James 2003 The Serbian project and its adversaries A strategy of war crimes
London C HurstHam Peter van and Sergei Medvedev 2003 Mapping European security after
Kosovo Manchester Manchester University PressHarrison Lisa 2011 Political research An introduction New York RoutledgeHauser Gunther and Franz Kernic 2006 European security in transition
Aldershot AshgateHawton Nick 2009 The quest for Radovan Karadzic London HutchinsonHendrickson Ryan C 2006 Diplomacy and war at NATO The secretary general
and military action after the Cold War London University of Missouri PressHenriksen Dag 2007 NATOrsquos gamble Combining diplomacy and airpower in the
Kosovo crisis 1998ndash1999 Annapolis Naval Institute Press
248 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Hodge Carol 2006 Britain and the Balkans 1991 Until the present London Routledge
Holbrooke Richard 1998 To end a war New York Random HouseHosmer Stephen T 2001 The conflict over Kosovo Why Milosevic decided to settle
when he did Santa Monica Rand PublicationsHudson Kate 2003 Breaking the South-Slav dream The rise and fall of Yugoslavia
London Pluto PressHuman Rights Watch 2001 Under orders War crimes in Kosovo New York
Human Rights Watch PressHurd Douglas 2004 Memoirs London AbacusInnes Michael A 2006 Bosnian security after Dayton New perspectives London
RoutledgeJanzekovic John 2006 The use of force in humanitarian intervention Morality
and practicalities Aldershot AshgateJohnson David E 2001 Learning large lessons The evolving roles of ground power
and air power in the post Cold War era Santa Monica Rand CorporationJudah Tim 2000 The Serbs History myth and the destruction of Yugoslavia
London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2002 Kosovo War and revenge London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2008 Kosovo What everyone needs to know New York oxford
University PressJudt Tony 2005 Postwar A history of Europe since 1945 London William
HeinemannKaplan Lawrence S 2004 NATO divided NATO united The evolution of an alli-
ance London PraegerKaufman Joyce P 2002 NATO and the former Yugoslavia Crisis conflict and the
Atlantic Alliance oxford Rowman amp Littlefield PublishersKay Sean 1998 NATO and the future of European security Lanham Rowman amp
LittlefieldKerznerrsquos Harold 2009 Project management Case studies Upper Saddle River
John Wiley amp SonsKing Iain and Whit Mason 2006 Peace at any price How the world failed Kosovo
London Hurst amp CompanyKnudsen Tonny Brems and Carsten Bagge Laustsen 2006 Kosovo between war
and peace Nationalism Routledge New York Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship
Kohlmann Evan F 2006 Al-Qaidarsquos Jihad in Europe The Afghan-Bosnian net-work oxford Berg
Krstic-Brano Branislav 2004 Kosovo Facing the court of history New York Prometheus Books
Kvale Steinar 1996 Interviews An introduction to qualitative research interview-ing California Sage PublicationsThousand oaks
BIBLIoGRAPHY 249
Kvale Steinar 2007 Doing interviews London Sage PublicationsKvale Steinar 2009 Interviews Learning the craft of qualitative research inter-
viewing London Sage PublicationsLambeth Benjamin S 2001 NATOrsquos air war for Kosovo A strategic and opera-
tional assessment Arlington RAND PublicationsLampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as history Twice there was a country New York
Cambridge University PressLatawski Paul and Martin A Smith 2003 The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of a
post-Cold War European security Manchester Manchester University PressLeBor Adam 2003 Milosevic A biography London BloomsburyLeBor Adam 2006 Complicity with evil The United Nations in the age of modern
genocide London Yale University PressLeurdijk Dick A 1994 The United Nations and NATO in the former Yugoslavia
Partners in international co-operation The Hague Netherlands Atlantic Commission Netherlands Institute of International Relations lsquoClingendaelrsquo
Lindley-French Julian 2007 The North Atlantic treaty organization The endur-ing alliance London Routledge
MacKenzie Lewis 1993 Peacekeeper The road to Sarajevo Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre
Major John 2000 The autobiography London Harper CollinsMalcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A short history London PapermacMalcolm Noel 1998 Bosnia A short history London MacmillanMalcolm Noel 2002 Kosovo A short history London Pan BooksMarten Kimberly Zisk 2004 Enforcing the peace Lessons from the imperial past
New York Columbia University PressMartin Pierre and Mark R Brawley 2000 Alliance politics Kosovo and NATOrsquos
war Allied force or forced allies New York PalgraveMazower Mark 2002 The Balkans London PhoenixMelanson Richard A 2000 American foreign policy since the Vietnam War The
search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton New York ME SharpeMorland Dave and Mark Cowling 2004 Political issues for the 21st century
Aldershot AshgateMurphy Ray 2007 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational
and legal issues in practice New York Cambridge University PressNardulli Bruce R Walter L Perry Bruce Pirnie John Gordon IV and John
G McGinn 2002 Disjointed war Military operations in Kosovo 1999 Santa Monica Rand Publications
Norris John 2005 Collision course NATO Praeger London Russia and KosovoorsquoKeeffe Padraig and Ralph Riegel 2007 Hidden soldier An Irish legionnairersquos
wars from Bosnia to Iraq Dublin The orsquoBrien PressorsquoNeill William J 2002 Kosovo An unfinished peace London Lynne Rienner
Publications
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 247
Denscombe Martyn 2010 Ground rules for social research Guidelines for good practice Maidenhead open University Press
Donais Timothy 2005 The political economy of peacebuilding in post-Dayton Bosnia London Routledge
Duignan Peter 2000 NATO Its past present and future Stanford Hoover Institution Press
Engstrom Jenny 2009 Democratisation and the prevention of violent conflict Lessons learned from Bulgaria and Macedonia Farnham Ashgate
Ferguson Niall 2006 The war of the world Historyrsquos age of hatred London Penguin
Fletcher John 1995 Conducting effective interviews London Kogan PageFrey James H and Sabine Martens 1995 How to conduct interviews by telephone
and in person London Thousand oaksGallagher Tom 2003 The Balkans after the cold war From tyranny to tragedy
London RoutledgeGardner Hall and Radoskva Stefanova 2001 The new transatlantic agenda
Facing the challenges of global governance Aldershot AshgateGeorge Alexander L and Andrew Bennett 2004 Case studies and theory develop-
ment in the social sciences Cambridge Harvard University PressGlenny Misha 1996 The fall of Yugoslavia The Third Balkan War London
PenguinGlenny Misha 2000 The Balkans 1804ndash1999 Nationalism war and the great
powers London Granta BooksGoldgeier James M 1999 Not whether but when The US decision to enlarge
NATO Washington DC Brookings Institution PressGoldstone Richard and Carl Tham 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict interna-
tional response lessons learned oxford oxford University PressGow James 1997 Triumph of the lack of will International diplomacy and the
Yugoslav War New York Columbia University PressGow James 2003 The Serbian project and its adversaries A strategy of war crimes
London C HurstHam Peter van and Sergei Medvedev 2003 Mapping European security after
Kosovo Manchester Manchester University PressHarrison Lisa 2011 Political research An introduction New York RoutledgeHauser Gunther and Franz Kernic 2006 European security in transition
Aldershot AshgateHawton Nick 2009 The quest for Radovan Karadzic London HutchinsonHendrickson Ryan C 2006 Diplomacy and war at NATO The secretary general
and military action after the Cold War London University of Missouri PressHenriksen Dag 2007 NATOrsquos gamble Combining diplomacy and airpower in the
Kosovo crisis 1998ndash1999 Annapolis Naval Institute Press
248 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Hodge Carol 2006 Britain and the Balkans 1991 Until the present London Routledge
Holbrooke Richard 1998 To end a war New York Random HouseHosmer Stephen T 2001 The conflict over Kosovo Why Milosevic decided to settle
when he did Santa Monica Rand PublicationsHudson Kate 2003 Breaking the South-Slav dream The rise and fall of Yugoslavia
London Pluto PressHuman Rights Watch 2001 Under orders War crimes in Kosovo New York
Human Rights Watch PressHurd Douglas 2004 Memoirs London AbacusInnes Michael A 2006 Bosnian security after Dayton New perspectives London
RoutledgeJanzekovic John 2006 The use of force in humanitarian intervention Morality
and practicalities Aldershot AshgateJohnson David E 2001 Learning large lessons The evolving roles of ground power
and air power in the post Cold War era Santa Monica Rand CorporationJudah Tim 2000 The Serbs History myth and the destruction of Yugoslavia
London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2002 Kosovo War and revenge London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2008 Kosovo What everyone needs to know New York oxford
University PressJudt Tony 2005 Postwar A history of Europe since 1945 London William
HeinemannKaplan Lawrence S 2004 NATO divided NATO united The evolution of an alli-
ance London PraegerKaufman Joyce P 2002 NATO and the former Yugoslavia Crisis conflict and the
Atlantic Alliance oxford Rowman amp Littlefield PublishersKay Sean 1998 NATO and the future of European security Lanham Rowman amp
LittlefieldKerznerrsquos Harold 2009 Project management Case studies Upper Saddle River
John Wiley amp SonsKing Iain and Whit Mason 2006 Peace at any price How the world failed Kosovo
London Hurst amp CompanyKnudsen Tonny Brems and Carsten Bagge Laustsen 2006 Kosovo between war
and peace Nationalism Routledge New York Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship
Kohlmann Evan F 2006 Al-Qaidarsquos Jihad in Europe The Afghan-Bosnian net-work oxford Berg
Krstic-Brano Branislav 2004 Kosovo Facing the court of history New York Prometheus Books
Kvale Steinar 1996 Interviews An introduction to qualitative research interview-ing California Sage PublicationsThousand oaks
BIBLIoGRAPHY 249
Kvale Steinar 2007 Doing interviews London Sage PublicationsKvale Steinar 2009 Interviews Learning the craft of qualitative research inter-
viewing London Sage PublicationsLambeth Benjamin S 2001 NATOrsquos air war for Kosovo A strategic and opera-
tional assessment Arlington RAND PublicationsLampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as history Twice there was a country New York
Cambridge University PressLatawski Paul and Martin A Smith 2003 The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of a
post-Cold War European security Manchester Manchester University PressLeBor Adam 2003 Milosevic A biography London BloomsburyLeBor Adam 2006 Complicity with evil The United Nations in the age of modern
genocide London Yale University PressLeurdijk Dick A 1994 The United Nations and NATO in the former Yugoslavia
Partners in international co-operation The Hague Netherlands Atlantic Commission Netherlands Institute of International Relations lsquoClingendaelrsquo
Lindley-French Julian 2007 The North Atlantic treaty organization The endur-ing alliance London Routledge
MacKenzie Lewis 1993 Peacekeeper The road to Sarajevo Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre
Major John 2000 The autobiography London Harper CollinsMalcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A short history London PapermacMalcolm Noel 1998 Bosnia A short history London MacmillanMalcolm Noel 2002 Kosovo A short history London Pan BooksMarten Kimberly Zisk 2004 Enforcing the peace Lessons from the imperial past
New York Columbia University PressMartin Pierre and Mark R Brawley 2000 Alliance politics Kosovo and NATOrsquos
war Allied force or forced allies New York PalgraveMazower Mark 2002 The Balkans London PhoenixMelanson Richard A 2000 American foreign policy since the Vietnam War The
search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton New York ME SharpeMorland Dave and Mark Cowling 2004 Political issues for the 21st century
Aldershot AshgateMurphy Ray 2007 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational
and legal issues in practice New York Cambridge University PressNardulli Bruce R Walter L Perry Bruce Pirnie John Gordon IV and John
G McGinn 2002 Disjointed war Military operations in Kosovo 1999 Santa Monica Rand Publications
Norris John 2005 Collision course NATO Praeger London Russia and KosovoorsquoKeeffe Padraig and Ralph Riegel 2007 Hidden soldier An Irish legionnairersquos
wars from Bosnia to Iraq Dublin The orsquoBrien PressorsquoNeill William J 2002 Kosovo An unfinished peace London Lynne Rienner
Publications
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
248 BIBLIoGRAPHY
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Holbrooke Richard 1998 To end a war New York Random HouseHosmer Stephen T 2001 The conflict over Kosovo Why Milosevic decided to settle
when he did Santa Monica Rand PublicationsHudson Kate 2003 Breaking the South-Slav dream The rise and fall of Yugoslavia
London Pluto PressHuman Rights Watch 2001 Under orders War crimes in Kosovo New York
Human Rights Watch PressHurd Douglas 2004 Memoirs London AbacusInnes Michael A 2006 Bosnian security after Dayton New perspectives London
RoutledgeJanzekovic John 2006 The use of force in humanitarian intervention Morality
and practicalities Aldershot AshgateJohnson David E 2001 Learning large lessons The evolving roles of ground power
and air power in the post Cold War era Santa Monica Rand CorporationJudah Tim 2000 The Serbs History myth and the destruction of Yugoslavia
London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2002 Kosovo War and revenge London Yale University PressJudah Tim 2008 Kosovo What everyone needs to know New York oxford
University PressJudt Tony 2005 Postwar A history of Europe since 1945 London William
HeinemannKaplan Lawrence S 2004 NATO divided NATO united The evolution of an alli-
ance London PraegerKaufman Joyce P 2002 NATO and the former Yugoslavia Crisis conflict and the
Atlantic Alliance oxford Rowman amp Littlefield PublishersKay Sean 1998 NATO and the future of European security Lanham Rowman amp
LittlefieldKerznerrsquos Harold 2009 Project management Case studies Upper Saddle River
John Wiley amp SonsKing Iain and Whit Mason 2006 Peace at any price How the world failed Kosovo
