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Subject Index

Instruction. The subjects related to the field of grouting and all allied disciplines (geology, hydrogeol­ogy, geohydraulics) are used very frequently in this monograph. "Water pressure test" (WPT) or "grout curtain", for instance, appear extremely often - as do all similar terms of this complex. Thus it would be rather unspecific if all the respective page numbers were attached. In order to allow an earsier use of this index, the subjects considered are grouped as follows:

Group A. Terms belonging to the field of grouting and all allied disciplines, understood as keywords, are furnished only with the numbers of those pages where they are introduced or which are mainly dealing with the respective items; they may also appear on other pages not cited. The keyword index primarily elaborated to encompass the complex presented here should be used in close connection with the list of contents.

Main keywords:

- Bleedwater - Model tests - Discontinuities - Packer - Drilling - Percolation - Erosion - Permeability - Filling of openings - Plugging - Groundwater - Uplift - Grout, Grouting - Water conductivity - Hydraulic fracturing - Water pressure test

Group B. Terms belonging to individual projects, investigation sites etc. are referred to by page number.

Group A

A-series see Grout series A-series hole 3 Absolute absorption rate 163 Absolute quantities of water or grout 5, 139 Absolute reference pressure 297 - 299 Absolute scale of grout quantities 139 Absorption of grout see Grout takes, Grouting Absorption of water see Water pressure tests Alluvial gravel 391 Alluvial loam 391 Aluminium powder see Chemicals to blow up

grout Anisotropic conductivity (percolation

behaviour) see Water conductivity Aquiclude 174 Aquifer 174, 236 Arrangement of water paths along

discontinuities see Water conductivity Artificial fissures or voids see Hydraulic

fracturing

Assessing rock permeability see Permeability investigation

Automatic recording of pressure and quantity 150-151

Availability of water (runoff from drainage area) 167

Average grout takes see Grout takes

B-series see Grout series B-series hole 3 Bar chart see Graphic representation of data Basic forms of water pressure tests see Water

pressure tests - water pressure test diagrams see Water

pressure test diagrams Basic types of water pressure tests see Water

pressure tests water pressure test diagrams see Water

pressure test diagrams

416

Bearing capacity see Grouting, . fields of application

Bed tearing see Susceptibility to fracturing Bedding see Discontinuities, type of Bedding grout see Groutstone, intercalation of Bedding planes see Hydraulic fracturing· Behaviour of grout see Grout suspension Behaviour of rock dependent on fracturing see

Hydraulic fracturing Behaviour of subsoil during impoundment

383 Bentonite see Grout materials Bleedwater (excess water) 121, 129,268,269,

325, 328, 408 -, drainage of -, filtration of -, separation from Bore long 318 Borehole (boring) 2 Borehole filling see Filling of openings by

grouting Borehole, rows of see Grout curtain, arrange­

ment of grout holes Borehole spacing see Grout curtain,

arrangement of grout holes Borehole, stability of 92 Boreholes, control see Control core drillings Bottom carpet see Dam construction Bottom filter see Dam construction Bottom water pressure see Uplift pressure Branching of water paths see Water

conductivity Buildup of pressure see Grouting pressure

C-series see Grout series C-series hole 3 Calibration of instruments 151 Calibration scheme 155 Carpet see Dam construction Casing 71, 149 Cement see Grout material Cement bags see Water/cement ratio Cement layers see Groutstone, intercalation of Cement suspension see Grout material Cement suspension grouting see Grouting,

considering materials and methods Cementation see Groutstone Cementstone layers see Groutstone Changeable permeability see Water pressure

test, basic types Chemical erosion see Erosion Chemical grout materials see Grout materials Chemical grouting see Grouting, types of Chemicals to blow up grout (aluminium

powder) 273 Circuit grouting downstage see Grouting

methods

Subject Index

Circular cross section of flow see Model test Clay see Grout materials Clay gel see Grout materials Cleavage planes see Discontinuities Climatic factors see Permeability of rock,

influential factors Closing of openings see Grouting pressure,

buildup of Coefficient for assessing rock behaviour

concerning erosion see Erodibility Coefficient of infiltration (ki ) 161, 363 - 367 -, mean coefficient of infiltration 363 - 367 Coefficient of permeability (kf) 156 -162,