London Hurst amp CompanyKnudsen Tonny Brems and Carsten Bagge Laustsen 2006 Kosovo between war
and peace Nationalism Routledge New York Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship
Kohlmann Evan F 2006 Al-Qaidarsquos Jihad in Europe The Afghan-Bosnian net-work oxford Berg
Krstic-Brano Branislav 2004 Kosovo Facing the court of history New York Prometheus Books
Kvale Steinar 1996 Interviews An introduction to qualitative research interview-ing California Sage PublicationsThousand oaks
BIBLIoGRAPHY 249
Kvale Steinar 2007 Doing interviews London Sage PublicationsKvale Steinar 2009 Interviews Learning the craft of qualitative research inter-
viewing London Sage PublicationsLambeth Benjamin S 2001 NATOrsquos air war for Kosovo A strategic and opera-
tional assessment Arlington RAND PublicationsLampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as history Twice there was a country New York
Cambridge University PressLatawski Paul and Martin A Smith 2003 The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of a
post-Cold War European security Manchester Manchester University PressLeBor Adam 2003 Milosevic A biography London BloomsburyLeBor Adam 2006 Complicity with evil The United Nations in the age of modern
genocide London Yale University PressLeurdijk Dick A 1994 The United Nations and NATO in the former Yugoslavia
Partners in international co-operation The Hague Netherlands Atlantic Commission Netherlands Institute of International Relations lsquoClingendaelrsquo
Lindley-French Julian 2007 The North Atlantic treaty organization The endur-ing alliance London Routledge
MacKenzie Lewis 1993 Peacekeeper The road to Sarajevo Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre
Major John 2000 The autobiography London Harper CollinsMalcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A short history London PapermacMalcolm Noel 1998 Bosnia A short history London MacmillanMalcolm Noel 2002 Kosovo A short history London Pan BooksMarten Kimberly Zisk 2004 Enforcing the peace Lessons from the imperial past
New York Columbia University PressMartin Pierre and Mark R Brawley 2000 Alliance politics Kosovo and NATOrsquos
war Allied force or forced allies New York PalgraveMazower Mark 2002 The Balkans London PhoenixMelanson Richard A 2000 American foreign policy since the Vietnam War The
search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton New York ME SharpeMorland Dave and Mark Cowling 2004 Political issues for the 21st century
Aldershot AshgateMurphy Ray 2007 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational
and legal issues in practice New York Cambridge University PressNardulli Bruce R Walter L Perry Bruce Pirnie John Gordon IV and John
G McGinn 2002 Disjointed war Military operations in Kosovo 1999 Santa Monica Rand Publications
Norris John 2005 Collision course NATO Praeger London Russia and KosovoorsquoKeeffe Padraig and Ralph Riegel 2007 Hidden soldier An Irish legionnairersquos
wars from Bosnia to Iraq Dublin The orsquoBrien PressorsquoNeill William J 2002 Kosovo An unfinished peace London Lynne Rienner
Publications
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 249
Kvale Steinar 2007 Doing interviews London Sage PublicationsKvale Steinar 2009 Interviews Learning the craft of qualitative research inter-
viewing London Sage PublicationsLambeth Benjamin S 2001 NATOrsquos air war for Kosovo A strategic and opera-
tional assessment Arlington RAND PublicationsLampe John R 2000 Yugoslavia as history Twice there was a country New York
Cambridge University PressLatawski Paul and Martin A Smith 2003 The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of a
post-Cold War European security Manchester Manchester University PressLeBor Adam 2003 Milosevic A biography London BloomsburyLeBor Adam 2006 Complicity with evil The United Nations in the age of modern
genocide London Yale University PressLeurdijk Dick A 1994 The United Nations and NATO in the former Yugoslavia
Partners in international co-operation The Hague Netherlands Atlantic Commission Netherlands Institute of International Relations lsquoClingendaelrsquo
Lindley-French Julian 2007 The North Atlantic treaty organization The endur-ing alliance London Routledge
MacKenzie Lewis 1993 Peacekeeper The road to Sarajevo Vancouver Douglas amp McIntyre
Major John 2000 The autobiography London Harper CollinsMalcolm Noel 1994 Bosnia A short history London PapermacMalcolm Noel 1998 Bosnia A short history London MacmillanMalcolm Noel 2002 Kosovo A short history London Pan BooksMarten Kimberly Zisk 2004 Enforcing the peace Lessons from the imperial past
New York Columbia University PressMartin Pierre and Mark R Brawley 2000 Alliance politics Kosovo and NATOrsquos
war Allied force or forced allies New York PalgraveMazower Mark 2002 The Balkans London PhoenixMelanson Richard A 2000 American foreign policy since the Vietnam War The
search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton New York ME SharpeMorland Dave and Mark Cowling 2004 Political issues for the 21st century
Aldershot AshgateMurphy Ray 2007 UN peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational
and legal issues in practice New York Cambridge University PressNardulli Bruce R Walter L Perry Bruce Pirnie John Gordon IV and John
G McGinn 2002 Disjointed war Military operations in Kosovo 1999 Santa Monica Rand Publications
Norris John 2005 Collision course NATO Praeger London Russia and KosovoorsquoKeeffe Padraig and Ralph Riegel 2007 Hidden soldier An Irish legionnairersquos
wars from Bosnia to Iraq Dublin The orsquoBrien PressorsquoNeill William J 2002 Kosovo An unfinished peace London Lynne Rienner
Publications
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
250 BIBLIoGRAPHY
osborn Marianne 2003 International intervention and conflict in Macedonia Causing problems claiming solutions Dublin Action from Ireland
owen David 1995 Balkan Odyssey New York Harcourt Braceowen Robert C 2000 Deliberate force A case study in effective air campaigning
Maxwell Air University PressPayne Geoff and Judy Payne 2004 Key concepts in social research London Sage
PublicationsPekar Harvey and Heather Roberson 2000 Macedonia What does it take to stop
a war New York Random HousePerritt Henry H 2008 Kosovo liberation army The inside story of an insurgency
Chicago University of Illinois PressPhillips John 2004 Macedonia Warlords amp rebels in the Balkans London
IB TaurisPower Samantha 2007 A problem from hell America and the age of genocide
London Harper PerennialPower Samantha 2008 Chasing the flame Sergio Vieira de Mello and the fight to
save the world London PenguinPunch Keith F 1998 Introduction to social research Quantitative and qualitative
approaches London Sage PublicationsRamet Sabrina P 2002 Balkan Babel The disintegration of Yugoslavia from the
death of Tito to the fall of Milosevic Cambridge Westview PressRamet Sabrina P 2005 Thinking about Yugoslavia Scholarly debates on the
Yugoslav break-up and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo New York Cambridge University Press
Ridley Jasper 1994 Tito A biography London ConstableRieff David 1995 Slaughterhouse Bosnia and the failure of the West London
VintageRipley Tim 1999 Operation deliberate force The UN and NATO campaign in
Bosnia 1995 Lancaster CDISSRogel Carol 2004 The break-up of Yugoslavia and its aftermath London
Greenwood PressRohde David 1997 A safe area Srebrenica Europersquos worst massacre since the
Second World War London Pocket BooksRose General Sir Michael 1999 Fighting for peace Lessons from Bosnia London
Warner BooksRossos Andrew 2008 Macedonia and the Macedonians A history Stanford
Hoover Institution PressRynning Sten 2005 NATO renewed The power and purpose of transatlantic co-
operation New York Palgrave MacMillanSallo Joe 2006 Safe area Gorazde The war in Eastern Bosnia 1992ndash1995 Seattle
Fantagraphics Books
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 251
Salmon Trevor C and Alistair JK Shepherd 2003 Towards a European army A military power in the making London Lynne Rienner Publications
Sandler Todd and Keith Hartley 1999 The political economy of NATO Past pres-ent and into the 21st century New York Cambridge University Press
Schimmelfennig Frank 2003 The EU NATO and the integration of Europe rules and rhetoric New York Cambridge University Press
Schmidt Gustav 2001 A history of NATO The first fifty years London PalgraveSell Louis 2002 Slobodan Milosevic and the destruction of Yugoslavia London
Duke University PressSilber Laura and Allan Little 1996 The death of Yugoslavia London PenguinSimms Brendan 2002 Unfinest hour Britain and the destruction of Bosnia
London PenguinSloan Stanley R 2005 NATO the European Union and the Atlantic community
The transatlantic bargain challenged New York Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers
Smith Martin A 2000 NATO in the first decade after the Cold War London Kluwer Academic Publishers
Smith Martin A 2005 Russia and NATO Since 1991 From Cold War through cold peace to partnership New York Routledge
Smith Martin A 2006 Where is NATO going New York RoutledgeSmith General Sir Rupert 2006 The utility of force The art of war in the modern
world London PenguinSperling James 1999 Two tiers or two speeds The European security order and the
enlargement of the European Union and NATO New York St Martinrsquos PressSperling James Sean Kay and Papacosma S Victor 2003 Limiting institutions
The challenge of Eurasian security governance New York Manchester University Press
Stevanovic Vidosav 2004 Milosevic The peoplersquos tyrant London IB Tauris Publications
Stuart Mark 1998 Douglas Hurd The public servant Edinburgh Mainstream Publishing
Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A nation forged in war London Yale University Press
Thatcher Margaret 2003 Statecraft Strategies for a changing world London Harper Collins
The Aspen InstituteCarnegie Endowment for International Peace 1996 Unfinished peace Report of the international commission on the Balkans Washington DC Brookings Institution Press
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo 2000 The Kosovo report Conflict International Response Lessons Learned oxford University Press New York
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
252 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Touval Saadia 2002 Mediation in the Yugoslav wars The critical years 1990ndash95 London Palgrave
Trevers Max 2001 Qualitative research through case studies London Sage Publications
Waller Michael Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay 2001 Kosovo The politics of delusion London Frank Cass
Waltz Kenneth 1979 Theory of international politics New York McGraw HillWentz Larry 2002 Lessons from Bosnia The IFOR experience Honolulu
University Press of the PacificWeymouth Tony and Stanley Henig 2001 The Kosovo crisis The last American
War in Europe London Pearson EducationWilliams Michael C 2007 Culture and security Symbolic power and the politics of
international security London RoutledgeWolfe-Murray Rupert 1997 The road to peace NATO and the international com-
munity in Bosnia Edinburgh ConnectWoodward Susan L 1995 Balkan tragedy Chaos and dissolution after the Cold
War Washington DC The Brookings InstitutionWyllie James H 1997 European security in the new political environment
New York LongmanYost David S 2001 NATO transformed The alliancersquos new roles in international
security Washington DC United States Institute of Peace Press
Section B officiAl unnAtoeuoSceWeu documentS And intervieWS
Part A NATO Official Documents 1990ndash95
AFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation deliberate force pp 1ndash8 httpwwwafsouthnatointfactsheetsDeliberateForceFactSheethtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 22ndash23 May 1990 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900523ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608ahtm
NATo official Documents Message from Turnberry Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council Turnberry 7ndash8 June 1990 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900608bhtm
NATo official Documents London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council North Atlantic Council London 5ndash6 July 1990 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c900706ahtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 253
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 17ndash18 December 1990 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c901218ahtm
NATo official Documents Partnerships with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session) North Atlantic Council Copenhagen 7 June 1991 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocubasictxtb910607ahtm
NATo official Documents The Alliancersquos New Strategic Concept North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911107ahtm
NATo official Documents Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Rome 8 November 1991 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in Yugoslavia Press Release North Atlantic Council Rome 7ndash8 November 1991 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c911108bhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute of the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council oslo 4 June 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_23983htm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council oslo 5 June 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920605ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on NATO Maritime Operations (1) North Atlantic Council Helsinki 10 July 1992 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c920710ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Monitor pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Headquarters Allied Rapid Reaction Corps pp 1ndash44 httpwwwarrcnatointARRChtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Sky Monitor As of the 11th April 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointfact-sheetsoperationSkyMonitorhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Nuclear Planning Group Gleneagles 21 october 1992 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921021ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets NATO Operation Maritime Guard pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouth natointFACTSHEETSoperation MaritimeGuardhtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Brussels 11 December 1992 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921211ahtm
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
254 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Brussels 17 December 1992 pp 1ndash2 httpwwnatointdocucomm 49ndash95c921217ahtm
NATo official Docu mentsNATo official Speeches Albanian Parliament Speech by the Secretary General Tirana 19 March 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930319bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of Defence Ministers Press Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Brussels 29 March 1993 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930329ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Deny Flight pp 1ndash6 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdenyflightDenyFlightFactSheethtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Discours Du Secretaire General Au Forum Du Futur Paris Avril 1993 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930426ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa Rome 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930510ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by Secretary General to International Press Institute Venice 10 May 1993 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeechs930519ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Press Communiqueacute Defence Planning Committee Nuclear Planning Committee Brussels 26 May 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930526ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Opening Statement by the Secretary General to the NAC Ministerial in Athens Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute North Atlantic Council Athens 10 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointcomm49ndash95c930610ahtm
NATo official Documents Report to the Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation and Peacekeeping North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council North Atlantic Cooperation Council Athens 11 June 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930611ahtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Operation Sharp Guard pp 1ndash14 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsSharpGuardSharpGuard FactSheethtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 255
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs to CSCE Parliamentary Session Helsinki 8ndash9 July 1993 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930708ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by the Secretary General North Atlantic Council Brussels 2th August 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c930802ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner to the IISS in Brussels Brussels 10 September 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s930910ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches A New NATO for a New Era Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the National Press Club Washington DC 6 october 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931006ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches NATO A Changing Alliance for a Changing World Speech by the Secretary General of NATO Mr Manfred Woumlrner at the Foreign Policy Association New York 7 october 1993 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931007ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at Inaugural Conference of the Atlantic Council of the United Kingdom London 26 November 1993 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931126ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches Speech by the Secretary General at the WEU Assembly Brussels 29 November 1993 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931129ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Council Opening Statement by the chairman Brussels 2 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931202ahtm
NATo official DocumentsNATo official Speeches North Atlantic Cooperation Council Opening Statement by the Chairman Brussels 3 December 1993 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1993s931203ahtm
NATo official Documents Declaration of the Heads of State and Government North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 January 1994 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940111ahtm
NATo official Documents Decisions taken at the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 9 February 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940209ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Secretary General to the Press Following Expiry of Deadline for Withdrawal of Heavy Weapons from in and Around Sarajevo Brussels 21 February 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash021htm
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
256 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Decisions on the Protection of Safe Areas North Atlantic Council Brussels 22 April 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940422bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement Issued at the Meeting of the Defence Ministers at NATO Headquarters Brussels 25 May 1994 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940525ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic CouncilNorth Atlantic Cooperation Council Istanbul 10 June 1994 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c940610bhtm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Concerning Proposals of the Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers Brussels 11 July 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c94071ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Conduct Air Strikes at Request of UNPROFOR Brussels 5 August 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash064htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Bosnian Serb Tank Brussels 22 September 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash090htm
NATo official Documents Press Statement Issued Jointly by UN and NATO Brussels 28 october 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash103htm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes on Announcement of Limitations to US Participation in Operation Sharp Guard Brussels 11 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash107htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Attack Udbina Airfield Brussels 21 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash110htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash111 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash111htm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash112 Brussels 23 November 1994 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash112htm
NATo official Documents Decisions of the North Atlantic Council in Permanent Session Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941124ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Release (94)ndash114 Brussels 24 November 1994 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1994p94ndash114htm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Issued at the Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 1 December 1994 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c941201ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 21 February 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash016htm
NATo official Documents NATO Airstrikes Again in Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 26 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash053htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 257
NATo official Documents Communiqueacute Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 27 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash055htm
NATo official Documents Statement on the Situation in Former Yugoslavia North Atlantic Council Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocucomm49ndash95c950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Opening Statement to the NAC Noordwijk 30 May 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s950530ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by NATO Spokesman Following NAC Brussels 28 June 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p195ndash267htm
NATo official Documents NATO Aircraft Provide Close Air Support in Srebrenica Area Brussels 11 July 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash068htm
NATo official Documents Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 12 July 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash069htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 30August 1995 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash073htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General of NATO Brussels 5 September 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash079htm
NATo official Documents Joint Statement by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels 14 September 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash085htm
NATo official Documents Address by Mr Willy Claes Secretary General of NATO Washington DC 4 october 1995 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951004ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly Turin 9 october 1995 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1995s951009ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Permanent Representatives of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 20 october 1995 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95-098htm
Part B NATOUN Official Documents Related to the IFOR and SFOR Missions in Bosnia (1995ndash2004)
Lt Anne-Claude Guoy lsquoFrom Dayton to Brusselsrsquo SFOR Informer Online Edition 154 19 December 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRindexinf154p04at02p04ahtm
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
258 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NAToIFoR official Documents The General Framework Agreement pp 1ndash17 httpwwwnatointIforgfagfa-an1ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents History of the NATO-led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointSFoRdocud981116ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Operation Harvest pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetharvestt040202ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Clearance pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmindest0016ehtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Multinational Specialized Unit pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRfactsheetmsut040809ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 12 September 1997 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans1997t970192ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t010927ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 2 october 2001 pp1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2001t011002ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Transcript Joint Press Conference Sarajevo 5 March 2002 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2002t020305ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR conducts PIFWC Operation in Pale 1 April 2004 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040401ahtm
NAToSFoR official Documents SFOR Denies Groundless Accusations 7 April 2004 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointSFoRtrans2004p040407ahtm
NATo official Documents Istanbul Summit Communiqueacute Istanbul 28 June 2004 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_text_21023htm
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia Herzegovina Brussels 5 December 1995 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1995p95ndash 119htm
NATo official Documents Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_52122htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocufacts2000role-bihhtm
NATo official Handbook The Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF) Concept pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb1204htm
NATo official Documents Admiral Leighton Smith is honoured with the NATO medal Brussels 17 July 1996 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointcpsen natolivenews_24897htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 259
NATo official Documents Statement on Bosnia and Herzegovina Brussels 10 December 1996 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_25055htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1031 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3607th Meeting New York 15 December 1995 pp 1ndash6 http daccess-dds-ny-unorgdocUNDoCGenN9540526PDF N9540526pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution 1088 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3723rd Meeting New York 12 December 1996 pp 1ndash7 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGenN9702619PDFN9702619pdf
Part C Official NATO Documents on the Kosovo Conflict (1998ndash99)
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 5 March 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointprp98-029ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash061ehtm
NATo official Document Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Luxembourg 28 May 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash059ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash071ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 11 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash077ehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminDetermin1htm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Exercise Determined Falcon Participating Forces 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminfactsheehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Release 9815 Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminreleasehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Press Briefing Exercise Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwafsouthnatointoperationsdeterminbrief1htm
NATo official Documents Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision Vilamoura 24 September 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p980924ehtm
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
260 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by the Secretary General following decision on the ACTORD Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by Secretary General Dr Javier Solana Brussels 13 october 1998 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981013bhtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Spokesman Brussels 16 october 1998 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1998s981016ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p98ndash143ehtm
NATo official Documents Final Communiqueacute Ministerial Meeting of North Atlantic Council Brussels 8 December 1998 pp 1ndash7 httpwwwnatointdocupr1998p981208ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Kofi Annan Secretary General of the United Nations Brussels 28 January 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990128ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement to the Press by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 30 January 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990130ahtm
NATo official Documents Speech by Dr Javier Solana NATO Secretary General The Instituto De Defesa Nacional Portugal 12 March 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990312ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Statement by Dr Javier Solana Secretary-General of NATO Brussels 23 March 1999 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-040ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by Jamie Shea NATO Spokesman on 3 Missing US Soldiers Brussels 1 April 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990401ahtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the UK Foreign Secretary Mr Robin Cook Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by NATO Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990412ahtm
NATo official Documents The Situation in and Around Kosovo Brussels 12 April 1999 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99-051ehtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by the Head of UNHCR Mrs Ogata and Secretary General Javier Solana Brussels 14 April 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990414bhtm
NATo official Documents Press Conference by Brigadier General Daniel P Leaf Brussels 19 April 1999 pp 1ndash10 httpwwwnatointkosovopressp990419bhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 261
NATo official Documents Press Conference Given by NATO Secretary General Mr Javier Solana and the British Prime Minister Mr Tony Blair Brussels 20 April 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990420ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement on Kosovo Washington 23 April 1999 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p99ndash062ehtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of the Press Conference by the Secretary General of NATO Javier Solana Brussels 28 April 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990428ahtm
NATo official Documents Transcript of Press Conference Given by Klaus Naumann Chairman of the Military Committee Brussels 4 May 1999 pp 1ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocuspeech1999s990504chtm
Part D UNNATO Official Documents Related to the KFOR Mission in Kosovo Since 1999
Allied Command operations Kosovo Force Facts and Figures pp 1ndash1 httpwwwaconatointkforlibraryfacts-figuresaspx
NAToARRC official Documents The ARRC Brochure IFORKFOR pp 1ndash1 httpwwwarrcnatointbrochureoperationshtm
NAToKFoR official Documents Conflict Background pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocuaboutbackgroundhtml
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_48818htm
NAToKFoR official Documents NATOrsquos Role in Kosovo Military Technical Agreement 9 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointkosovodocua9900609ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana on Suspension of Air Operations 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr1999p98ndash093ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Enlargement pp 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointcpsnatolivetopics_49212htm
NATo official Documents Agreed Points on Russian Participation in KFOR (Helsinki Agreement) 18 June 1999 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointkfordocudocspdfhelsinkipdf
NATo official Documents Undertaking of Demilitarisation and Transformation by the UCK 20 June 1999 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointKFoRdocudoc-spdfuckpdf
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General Regarding the Return of Yugoslav and Serbian Forces to the Ground Safety Zone 24 May 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash074ehtm
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
262 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents NATO Handbook Human Rights Violations in the Kosovo Area and KFOR Assistance for Humanitarian Causes pp 1ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocuhandbook2001hb050305htm
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with Georgia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointcpsennatolivetopics_38988htm
NATo official Documents First NATO Press Conference by Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen Brussels 3 August 2009 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveopionions_56776htm
UN Security Council official Documents Resolution (1244) 1999 Adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th Meeting New York 10 June 1999 pp 1ndash8 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN9917289PDFN9917289pdf
UN Security Council official Documents Report of the Secretary General on the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo New York 30 April 2004 pp 1ndash19 httpdaccess-dds-nyunorgdocUNDoCGENN0433180INGN0433180pdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2005635 lsquoLetter Dated 7th october 2005 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Annex A Comprehensive Review of the Situation in Kosovo New York 7 october 2005 pp 1ndash23 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefKaiEidereportpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168Add 1 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Addendum Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash61 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefComprehensive_proposal-englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents S2007168 lsquoLetter Dated 26th March 2007 from the Secretary General addressed to the President of the Security Councilrsquo Report of the Special Envoy on Kosovorsquos future status New York 26 March 2007 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunosekorgdocrefreport- englishpdf
UN Security Council official Documents Statement issued on the 20th July 2007 by Belgium France Germany Italy United Kingdom and the United States of America co-sponsors of the draft resolution on Kosovo presented to the UNSC on the 17th July New York 17 July 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunosekorgunosekendocrefhtml
UNMIK official Documents Kosovo in February 2008 pp 1ndash9 httpwwwunmikonlineorgdocs2008Fact_Sheet_feb_2008pdf
Part E Official NATOUN Documents Related to the Instabilities in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001ndash03)
NATo official Documents NATOrsquos Relations with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointissuesnato_fyromindexhtm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 263
NATo official Documents Secretary Generalrsquos Statement on North Atlantic Council Measures for Southern Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Brussels 8 March 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash035ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Further Measures to Reinforce Security in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 21 March 2001 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010319index-ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO Ambassadors on Third Visit to the Balkans 3 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010402e403ahtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary General 29 April 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash053ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Skopje Requests NATO Assistance 20 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010618e0620ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update NATO prepares for possible operation to disarm ethnic Albanian armed groups 27 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0627ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO Update Operational Plan Essential Harvest Approved 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocuupdate20010625e0629ehtm
NATo official Documents NATO mission in Macedonia will not be pro-Albanian or pro-Macedonian 29 June 2001 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocuarti-cles2001a010629ahtm
NATo official Documents NATO authorises the deployment of Headquarters of Task Force Harvest 15 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash112ehtm
NATo official Documents Statement from the NATO Spokesman 22 August 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash116ehtm
NATo official Documents Operation Essential Harvest (Task Force Harvest) 27th August-26th September 2001 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtfhhomehtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash3 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsSkopjeharvesthtm
NATo official DocumentsAFSoUTH Fact Sheets Task Force Harvest ndash Achievements pp 1ndash1 httpwwwafsouthnatointarchivesoperationsskopjeACHIEVEMENTShtm
NATo official Documents Essential Harvest Task Force Harvest Mission pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnhqsnatointmissionsessentialHarvesttfhhtm
NATo official Documents Press Briefing held on the 27th August 2001 at the NATO Press Centre in Skopje pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointfyromtfh2001t010827ahtm
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox 27 September 2001 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2001p01ndash133ehtm
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
264 BIBLIoGRAPHY
NATo official Documents Operation Amber Fox (Task Force Fox) 27th September 2001ndash15th December 2002 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointfyromtffhomehtm
NATo official Documents Statement by the NATO Secretary-General Lord Robertson NATo Headquarters Brussels 20 February 2002 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwnatointdocupr2002p02ndash020ehtm
NATo official Documents Bucharest Summit Declaration Bucharest 3 April 2008 pp 1ndash5 httpwwwnatointcpsennatoliveofficial_texts_8443htm
UN official Documents Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General Europe pp 1ndash1 httpwwwunorgenpeacekeepingsitessrsgeuropehtm
Part F Official EU Documents on the Former Yugoslav Republic of Kosovo and Macedonia
EU official Documents Transcript of the speeches held at the European Welcoming Ceremony on the 31st March 2003 Skopje 31 March 2003 pp 1ndash4 httpwwwconsiliumeuropaeuuedocscmsUploadSpeech200f20Robertsonpdf
European Union official Documents European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo Basic Facts pp 1ndash1 httpwwweulex-kosovoeudocsinfobasicBasic-Engjpg
Part G Official NATO Documents on Montenegro
NATo official Documents Alliance invites Montenegro to start accession talks to become member of NATO Brussels 2 December 2015 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwnatointcpsennatohqnews_125370htm
Part H Official OSCEUNHCR Documents on Bosnia and Kosovo
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europeoffice for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ndash Elections official Reports Bosnia and Herzegovina pp 1ndash1 httpwwwosceorgodihr-elections14354html
organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe official reports The Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina 14th September 1996 ndash Preliminary Statement of the Co-ordinator for International Monitoring (CIM) pp 1ndash7 httpwwwosce orgodihr1996101195_enpdf
UNHCRoSCE official Reports Third Assessment of the situation of ethnic minorities in Kosovo 3 November 1999 pp 1ndash6 httpwwwunhcrorgprint3c3c242f4htm
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 265
Part I Official Western European Union Documents
European Security and Defence AssemblyAssembly of Western European Union official Documents Assembly Fact Sheet No 14 ndash The EU-NATO Berlin Plus agreements pp 1ndash2 httpwwwassemblyweuorgendocumentsFact20sheets14E_Fact_Sheet_Berlin_Pluspdf
Part J Official NATO HQ Sarajevo Documents
NATo HQ Sarajevo official Documents Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos Path Towards NATO ndash Anders Fogh Rasmussen Secretary General of NATO NATo Headquarters Brussels 26 July 2010 pp1ndash2 httpnhqsnatointsa articles2010sa_art_10_10html
Part KNATO Review Articles Used For Primary Research
Bertram Christoph 1994 Manfred Woumlrner From politician to statesman NATO Review 42(5) 31ndash35 httpwwwnatointdocureview19949405ndash8htm
Bildt Carl 1996 Implementing the civilian tasks of the Bosnian peace agreement NATO Review 44(5) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969605ndash1htm
Freedman Lawrence 1995 Bosnia Does peace support make any sense NATO Review 43(6) 19ndash23 httpwwwnatointdocureview19959506ndash1htm
Hendrickson Ryan C 2005 Crossing the Rubicon NATO Review autumn 1ndash4 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issuesgraphicscontents13-his-1bj
Joulwan General George A 1996 SHAPE and IFoR Adapting to the needs of tomorrow NATO Review 44(2) 6ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969602ndash2htm
Locher 111 James R and Michael Donley 2004 Military matters Reforming Bosnia and Herzegovinarsquos defence institutions NATO Review winter pp 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue4englishmilitaryhtml
Lubkemeier Eckhard 1991 The political upheaval in Europe and the reform of NATo strategy NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919103ndash4htm
Moltke Gebhardt von 1997 Accession of new members to the alliance What are the next steps NATO Review 45(4) 4ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview19979704ndash2htm
ogata Sadako 1996 UNHCR in Bosnia An uphill struggle 11 months after Dayton NATO Review 44(6) 17ndash19 httpwwwnatointdocureview19969606ndash4htm
Parish Jonathan 2005 Remaining relevant NATO Review spring 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2005issue1englishart1html
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
266 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Pinheiro Joao de Deus 1991 The European security architecture Transatlantic links remain indispensible NATO Review 39(1) 11ndash14 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash02htm
Sundberg Kaj 1991 The new European security architecture A Swedish perspec-tive NATO Review 39(3) 12ndash16 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash3htm
Solana Javier 1996 NATorsquos role in Bosnia Charting a new course for the alli-ance NATO Review 44(2) 3ndash6 httpwwwnatointdocureview1996 9602ndash1htm
Taft IV William H 1991 European security Lessons learned from the Gulf War NATO Review 39(3) 16ndash21 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9103ndash2htm
Valasek Tomas 2004 The meaning of enlargement NATO Review summer 1ndash3 httpwwwnatointdocureview2004issue2englishmainhtm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 The Atlantic alliance in the new era NATO Review 39(1) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview19919101ndash01htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1991 NATo transformed The significance of the Rome Summit NATO Review 39(6) 3ndash8 httpwwwnatointdocureview1991 9106ndash1htm
Woumlrner Manfred 1992 A vigorous alliance A motor for peaceful change in Europe NATO Review 40(6) 1ndash9 httpwwwnatointdocureview1992 9206ndash1htm
Part L NATO ISAF Documents
NAToISAF official Documents International Security Assistance Force(ISAF) Key Facts and Figures pp 1ndash4 httpwwwisafnatointimagesstoriesFilePlacemats320Feb20201120Placemat- REVISEDpdf
Part M Official Government Documents
Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs official Documents The Participation of the Republic of Macedonia in Peace Operations pp 1ndash2 httpwwwmfagovmkdefault1aspxItemID=313
President of Kosovo official Documents President Atifete Jahjaga pp 1ndash1 httpwwwpresident-ksgovnet
Part N Primary Interviews Conducted
Email correspondence with Dr Robert Hunter US Ambassador to NATo 1993ndash1998 25 May 2010
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 267
Interview with Lord Hurd of Westwell British Foreign Secretary 1989ndash1995 House of Lords London 26 April 2006
Interview with Mr Joaquin Molina Martinez-Lozano Crisis Management Policy Section operations Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Mr Steffen Elgersma Political Administrator for Euro-Atlantic Partners Integration and Partnership Directorate Political Affairs and Security Policy Division NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Interview with Dr Jamie Shea Deputy Assistant Secretary-General for Emerging Security Challenges NATo Headquarters Brussels 9 July 2010
Section c generAl ScholArly reSeArch ArticleS And JournAlS uSed
Aguirre Mariano and Fischer Penny 1992 Discriminate intervention Defining NATo for thersquo90s Middle East Report No 177 JulyAugust pp 28ndash33
Anderson Jack 2000 Kosovo and the legality of NATorsquos actions Irish Studies in International Affairs 11 31ndash39
Art Robert J 1998 Creating a disaster NATorsquos open door policy Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 383ndash403
Banac Ivo 1992 The fearful asymmetry of war The causes and consequences of Yugoslaviarsquos demise Daedalus 121(2) 141ndash174
Banks William C and Jeffrey D Straussman 1999 A new imperial presidency Insights from US involvement in Bosnia Political Science Quarterly 114(2) 195ndash217
Baros Miroslav 2001 The UN response to the Yugoslav crisis Turing the UN charter on its head International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash63
Barschdorff Peter 1998 Can NATo deliver SAIS Review The Johns Hopkins University Press 18(2) 185ndash206
Bildt Carl 2000 Force and diplomacy Survival 42(1) 20ndash30Blumi Isa 2001 Kosova From the brink ndash And back again Current History
100(649) 369ndash374Bolton John R 2001 United States policy on United Nations peacekeeping
Case studies in the Congo Sierra Leone Ethiopia-Eritrea Kosovo and East Timor World Affairs 163(winter) 129ndash147
Borawski John 1995 Partnership for peace and beyond International Affairs 71(2) 233ndash246
Boyle Alan 2000 Kosovo House of commons Foreign Affairs Committee 4th Report June 2000 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 876ndash877
Byman Daniel and Matthew C Waxman 2000 Kosovo and the great air power debate International Security 24(4) 5ndash38
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
268 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Caplan Richard 1998 International diplomacy and the crisis in Kosovo International Affairs 74(4) 745ndash761
Ceku Agim 2001 The Kosova protection corps RUSI 146(2) 25ndash27Chavez Jonathan 2003 Pleading the fifth Adopting NATorsquos Article V Harvard
International Review 24(4) 8ndash9Chivvis Christopher S 2008 The making of Macedonia Survival 50(2)
141ndash162Chivvis Christopher S 2010 Back to the brink in Bosnia Survival 52(1) 97ndash110Cigar Norman 1993 The Serbo-Croatian War 1991 Political and military
dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16(3) 297ndash338Clarke Jonathan 1993ndash1994 Replacing NATo Foreign Policy No 93 winter
pp 22ndash40Cottey Andrew 2009 The Kosovo War in perspective International Affairs
85(3) 593ndash608Croft Stuart Joylon Howorth Terry Terriff and Mark Webber 2000 NATorsquos
triple challenge International Affairs 76(3) 495ndash518Cross Sharyl 2002 Russia and NATo toward the twenty-first century Conflicts
and peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15(2) 1ndash58
Daalder Ivo H and orsquoHanlon Michael E 1999 Unlearning the lessons of Kosovo Foreign Policy No 116 autumn pp 128ndash140
Day Graham 2000 The training dimension of the UN mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) International Peacekeeping 7(2) 155ndash168
Doder Dusko 1993 Yugoslavia New war old hatreds Foreign Policy No 91 summer pp 3ndash33
Duffield John S 1994ndash1995 NATorsquos functions after the Cold War Political Science Quarterly 109(5) 763ndash787 winter 1994ndash1995
Egan Patrick T 2001 The Kosovo intervention and collective self-defence International Peacekeeping 8(3) 39ndash58
Eldridge Justin C 2002 Playing at peace Western politics diplomacy and the stabilization of Macedonia European Security 11(3) 46ndash90
Evans-Kent Bronwyn and Roland Bleiker 2003 Peace beyond the State NGorsquos [nongovernmental organizations] in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 10(1) 103ndash119
Eyal Jonathan 1997 NATorsquos enlargement Anatomy of a decision International Affairs 73(4) 695ndash717
Falk Richard A 1999 Kosovo world order and the future of international law The American Journal of International Law 93(4) 847ndash857
Forage Paul C 2002 Bombs for peace A comparative study of the use of air power in the Balkans Armed Forces amp Society 28(2) 211ndash232
Freedman Lawrence 1994ndash1995 Why the West failed Foreign Policy No 97 winter pp 53ndash69
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 269
Ganser Daniele 2005 Terrorism in Western Europe An approach to NATorsquos secret stay-behind armies The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations VI(1) 69ndash95
Gillard Steve 2001 Winning the peace Youth identity and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina International Peacekeeping 8(1) 77ndash98
Goldstein Joshua and Jon C Pevehouse 1997 Reciprocity bullying and inter-national cooperation Time-series analysis of the Bosnian conflict American Political Science Review 91(3) 515ndash529
Gompert David 1994 How to defeat Serbia Foreign Affairs 73(4) 30ndash41Greenwood Christopher 2000 International law and the NATo intervention in
Kosovo The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 926ndash934Hadzic Miroslav 2000 Kosovo and the security stabilization of South-East
Europe International Peacekeeping 7(2) 83ndash94Hasenauer Heike 2003 Return to Kosovo Soldiers 58(1) 32ndash39Hendrickson Ryan C 2002 NATorsquos secretary general Javier Solana and the
Kosovo crisis Journal of International Relations and Development 5(3) 240ndash257
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004a Leadership at NATo Secretary general Manfred Woumlrner and the crisis in Bosnia The Journal of Strategic Studies 27(3) 508ndash527
Hendrickson Ryan C 2004b NATorsquos secretary general and the use of force Willy Claes and the air strikes in Bosnia Armed Forces amp Society 31(1) 95ndash117
Hislope Robert 2003 Between a bad peace and a good war Insights and lessons from the almost war in Macedonia Ethical and Racial Studies 26(1) 129ndash151
Hodge Carl C 2001 Woodrow Wilson in our time NATorsquos goals in Kosovo Parameters 31(1) 125ndash135
Howe Jonathan T 1991 NATo and the Gulf crisis Survival 33(3) 246ndash259 Hylton Judy S 2002 Security sector reform BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina]
federation ministry of the interior International Peacekeeping 9(1) 153ndash164Jentleson Bruce W and Rebecca L Britton 1998 Still pretty prudent Post Cold
War American public opinion on the use of military force Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4) 395ndash418
Job Cvijeto 1993 Yugoslaviarsquos ethnic furies Foreign Policy 92 52ndash74Johansson Eva and Gerry Larsson 2001 Swedish peacekeepers in Bosnia and
Herzegovina A quantitative analysis International Peacekeeping 8(1) 44ndash76Kaiser Karl 1996 Reforming NATo Foreign Policy No 103 summer
pp 128ndash143Kamp Karl-Heinz 1995 The folly of rapid NATo expansion Foreign Policy No
98 spring pp 116ndash129Karajkov Risto 2008 Macedoniarsquos 2001 ethnic war offsetting conflict What
could have been done but was not Conflict Security and Development 8(4) 451ndash490
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
270 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Kiehl William P 2001 Peacekeeper or occupier US experience with information operations in the Balkans International Peacekeeping 8(4) 136ndash146
Knezevic G 2003 A Yugoslav Iraq-gate How the Serbian eagle flew to help Saddam Bosnia Report No 32ndash34 JulyndashDecember pp 1ndash3
Lake Daniel R 2009 The limits of coercive airpower NATorsquos ldquovictoryrdquo in Kosovo revisited International Security 34(1) 83ndash112
Leurdijk Dick A 1997 Before and after Dayton The UN and NATo in the for-mer Yugoslavia Third World Quarterly 18(3) 457ndash470
Li Darryl 2000 Anatomy of a Balkan Massacre The failure of international peacekeeping at Srebrenica Harvard International Review 22(3) 34ndash37
Liotta PH and Cindy R Jebb 2002 Macedonia End of the beginning or beginning of the end Parameters 32(1) 96ndash111
Lowe Vaughan 2000 International legal issues arising in the Kosovo crisis The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49(4) 934ndash943
Lyon Alynna J 2005 Beyond Rwanda and Kosovo The interactive dynamic of inter-national peacekeeping and ethnic mobilisation Global Security 19(3) 267ndash288
Lytle Pauline Franklin 1992 US policy towards the demise of Yugoslavia The ldquovirusrdquo of nationalism East European Politics and Studies 6(3) 308ndash318
Mansson Katarina 2001 Cooperation in human rights Experiences from the peace operation in Kosovo International Peacekeeping 8(4) 111ndash136
Mileham Patrick 2001 But will they fight and will they die International Affairs 77(3) 621ndash629
Mockaitis Thomas R 2005 Reluctant partners Civil-military cooperation in Kosovo Small Wars and Insurgencies 15(2) 38ndash69
Monaco Annalisa 2003 operation Concordia and Berlin Plus NATo and the EU take stock ISIS Europe 5(8) 1ndash3
Mulchinock Niall 2013 Further European Assistance Necessary to Serbiarsquos EU Membership 19th August 2013 pp 1-1
Mullerson Rein 1998 NATo enlargement and the NATo-Russia Founding Act The interplay of law and politics International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 192ndash204
Naarda Gregory L and Jeffrey B Locke 2004 Peacekeeping and prosecutorial policy Lessons from Kosovo American Journal of International Law 98(4) 727ndash744
orsquoConnell Mary Ellen 2000 The UN NATo and international law after Kosovo Human Rights Quarterly 22(1) 57ndash89
ozerdem Alpaslan 2004 Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants Development in Practice 14(3) 440ndash444
Papacosma S Victor 1996 NATo in the post-Cold War Balkans Journal of Political and Military Sociology 24 233ndash252
Papayoanou Paul A 1997 Intra-alliance bargaining and US Bosnia policy The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1) 91ndash116
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 271
Perry Duncan 2001 Macedonia Melting pot or meltdown Current History 100(649) 362ndash368
Pfaff William 1993 Invitation to war Foreign Affairs 72(3) 99ndash109Posen Barry R 2000 The war for Kosovo Serbiarsquos political military strategy
International Security 24(4) 39ndash84Prawdzik Christopher 2003 Enduring commitment National Guard 57(1) 24ndash28Ramet Sabrina P 1992 War in the Balkans Foreign Affairs 71(4) 79ndash98Ramet Sabrina P 1993ndash1994 The Yugoslav crisis and the West Avoiding
ldquoVietnamrdquo and blundering into ldquoAbyssiniardquo East European Politics and Studies Vol 8 No 1 winter 1993ndash1994 pp 189ndash219
Rohde David 2000 Kosovo seething Foreign Affairs 79(3) 65ndash79Russett Bruce and Allan C Stam 1998 Courting disaster An expanded NATo
vs Russia and China Political Science Quarterly 113(3) 361ndash382Sanz Timothy 1992 The Yugoslav conflict Review of the literature European
Security 1(3) 427ndash441Schaer James A 1996 Bosniarsquos Post-Dayton Traumas Foreign Policy No 104
autumn pp 86ndash101Schulte Gregory L 1997 Former Yugoslavia and the new NATo Survival
39(1) 19ndash42Schwabach Aaron 2003 Kosovo Virtual war and international law Law and
Literature 15(1) 1ndash21Sharp Jane Mo 1997ndash1998 Dayton report card International Security Vol
22 No 3 winter pp 101ndash137Siegel Adam B 2001 Associating development projects with military operations
Lessons from NATorsquoS first year in BiH [Bosnia and Herzegovina] International Peacekeeping 8(3) 99ndash114
Sloan Stanley R 1995 US perspectives on NATorsquos future International Affairs 71(2) 217ndash231
Smith Dan 2002 Europersquos peacebuilding hour Past failures future challenges Journal of International Affairs 55(2) 441ndash460
Smoljan Jelena Socio-economic aspects of peacebuilding UNTAES [United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia] and the organization of employment in Eastern Slavonia International Peacekeeping 10(2) 27ndash50
Sobel Richard 1998 Trends United States intervention in Bosnia Public Opinion Quarterly 62(2) 250ndash278
Solana Javier 1999 NATorsquos success in Kosovo Foreign Affairs 78(6) 114ndash120Steele Dennis 2002a The US Army in the Balkans FoB [forward operating
base] Connor ndash on the dark side of Bosnia Army 52(9) 32ndash33Steele Dennis 2002b The US Army in the Balkans Forgotten fronts forgotten
heroes Army 52(9) 22ndash25Steele Dennis 2002c The US Army in the Balkans Keeping watch on Kosovo
Army 52(9) 34ndash37
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
272 BIBLIoGRAPHY
Steele Dennis 2002d The US Army in the Balkans Rapid guardian ndash Testing the gig stick Army 52(9) 26ndash26
Steele Dennis 2002e The US Army in the Balkans Training ndash Keeping the peace while preparing for war Army 52(9) 38ndash40
Stigler Andrew L 2002ndash2003 A clear victory for airpower NATorsquos empty threat to invade Kosovo International Security 27(3) 124ndash157 winter
Tiron Roxana 2003a Peacekeeping in Kosovo No tanks required National Defence 87(591) 46ndash47
Tiron Roxana 2003b NATo units in Kosovo predict mission could last a decade National Defence 87(592) 26ndash28
Tripodi Paolo 2002 operation Alba A necessary and successful preventive deployment International Peacekeeping 9(4) 89ndash104
Vulliamy Ed 1998 Bosnia The crime of appeasement International Affairs 74(1) 73ndash91 January
Wallender Celeste A 2000 Institutional assets and adaptability NATo after the Cold War International Organization 54(4) 705ndash735
Walsh James I 2006 Policy failure and policy change British security policy after the Cold War Comparative Political Studies 39(4) 490ndash518
Ward Benjamin 2000 The failure to protect minorities in post-War Kosovo Helsinki Monitor 11(1) 37ndash47
Weller Marc 1999 The Rambouillet conference on Kosovo International Affairs 75(2) 211ndash251
Western Jon 2002 Sources of humanitarian intervention Beliefs information and advocacy in the US decisions on Somalia and Bosnia International Security 26(4) 112ndash142
Wilson Jeremy M 2006 Law and order in an emerging democracy Lessons from the reconstruction of Kosovorsquos police and justice system Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605 152ndash177
Woodliffe John 1998 The evolution of a new NATo for a new Europe International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47(1) 174ndash192
Zwack Peter B 2004 A NATo-Russia contingency command Parameters 34(1) 89ndash103
Section d Adelphi pAperS uSed
Allin Dana H 2002 NATorsquos Balkan interventions-Adelphi paper 347 In The international institute for strategic studies 1ndash99 London oxford University Press
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 273
Section e neWSpApermAgAzine ArticleS uSed for primAry reSeArch
Agence France Presse 21 March 1996Athens News 21 March 2008Army Times 10 December 2001Die Welt 19 June 2000European Stars and Stripes 9 November 2000Financial Times 14 December 1994Financial Times 15 December 1994Financial Times 21 July 2007Financial Times 4 March 2009Georgia Daily 27 January 2010International Herald Tribune 27 July 1996Janersquos Defence Weekly 20 october 1999Janersquos Intelligence Review November 2000Le Monde 3 April 1999Newsweek 10 September 2007Reuters 13 August 1999Reuters 16 December 2010Southeast European Times 8 February 2011The Associated Press 30 August 1999The Associated Press 21 December 2000The Associated Press 26 october 2001The Daily Telegraph 19 May 1999The Daily Telegraph 11 June 2007The Daily Telegraph 18 September 2009The Daily Telegraph 19 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 28 october 2009The Daily Telegraph 10 July 2010The Daily Telegraph 2 September 2010The Guardian lsquoSecret agents freemasons fascistsand a top-level campaign of
political lsquodestabilisationrdquo 5 December 1990The Mail on Sunday 14 April 1999The New York Times lsquoMan in the news first German in NATo job Manfred
Woumlrnerrsquo 14 December 1987The New York Times lsquoEvolution in Europe Italy discloses its web of Cold War
guerrillasrsquo 16 November 1990The New York Times lsquoStop the excuses Help Bosnia nowrsquo 6 August 1992The New York Times lsquoMargaret Thatcher as Churchillrsquo 11 August 1992The New York Times lsquoFrench offer unit of 1100 in Bosniarsquo 15 August 1992
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
274 BIBLIoGRAPHY
The New York Times lsquoCan the West afford flood of Bosnian refugees Double standardrsquo 28 August 1992
The New York Times lsquoPowell Delivers a resounding no on using limited force in Bosniarsquo 28 September 1992
The New York Times lsquoClinton urges stronger US stand on enforcing Bosnia flight banrsquo 12 December 1992
The New York Times lsquoNATo agrees to enforce flight ban over Bosnia ordered by UNrsquo 3 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoClinton considers a tougher policy to halt the Serbsrsquo 17 April 1993
The New York Timesrsquo 12 in State Dept ask military move against the Serbsrsquo 23 April 1993
The New York Times lsquoEuropeans welcoming US help in the Balkansrsquo 25 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoChristopher fails to secure European help for airdropsrsquo 27 February 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo talks fail to reach accord on Bosnia planrsquo 27 May 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo chief on Bosnia ldquoReady for air powerrdquo 4 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo allies settle on procedures for air strikes on Serbs in Bosniarsquo 10 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoSerbs must withdrew promptly or face air strikes US insistsrsquo 11 August 1993
The New York Times lsquoNATo says alliance is unlikely to grow soonrsquo 2 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoAllies at odds with US on Bosnia commandrsquo 12 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo prepares for a new role Policing Bosniarsquo 24 September 1993
The New York Times lsquoThe NATo Summit In NATo talks Bosnia sets off a sharp debatersquo 11 January 1994
The New York Times lsquoUS again warning of military actionrsquo 6 February 1994The New York Times lsquoClinton rules out a quick response to Bosnia attackrsquo 7
February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans NATo gives Serbs a 10-day deadline
to withdraw gunsrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans Clinton outlines US interest in
Bosnia air strikesrsquo 10 February 1994The New York Times lsquoAbroad at home ldquodo what it takesrsquo 15 April 1994The New York Times lsquoConflict in the Balkans The Western allies UN blocks
NATorsquos call to hit Serbsrsquo 24 April 1994
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 275
The New York Times lsquoManfred Woumlrner 59 NATo leader is deadrsquo 14 August 1994
The New York Times 27 May 1995The New York Times 18 March 1996The New York Times 24 April 1996The New York Times 13 September 1996The New York Times 4 october 1996The New York Times 24 April 1998The New York Times 1 March 2000The New York Times 15 December 2009The Observer 28 March 1999The Observer 18 July 1999The Times 28 october 2009The Washington Post 16 February 1996The Washington Post 19 September 1999The Washington Post 20 September 1999The Washington Post 23 April 2008The Washington Times lsquoWoumlrnerrsquos unheeded warningsrsquo 21 August 1994Time lsquoLouder than wordsrsquo 11 September 1995Time 17 February 2010United Press International lsquoWe are neither angels no demons An interview with
Slobodan Milosevic 30 April 1999Washington Monthly March 2003Washington Post 29 July 2001
Section f televiSion documentAry SourceS uSed for primAry reSeArch
In June 2005 I wrote to Brook Lapping productions in London and requested two documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia and The Fall of Milosevic broad-cast on BBC2 in 1995 and 2003 respectively Both series contained interviews with the key political and international leaders of the time and more importantly addressed NATorsquos role in the process The Death of Yugoslavia was broadcast in six parts The Fall of Milosevic was shown in three episodes
documentAry 1(1) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 1995 The death of Yugoslavia
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into six episodes as follows
(a) Enter Nationalism(b) The Road to War
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
276 BIBLIoGRAPHY
(c) Wars of Independence(d) The Gates of Hell(e) A Safe Area(f ) Pax Americana
documentAry 2(2) Percy Norma MacQueen Angus Mitchell Paul 2002 The fall of Milosevic
London Brook Lapping Productions Divided into three episodes as follows
(a) Defiance (b) War (c) Finished
Section g generAl WeBSiteS conSulted
BBC News Bosnian protests A Balkan Spring 7 February 2014 pp 1ndash15 httpwwwbbccomnewsworld-europe-26093160
BBC News Thaci Re-elected PM Despite Organ Controversy 22 February 2011 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12547784
BBC News Greece Rejects Macedonia NATO bid 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7280723stm
BBC News Two countries at odds over a name 6 March 2008 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope7278023stm
BBC News Election of Kosovorsquos President Ruled Illegal 28 March 2011 pp 1ndash1 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-12883963
BBC News Correspondent Looking for Karadzic 18 May 2002 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk2hiprogrammescorrespondent19866652stm
BBC News NATO Wary On Joint Missile Shield 8 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6734395stm
BBC News Russia Presses NATO over Shield 26 June 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6239750stm
BBC News Russia Issues New Missile Threat 4 July 2007 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6269408stm
BBC News Russia Sends Warning to the West 14 July 2007 pp 1ndash3 httpnewsbbccouk1hiworldeurope6898897stm
BBC News Profile General Sir Mike Jackson 1 September 2007 pp 1ndash1 httpnewsbbccouk2hiuk_news6216808stm
BBC News NATO lsquomay prolongrsquo Macedonia mission 18 September 2002 pp 1ndash2 httpnewsbbccouk2hieurope2267000stm
BBC News Kosovo Election Prompts EU Observer Fraud Claims 13 December 2010 pp 1ndash3 httpwwwbbccouknewsworld-europe-11986105
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
BIBLIoGRAPHY 277
General Atlantic official Documents Matthew Nimetz Chief Operating Officer pp 1ndash1 httpwwwgeneralatlanticcomenteam23matthew-nimetzhtml
Global Security Factsheets Operation Determined Falcon 15 June 1998 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsdetermined_falconhtm
Global Security Factsheets Operation Joint Guardian Kosovo Force (KFOR) pp 1ndash14 httpwwwglobalsecurityorgmilitaryopsjoint_guardianhtm
United Press International official Documents 1990 Year in Review The Gulf War pp 1ndash1 httpwwwupicomAudioYear_in_ReviewEvents-of-1990 The-Gulf-War12297161092084ndash2
Section h non-governmentAl orgAniSAtionS reportS
Balkan Insight Kosovo Elections 2010 Key Facts 9 December 2010 pp 1ndash2 httpwwwbalkaninsightcomenarticlekosovo-elections-2010-key-facts
Bonn International Centre for Conversion official Reports Wag the Dog The Mobilization and Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army Brief 20 20 August 2001 pp 1ndash53 httpwwwbicdeuploadspdfpublicationsbriefbrief20brief20pdf
Bonn International Centre of Conversion official Reports Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey (SAS) Bosnia and Herzegovina July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwseesacorguploadssalwsurveysSALW_Survey_BiHpdf
European Stability Initiative official Reports The Lausanne Principle Multi- ethnicity Territory and the Future of the Kosovo Serbs Berlin and Pristina 7 June 2004 pp 1ndash37 httpesiweborgpdfesi_document_id_53pdf
Hellenic Centre for European Studies Athens Working Group Transforming the Balkans official Reports NATO and the Western Balkans New Strategic Concept Old Challenges Athens 17 November 2010 pp 1ndash16 httpwwwekemprogramorgcsisimagesstoriesstaffnato-balkanspdf
Helsinki Monitor official Report The Failure to Protect Minorities in Post-War Kosovo Vol 11 No 1 (2000) pp 37ndash47 httpwwwingentaconnectcomcontentmnphels20000000001100000001isessionid =ihudc39k3z64alexandra
Human Rights Watch official Reports Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo Vol11 No 10 August 1999 pp 1ndash18 httpwwwhrworglegacyreports1999kosov2N_3_
Human Right Watch official Reports Failure to Protect Anti Minority Violence in Kosovo March 2004 Vol16 No 6 July 2004 pp 1ndash68 httpwwwhrworgensitesdefaultfilesreportskosovo0704pdf
International Crisis Group official Reports Kosovorsquos Linchpin Overcoming Division in Mitrovica ICG Europe Report No 96 31 May 2000 pp 1ndash21 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentsreport_archiveA400013_ 31052000pdf
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
278 BIBLIoGRAPHY
International Crisis Group official Reports Collapse in Kosovo ICG Europe Report No 155 22 April 2004 pp 1ndash63 httpwwwcrisisgrouporglibrarydocumentseuropebalkans155_collapse_in_kosovo_revisedpdf
International organization for Migration official Reports Report of the Director- General on the Work of the Organisation for the Year 1999 19 May 2000 pp 1ndash108 httpwwwiomintjahiawebdavsharedsharedmainsiteabout_ iomencouncil80MC2006pdf
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
279copy The Author(s) 2017N Mulchinock NATO and the Western Balkans DOI 101057978-1-137-59724-3
INDEX
AAbdic Fikrit 66ndash7Abkhazia 201ndash2Abuses Against Serbs and Roma in the
New Kosovo 186ACE Mobile Force 9ACE See Allied Command Europe
(ACE)ACTORD 109ndash12 125ACTREQ 109 110ACTWARN 109Adelphi Papers 272An Agenda for Peace 29Aguirre Mariano 19Agusta scandal 83Ahtisaari President Martti 118 183
199ndash200Airborne Warning and Control System
(AWACS) 21 35Akashi Yasushi UN Special Envoy 46
49 55 56 59 62 75 76 78Albania See also ethnic Albanians
STANAVFORMED visit to 105Albanian domestic crisis 101Albright at War 129Albright Secretary of State Madeleine
30ndash1 49 104 108 112 116 119ndash21 125 129ndash31 187 236 239
Allied Command Europe (ACE) 9Allied Command Europe Rapid
Reaction Corps 8Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC)
114 143 183ndash4Allin Dana H 147 218ndash19 224Amanpour Christiane 238Amato Giuliano 63Anglo-American relations and
Bosnia 32Annan Secretary-General Kofi
199ndash200 227ndash8Arizona Market 153ARRC See Allied Rapid Reaction
Corps (ARRC)
Note Page numbers followed by lsquonrsquo denote notes
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
280 INDEX
Ashdown High Representative Paddy (later Lord Ashdown) 16 24 159ndash60 169 171
Ashton High Representative Lady 205
Ashy General Joseph 22 46 48 56Aspin Defence Secretary Les 31 130Austin David 80Autonomous Province of western
Bosnia 66AWACS See Airborne Warning and
Control System (AWACS)
BB-52 bombers in Kosovo 110ndash11Baker Secretary of State James 14ndash15Bakoyannis Foreign Minister Dora
227Balkan Ghosts 35ndash6 69Banja Luka 201Ban Ki-Moon Secretary-General 200Barschdorff Peter 23Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98Belanzino Deputy Secretary-General
Sergio 60Belloni Roberto 151ndash2 153Benn Tony 123Berger National Security Advisor
Samuel 103ndash4 112Berlin Plus agreement 170 226Berlin summit (1996) 170Bertram Dr Christoph 6ndash7 62Biden Vice President Joe 131Bihac incident 64ndash8 71Bildt Prime Minister Carl 78 80
153 156ndash8Blair Prime Minister Tony 114ndash15
120ndash4 131 133Bocinja Donja inspection 162Bone James 62Bongor Colonel Ronald 167Bono Giovanna 143
Boorda Admiral Mike 21 22 46 51 56 59
Borchgrave Arnaud de 115ndash16Bosnia
abolition of Bosnian Serb Army 170air strikes 47ndash57 70 78ndash80alliance politics 237ndash40Anglo-American relations over 32appeasement of Serbs 33 45arrest of war criminals 156ndash61Butmir Process 171CAS support 26ndash7ceasefire plans 2debating withdrawal 147ndash50elections 155ndash6ethnic groupings 18EUNATO partnership 172Fifth Corps in Bihac 66geographical terrain of 25internal security situation (1996)
146lift and strike policy 31mission creep 151NATO in 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6and NATO membership 242NATOrsquos wider tasks 150ndash70opposition to use of force
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33policing by SFOR (see (Stabilization
Force (SFOR)))the reckoning (1995) 69ndash83refugeesdisplaced persons 152ndash5Safe Areas 58SAS in 58ndash60scale of US commitment 142security and refugee returns 151ndash5Serb ethnic cleansing 19 30
45 66Serbsrsquo increasingly aggressive tactics
(1994) 46ndash62Serbsrsquo mind games 3 45shooting down of NATO jets 73 79
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
281INDEX
Supreme Defence Council abolition 169
UK Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
UN credibility loss 145united front by allies 47
Bosnia Faking Democracy After Dayton 151
Bosnian Security after Dayton New Perspectives 169
Bosnian Serb Republic 18Boutros-Ghali Secretary-General
Dr Boutros 29 49 55 59 60 72
Bravo Minus plan 123 182Brcko Zone of Separation 153Briquemont General Francis de 48Britain See United KingdomBroek Hans van den 63Brussels summit (1994) 46ndash7 48Bucharest summit 227Bucknam Mark A 56 70 79Buehler Lt General Erhard 202Bulatovic President Momir 128Bush President George HW 8 14
24 25 30 35 99ndash100 238Bush President George W 158Butmir Process 171 201
CCallaghan Lt General James 21Campbell Alistair 123Camp X-Ray Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4Carrington Lord 17 24Carter Peace Agreement 68 69 71Carter President Jimmy 68Ceku Agim 194Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and Kosovo 102ndash3and Yugoslavia 14
CFE See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
Chambers General 57Chandler David 151 152Chateau Val Duchesse meeting 48Chernomyrdin Prime Minister Viktor
118 183Chin Warren 78Chirac President Jacques 73 114
121 126 128 129Chivvis Professor Christopher S 201Christmas Warning 100 104Christopher Secretary of State
Warren 31 52 54 68 130Churkin Special Envoy Vitali 54CIA See Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)Cini Michelle 121CIVPOL See International Civilian
Police Force for Kosovo (CIVPOL)
CJTF See Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
Claes Secretary-General Willy 62ndash9 72 76 80ndash3 108 240
Clark General Wesley K 106 109ndash11 123 183ndash5 187 236
Clinton President Bill 25 29ndash30 35 47ndash8 51ndash3 64ndash5 68 81ndash2 100 116 119 123ndash4 129 131 147 150 162 219 238
Cohen Secretary of Defence William 108 129 131
Cold War end of 5 33 141Collins Sapper Ian 224Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF)
47 149Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) later OSCE See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
Contact Group 104 106 110 120 130 200
Contract for America 65
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
282 INDEX
Cook Foreign Secretary Robin 119ndash21 130
Cot General Jean 56Crnobrnja Mihailo 13Croatian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Cucolo Lt Colonel Tony 152ndash3Cumming Major General Andrew
197
DDaalder Ambassador Ivo H 102ndash3
107 147The Daily Telegraph 67 123Dayton Peace AccordsAgreement
68 80 83 101 145 148 150ndash1 152 153 161 168 171
Annex 1-A 151 153ndash4Annex 2 151Article VI Paragraph 3 151human rights component 153
The Death of Yugoslavia 53 54 58Defence Planning Committee (DPC) 9Defence Reform Commission (DRC)
169de Gaulle President Charles 127Dehaene Jean-Luc 63Delors Jacques 63del Ponte Carla 197ndash8Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)
99 100Demurenko Colonel Andrei 77Denmark support for military action
35 84Determined Effort plan 144Die Welt 190Dini Foreign Minister 130Divjak Jovan 56Djukanovic President 128Dodik President Milorad 171 201Dole Senator Bob 52 65
Double-Track approach 6Douglas Hurd The Public Servant 24DPC See Defence Planning
Committee (DPC)DRC See Defence Reform
Commission (DRC)dual-key air strike system 45 76 77Dudakovic General Atif 66Dutch hostages 74
EEagleburger Deputy Secretary of State
Lawrence 15ndash16EC See European Community (EC)Eide Ambassador Kai 199ndash200Eide General Vigliek 33Elgersma Steffen 172ndash3 203 205Ellemann-Jensen Uffe 63ethnic Albanians
Kosovo 97ndash8 102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
Macedonia 217ndash18 220 221EU Common Security and Defence
Policy 235EUFOR See European Union Force
(EUFOR) AltheaEULEX See European Union Rule of
Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)EUNATO partnership Bosnia 172EU Peace Mission Proxima 226EU Police Mission (EUPM) 164
167ndash8European Community (EC)
and First Gulf War 10 12in SlovenianCroation wars
(1991ndash92) 12ndash17European Security and Defence
Identity 47European Security and Defence Policy
221
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
283INDEX
European Stability Initiative 191European Union Force (EUFOR)
Althea 142 150 166 170European Union Rule of Law Mission
in Kosovo (EULEX) 203Exercise Determined Falcon 105
FFailure to Protect Anti Minority
Violence in Kosovo March 2004 190
Fakti 221The Fall of Milosevic 108 128Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
3 20 95air strikes against 115ndash16 133hypothetical phases of NATO air
campaign against 107Feith Special Envoy Peter 221First Gulf War 8ndash10 72 82
and European Community 10Fischer Foreign Minister Joschka
124ndash6 130 239Fischer Penny 19Fischer Plan 125ndash6 131flexible response strategy 7ndash8Fontenot Colonel Gregory 153Forage Paul C 78 79A Fortunate Life The Autobiography of
Paddy Ashdown 159ndash60forward defence strategy 7ndash8France
caution over Bosnia intervention 35 48
dual idea concept 126ndash7Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31relationship with NATO 35 127White Paper on Defence 127ndash8
Freedman Professor Lawrence 23FRY See Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY)
GGaleb aircraft Bosnian Serb 57Galvin General John 13 16ndash17 19
20 234Ganic Dr Ejup 171Gazimestan monument 204Germany
and Operation Allied Force 95 119ndash31
and use of force 35 84 239Geyer Georgie 33Glenny Misha 217Gligorov President Kiro 217Goradze attacks on 58ndash62 75 79Gore Vice President Al 30ndash1 129Gow James 74Greece-Macedonia talks 228Ground Safety Zone 196 197 219Guantanamo Bay 163ndash4
HHasani Xhavit 216Hawton Nick 157ndash8 161Heinemann-Gruder Andreas 194Hendrickson Ryan C 31 60 76 80
81 108 109 111Hendriksen Dag 125Hercules C-130 aircraft 70Hill Ambassador Christopher 129Holbrooke-Milosevic meetings 110
130Holbrooke Special Envoy Richard
68 72 79ndash82 110 129ndash31 147ndash8 172
Hornburg Major General Hal 69Hosmer Stephen T 117Human Rights Watch 186ndash8 190Human Rights Watch Report 187ndash8Hunter Ambassador Dr Robert
31ndash2 34ndash5 50ndash1 76 83ndash4 238
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
284 INDEX
Hurd Foreign Secretary Douglas (later Lord Hurd) 35 53ndash4 55 63 235
Hyseni Hydajet 97
IICTY See International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
IFOR See Implementation Force (IFOR)
Implementation Force (IFOR) 3 141 142 144ndash51 161 164
key tasks 146roles and functions 152ndash7
The Independent 67Innes Michael A 169inter-locking institutions concept 17International Civilian Police Force for
Kosovo (CIVPOL) 187International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 120 156ndash7
International Court of Justice (The Hague)
and Kosovo 204and Macedonia 228
International Crisis Group 190International Organisation for
Migration 194 195International Police Task Force
(IPTF) 151 153ndash4 156 164International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) Afghanistan 141 233IPTF See International Police Task
Force (IPTF)Iraq Kuwait invasion (1990) 8ISAF See International Security
Assistance Force (ISAF)Ivanov Foreign Minister Igor 130Izetbegovic President Alija 18 66 161
JJackson General Sir Mike 183ndash5
189 194Jahjaga President Atifete 193Janvier General Bernard 71 74ndash8 79Jashari Adem 103Johnson Major Barry 224Joint Regional Detachments (JRDs)
203Jospin Prime Minister Lionel 128ndash9Joulwan General George 60ndash1 78
80ndash1JRDs See Joint Regional Detachments
(JRDs)Judah Tim 66 97 100 186 190Juppe Foreign Minister Alain 56
KKadijevic Minister of Defence
General 15Kaplan Robert 35ndash6 69Karadzic President Radovan
54 56 120 156ndash61 171 236
Karremans Colonel Thom 74Kaufman Joyce P 73Kehl summit 240KFOR See Kosovo Force (KFOR)Kinkel Foreign Minister Klaus 124Kirkpatrick Dr Jeane 23Kissinger Dr Henry 116KLA Veteran Groups 198Kohl Chancellor Helmut 6 124Kohlmann Evan F 162Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 See also
Milosevic President Slobodanair strikes 185alliance politics 237ndash40Allied Force policy 119ndash31arms caches discovery 196autonomy of 97
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
285INDEX
background to NATO deployment 182ndash5
and Battle of Kosovo 96ndash7 98British press opinion 123build-up to conflict 96ndash102Christmas Warning 100diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14elections 191ndash3 201escalation (1998) 102ndash12ethnic Albanian population 97ndash8
102 106 112ndash14 117 123 186 188 192 197 198 215
ethnic cleansing 115 116genocide by Serbs 125Ground Safety Zone 196 197humanitarian crisis in 106ndash7hypothetically planned ground
operations KosovoSerbia 107independence (2008) 200ndash1 204Milosevic propaganda 132minority group abusesprotection
186ndash91Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3NATO in 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237NATO Luxembourg meeting
(1998) 120NATO peace support interventions
since 1995 181ndash205 235political status 198ndash203protection of religious sites 204public opinion 129refugeesdisplaced persons 186security sector reform 193ndash8Serb civilian killings (1999) 187threat of massacre 131ndash2troop deployments in 185
Kosovo Force (KFOR) 3 124 126 141 181ndash8 191ndash2 194ndash8 202ndash5 219 237
current tasks 202ndash5structurescommands 202ndash4
Kosovo Police Force 204Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) 3
194ndash7Kosovo Security Force (KSF) 3 195
198 203 237Kosovo summit (1998) 104KPC See Kosovo Protection Corps
(KPC)KSF See Kosovo Security Force (KSF)Kurti Albin 192Kuwait Iraqi invasion of (1990) 8
LLagumdzija Foreign Minister Zlatko
162ndash3Lapresle General Bertrand de 67ndash8
71LDK See Democratic League of
Kosovo (LDK)LeBor Adam 62 80 97Le Monde 129Leotard Special Envoy Francois 220
221Leurdijk Dick A 57Libeacuteration 129Liberation Army of Presevo Medveda
and Bujanovac 196Limaj Fatmir 197ndash8London Declaration on a Transformed
North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 7 10 34
London summit (1990) 6 7 10 33Looking for Karadzic 158Lowe Colonel Kark 16Lubbers Ruud 63Lubkemeier Dr Eckhard 9Lugar Senator Richard 233Luxembourg meeting (1998)
104 120
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
286 INDEX
MMacedonia 215ndash28
in Afghanistan 226allied deployment (1998) 121background to international
intervention 216ndash19diplomacy and Ohrid Agreement
219ndash22ethnic Albanians 217ndash18 220 221in EUFOR Bosnia mission 226Greece-Macedonia talks 228handing over to EU 225ndash6instabilities in 197in KFOR Kosovo mission 226ndash7and KLA 216 218ndash19in Membership Action Plan 241NATO in 4 215ndash28 235NATO membership 227ndash8NATO member state contributions
223NATO operations (2001ndash03)
222ndash5NLA (see (National Liberation Army
of Macedonia (NLA)))official name 227ndash8Turkey and EU mission 225
Macedonia factor 4Macedonian crisis NATO in 4Macleod Alex 126ndash7Madam Secretary A Memoir 236Madeleinersquos War 129Mail on Sunday 123Major Prime Minister John
53ndash4 120Management of Crisis and Conflict
Prevention 11MAP See Membership Action Plan
(MAP)maritime merchant traffic in Adriatic
(1992) 22Marjanovic Colonel General Svetozar
183
Markovic Mira 132Markovic Prime Minister Ante 13 15Martinez-Lozano Joaquin Molina
203Membership Action Plan (MAP) 170
172 215 241Military Technical Agreement
183ndash5Milosevic President Slobodan 15 35
45 52 56 79 80 83 96ndash8 101ndash2 104 106 108 110ndash13 115ndash18 121 122 128 130ndash2 134 183 235 239 240
Milososki Foreign Minister Antonio 227
Milutinovic Foreign Minister Milan 80
Mini General fabio 197mission creep Bosnia 151The Missions of Alliance Military
Forces 11ndash12Mitrovica 188ndash9 190
191 204Mitterrand President Francois 47ndash8Mladic General Ratko 54 59ndash60
73ndash4 81 120 150 156 171 236
MNBGs See Multi-National Battle Groups (MNBGs)
Mogadishu line 55 75Mogherini Federica 205Montenegro NATO membership 241Morillon General Philippe 73Morrell Daryl 163Multi-National Battle Groups
(MNBGs) 202ndash3Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU)
160 166ndash8Murphy Ray 191Mustafa Isa 192MSU See Multinational Specialised
Unit (MSU)
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
287INDEX
NNAC See North Atlantic Council
(NAC)NAEW See NATO E3-A Airborne
Early Warning (NAEW) AircraftNational Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA) 218 220NATO
50th Anniversary Summit Meeting 123
activation table 109alliance politics 237ndash40bombing of Yugoslavia-Serbia and
Montenegro (1999) 112ndash31in Bosnia 2 3 17ndash33 45ndash85
141ndash73 234ndash6continued duties Western Balkans
240ndash3diplomaticmilitary operations
chronology (1999) 113ndash14failure to respond (1991ndash92)
12ndash17future role Western Balkans 240ndash3at Gorazde 59hypothetically planned ground
operations (KosovoSerbia) 107
hypothetical peace support operations (Bosnia) 142ndash4
hypothetical phases of air campaign against FRY 107
internal crisis (1998ndash99) 119ndash31internal dissent 65in Kosovo 3 4 95ndash134 181ndash205
235 237in Macedonia 4 215ndash28 235military blunders Allied Force 118NATO jets shot down 73 79non-alliance military intervention
(1992ndash94) 17ndash33operations (see (individual
Operations))
out-of-area missions 9ndash10 12 23peace enforcement missions 3peace support interventions since
1995 181ndash205protective jurisdiction 76residual role in Bosnia 142role in Western Balkans 4Security Concept key principles
(1991) 10ndash12separate European component 47shooting down of Bosnian Serb
aircraft 57transformation post-Cold War 6ndash12use of forcepeace operations
debates 234ndash7wider tasks in Bosnia 150ndash70in Yugoslavia 2 4ndash36
NATO ACTORD 109ndash12 125NATO ACTREQ 109 110NATO ACTWARN 109NATO E3-A Airborne Early Warning
(NAEW) Aircraft 21 22NATO Review 9 12 152NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997)
96 108NATO-Russia relations 113NATOrsquos Gamble Combining
Diplomacy and Airpower in the Kosovo Crisis 1998ndash1999 125
NATO summits See individual summits by name
NATO Transformed The Alliancersquos New Roles in International Security 157
NATO Transformed The Significance of the Rome Summit 12
NATOUN partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
NATOUS military chain of command Operation Allied Force 116
NATOWEU relations 170
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
288 INDEX
Naumann General Klaus 108 111newspaper articles 273ndash5The New York Times 49 52 68
72 158Nikolic President Tomislav 201 242Nimetz Personal Envoy Matthew
227ndash8NLA See National Liberation Army of
Macedonia (NLA)Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGA) reports 277ndash8North Atlantic Co-operation Council
Oslo meeting (1992) 19ndash20North Atlantic Council (NAC)
authority for use of force 110 115 143
and Bosnia 169and Kosovo 103 133 182 183
201ndash2and Macedonia 220Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9SEAD rules of engagement 70
North Atlantic Council (NAC) meetings
(1992) 19ndash20(1993) 27(1994) 49ndash50 52 60 61 83ndash4(1995) 76 82ndash4(1998) 104 105on CJTF concept 149disputes during 70
North Atlantic Treaty (Article 5) 10Northern Army Group (NORTHAG)
26Nuland Ambassador Victoria 228
OThe Observer 123Office of the High Representative
(OHR) in Bosnia 153 157 159
Ogata UN High Commissioner Dr Sadako 152
OrsquoGrady Captain Scott 73OrsquoHanlon Michael E 102 107OHR See Office of the High
Representative (OHR) in BosniaOhrid Agreement 221ndash2 225
226 228OrsquoKane Maggie 158ndash9Operation Albanian Guard 22Operation Allied Force 2 3 95 96
101 112 115ndash31 183 193 215 235
Operation Allied Harmony 224ndash6Operational Mentor and Liaison Team
program 227Operation Althea 142 150 166 170Operation Amber FoxTask Force Fox
224ndash5Operation Antelope 64Operation Concordia 226Operation Dead Eye 69Operation Deliberate Force 3 45 46
69 76ndash7 79ndash3 112 148 235Operation Deliberate Force The UN
and NATO Campaign in Bosnia in 1995 77
Operation Deny Flight 2 21 26ndash7 35 57 71 84 143
Operation Desert Shield 8Operation Desert Storm 8 71 82Operation Dragon Hammer 92 19Operation Eagle Eye 112Operation Essential Harvest
220ndash2 224Operation Flash 71Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Horseshoe 115 117 239Operation Ibar 188ndash9Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Operation Joint Endeavour 145 151
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
289INDEX
Operation Joint Forge 150Operation Joint Guard 150Operation Joint Guardian 183Operation Maritime Guard 21 22 27Operation Maritime Monitor 21Operation Proxima 226Operation Rescuer 215Operation Sharp Fence 22 27Operation Sharp Guard 2ndash3 22 27
63ndash5 67Operation Sharp Vigilance 21Operation Sky Monitor 21 22 35Operation Task Force Harvest 222ndash3
224OPLAN 40101 plan 143OPLAN 40103 plan 143OPLAN 40104 plan 68 85 144Option IOption IIOption III
targets 76 78ndash9Orao Affair 168Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE) 7 10 11 105 110 111 117 142 151 155 191ndash2
Osborn Marianne 217OSCE See Organization for Security
and Co-operation in Europe formerly CSCE (OSCE)
OrsquoShea Colonel Brendan 77Owen Lord David 30 55ndash6 67 78
100 123Owen Robert C 82Owen-Stoltenberg Peace Plan 29 143
PPack Doris 192Pacolli President Behgjet 193Paes Wolf-Christian 194Pale ammunition site strike 72Pale exclusion zone 50
Papacosma S Victor 19Pardew James 221Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries
Bosnia 142 169 170Montenegro 241Serbia 241
Partnership for Peace (PfP) exercises 103ndash5
Partnership for Peace (PfP) program 48Patriot missiles Dutch 9Peace Implementation Council (PIC)
report (1996) 152peacekeepingpeacemakingpeace
enforcement boundaries 28 73Perle Richard 23Perry Secretary of Defense William
148ndash9Petersburg Peace Plan 125ndash6 128Petritsch High Representative
Wolfgang 159PfP See Partnership for Peace (PfP)Phase 1 (NATOrsquos peace support
interventions since 1995-Phase 1 Bosnia) 141ndash73
Phase 2 (Bosnia Phase 2 and a more pro-active stance by the Alliance 1994ndash95) 45ndash85
(NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 2 Kosovo) 181ndash205
Phase 3 (NATOrsquos peace support interventions since 1995-Phase 3 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) 215ndash28
PIC See Peace Implementation Council (PIC) report (1996)
Plavsic Dr Biljana 171Poos Foreign Minister Jacques 16Popular Movement for Kosovo (LPK)
100Popular Movement for the Liberation
of Kosovo (LPRK) 100
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
290 INDEX
Powell Doctrine 24ndash5 130Powell Secretary of State General
Colin L 24ndash5 31 130 159Power Professor Samantha 74 103Presidential Review Directives (PRD)
30ndash1Primakov Foreign Minister Yevgeny
106Pristina 188 204 205
QQuint group of foreign ministers 130
RRacak massacre 112 113 125Ralston General Joseph 222Rambouillet conference (1999) 115
122 130Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)
17 73 79Rasmussen Secretary General Anders
Fogh 172 204ndash5Redman Special Envoy Charles 53Regional Task Group Commanders 195Reinhardt General Klaus 189ndash90 197Republic Srpska 18Richardson Professor Louise 122Rifkind Defence Secretary Sir
Malcolm 54Ripley Tim 77 82 196Robertson Secretary-General Lord
George 108ndash10 114 164 216 219ndash21 225 228 240
Rome summit (1991) 6 8 10ndash12 17 33 47
Rose General Sir Michael 46 55ndash6 58ndash9 64 68 71 75 123
RRF See Rapid Reaction Force (RRF)Rubin James 119Rudolf Peter 125
Rugova Ibrahim 99 100Ruumlhe Defence Minister Volker
124 125Rumsfeld Secretary of Defence
Donald 158Russian-Georgian conflict (2008) 201ndash2Ryan General Mike 69 78 79 81
SSACEUR OPLAN 40104 plan 144Saddam Hussein 8 72St Malo Declaration (1998) 121ndash2
126 129Salmon Trevor C 10Sarajevo
attacks onexclusion zone 3 19 48ndash57 71ndash2 77 80
multi-ethnic nature of 154UN troops in 54
Saudi High Commission for Relief 163Schifter Richard 25Schluter Prime Minister Poul 63Schroeder Chancellor Gerhard 124ndash6Sciolino Elaine 52Scud missiles Iraqi 8 9SEAD See Suppression of Enemy Air
Defences (SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement
Security Challenges and Risks 10Sell Louis B 101ndash2Serb ethnic cleansing 19Serbia
airstrikes 125and NATO 241ndash2Partnership for Peace (PfP)
membership 241Serbia and Montenegro sanctions
on 19The Serbian Project and its Adversaries
A Strategy of War Crimes 74SFOR See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
291INDEX
Shalikashvilli General John 20SHAPE See Supreme Headquarters of
the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE)
Sharp Jane MO 152Shea Dr Jamie 16 31 33ndash5 57ndash8
84ndash5 115 172Shelton General Hugh 189Sherry Ambassador Robert 169Short Lt General Michael 105ndash6 110Silajdzic Dr Haris 171Simms Dr Brendan 15ndash16 32 51
69 119Sky News 123Slovenian war of secession (1991ndash92)
12ndash17Smith Admiral Leighton 46 59 64
67 70ndash1 75ndash9 81 146ndash8Smith Christopher 115Smith General Sir Rupert 46 55
71ndash2 77ndash8 79 81Solana Secretary-General Javier (later
EU High Representative) 2 83 102 108ndash11 115 123 133 183 185 216 220 221 240
South East Europedefinition of 4NATO jurisdiction in 9 12
South Ossetia 201ndash2Soviet Union end of 5Split meeting (1995) 75Srebrenica massacre 3 68 69 73ndash7
131 235Srebrenica Report 77SS-20 missiles Soviet 6Stabilization Force (SFOR) 3 141
142 144 147ndash51 155 157 158 160ndash1 237
civilian policing and defence reform duties 164ndash70
counter-terrorism (after 911) 161ndash4
Multinational Specialised Unit (MSU) 160 166ndash8
Operation Active Harvest approach 166
Operation Harvest 164ndash6Operation Harvest Rewards 165ndash6Operation Internal Harvest 165ndash6Passive Harvest approach 166winding down of 170
Stambolic President Ivan 98STANAVFORMED See Standing
Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED)
standards before status approach 181 199
Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) 20ndash1
State Building and International Intervention in Bosnia 151ndash2
Stevanovic Lt General Obrad 183Stoltenberg Thorvald 55ndash6 63Stop the Excuses Help Bosnia Now 23Strasbourg summit 240Strategic Concept Document (1991)
8 10ndash12 34Stuart Mark 24Stuyvenberg meeting 29The Sunday Telegraph 123Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
(SEAD) aircraft rules of engagement 70
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) 143
Sylvester Lt General John 158
TTadic President Boris 201Taft US Permanent Representative
William H IV 8Talbott US Deputy Secretary of State
Strobe 118 129 183
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
292 INDEX
Tarnoff Peter 53Task Force Fox 224ndash5television documentaries 275ndash6Thaci Prime Minister Hashim 130
192 193 197 198 204Thatcher Prime Minister Margaret
(later Lady Thatcher) 8 23ndash5 123
Third Assessment of the Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Kosovo 188
Time 129timeline viindashxiThe Times 67Tomahawk missile deployment 81ndash2Trajkovski Boris 217ndash18 220Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces
in Europe (CFE) 7Turkey defence of 6 8ndash9Tutwiler Margaret 15
UUdbina airstrike 68UNEC Peace Plan 30UN High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) 103 151 188UN Interim Administration Mission
(UNMIK) 185 187 188 191 192
UNNATO partnershiprelations 3 26 49 112 238
UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon Somalia and Kosovo Operational and Legal Issues in Practice 191
UN Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) 73 79
UN Security Council 19 67and Kosovo 200Resolution 713 19Resolution 757 19Resolution 787 21 22Resolution 816 26
Resolution 824 27Resolution 836 27Resolution 1031 145Resolution 1088 150Resolution 1160 107Resolution 1199 107 108Resolution 1244 183
UN Srebrenica Report 77United Kingdom
Cabinet meeting (8th February 1994) 53
caution over Bosnia intervention 24 30 35
Kosovo Operation Allied Force policy 119ndash31
Kosovo press opinion 123SAS in Bosnia 58ndash60wartime relations with Serbs 24
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 22 26ndash8 35 45ndash6 48 50ndash1 55 56 59 64 67ndash8 70ndash4 77 84 85 143ndash5 149
United Press International 115ndash16United States
administrations (see (Bush President George HW Bush President George W Clinton President Bill Carter President Jimmy))
aid to croatian governemnt 70caution over Bosnia intervention 24deployment in Somalia 25Kosovo Allied Force policy 119ndash31scale of commitment in Bosnia 142Vietnam syndrome 24ndash5
UNPROFOR See United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
Unvanquished A USUN Saga 60USNATO military chain of
command Operation Allied Force 116
USS Theodore Roosevelt 79
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-
293INDEX
VVance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP)
29 30 143Vandini Admiral Carlo Alberto 21 22Veacutedrine Foreign Minister Hubert
127 130Veseli Sali 197Vilamoura summit 109Vincent Lord 70 84Visoko Airfield 163Vllasi Azem 98VOPP See Vance-Owen Peace Plan
(VOPP)
WWaging Modern War Bosnia Kosovo
and the Future of Combat 236Wag the Dog The Mobilization and
Demobilization of the Kosovo Liberation Army 194
Walker Lt General Michael 145 148Wall Street Journal 163Walsh James I 121war crimes International Criminal
Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 120 156ndash7
Warsaw Pact end of 5 141Washington Agreement (1994) 66Washington summit (1999) 131The Washington Times 33Weiner Tim 158Western Balkans definition of 4Western European Union (WEU)
2ndash3 21 22 27 170
Weston Ambassador Sir John 32ndash3 70
WEU See Western European Union (WEU)
Willoch Kaare 63Winning Ugly NATOrsquos War to Save
Kosovo 107Woumlrner Secretary-General Manfred
2 6ndash9 12 17 18 26ndash9 31ndash2 33 34 36 46 49ndash52 58 60ndash2 63 76 95 108 109 239ndash40
YYeltsin President Boris 53ndash4 106
128 184Yost David S 157Yugoslavia conflict 2 4
(1990ndash94) 5ndash36Yugoslavia relations with US 13ndash14Yugoslav Peoplersquos Army (JNA YPA)
16 98 99
ZZagreb meeting (1994) 56Zepa safe area 75Zimmermann Ambassador Warren
15 23Zoerb Colonel Daniel R 69Zone of Separation Return
Program 153
- Bibliography
-
- Section A Secondary Sources Used
- Section B Official UNNATOEUOSCEWEU Documents and Interviews
- Section C General Scholarly Research Articles and Journals Used
- Section D Adelphi Papers Used
- Section E NewspaperMagazine Articles Used for Primary Research
- Section F Television Documentary Sources Used for Primary Research
- Documentary 1
- Documentary 2
- Section G General Websites Consulted
- Section H Non-governmental Organisations Reports
-
- Index
-