342, 351- 369 -, conversion of WPT rates to kf 351 - 353 -, mean coefficient of permeability 141,

368-369 Communication, direct see Model test Communication, indirect see Model test Compressibility (compression strength) see

Deformability Compression tectonics see Permeability,

influential factors Conductivity see Water conductivity Conduits

related to model test see Model test, test pieces

related to permeability see Water conductivity

Connection grouting see Grouting, fields of application

Consolidation grouting see Grouting, fields of application

Contact grouting see Grouting, fields of application

Contraction of grout volume see Grouting behaviour

Control borehole 74 Control core drilling (borehole) 52 Control gallery Control measurement 90 Conversion of WPT rates see Coefficient of

permeability Core drillings see Control core drillings Core recovery 329 Correlation WPT rates/grout takes see

Grouting result Counter-pressure induced by groundwater see

Water Pressure test, evaluation Counter-weight see Lifting of overlying rock Course of grouting see Grouting procedure Cracking see Hydraulic fracturing Critical absorption rate see Water pressure

tests, absorption rate Critical flow velocity see Plugging Critical permeability see Permeability Critical pressure see Hydraulic fracturing

Subject Index

Cross-section of flow see Model tests, see Water conductivity

Cross-section of water paths see Model tests, see Water conductivity

Curtain see Grout curtain -, efficiency of see Grout curtain - grouting see Grouting, fields of application - , multiple row see Grout curtain -, single (one) row see Grout curtain - , test see Grout curtain - windows see Grout curtain Customary test pressure see Water pressure

test, reference pressure

D-series see Grout series D-series hole 3 Dam construction

embankment 403 embankment, impervious 398 impervious carpet 342, 346, 374, 386 impervious core 382 impervious blanket 30, 33 filter measures 373, 386 filter measures, relief 395 rock fill 326

Darcy test 158, 161 Darcy's law 158, 161, 356 Decomposition processes 121 Decreasing grouting pressure see Grouting

pressure Decreasing pressure steps see Water pressure

test Deformability of rock 13, 183,282, 303,

304,312 -, elastic deformation 54, 295 -, plastic deformation 305 -, modulus of elasticity 29, 33,277,282,

305 Degree of impermeabilization see

Impermeabilization Degree of jointing see Discontinuities Degree of loosening see Loosening Degree of permeability see Permeability Degree of separation see Discontinuities,

permeability Degree of weathering see Weathering Dehydration see Dewatering Density of cementstone (groutstone) see

Groutstone Dependence flow rate/grouting pressure see

Model test Depth of grout curtain see Grout curtain Depth of grouting see Grouting Determination of rock permeability see

Permeability, investigation of Deviation measurements in boreholes see

Grout holes, deviation of

417

Dewatering of injected grout 124, 235, 269 -, canals, river-like dewatering 122

- filling of canals with - amorphous aggregates 122 - amorphous matrix 122-124 - calcite 129 - calcium hydrate 328 - calcium hydroxide 122,269

- net of canals 122 - dehydration 328 - residual solution 124 - solidification 124 Dikelets of cementation see Groutstone Direct communication see Model test Directed percolation 159 Direction of hole see Grout hole, deviation Discharge rate of water outlets see Water

conductivity Discontinuities (parting planes, separation

planes) - degree of separation 13, 136 - fabric of discontinuities 187, 263, 304 - latent 29 - orientation of 29 - related to hydraulic fracturing see Hydraulic

fracturing - related to permeability and accessible

openings, types of discontinuities - bedding, bedding planes, latent bedding

planes 90,182-183 - cleavage, primary, secondary, slaty;

latent 186 - faults 187 - jointing, joints 184-185

- accessible joints see Water conductivity

- contraction joints 180, 184 - cross joints 19 - degree of jointing 19, 179, 184, 318 - dip joints 33 - grouted (injected) joints see

Groutstone - latent joints 29, 173, 318, 376 - main joints 211 - relaxation joints see Loosening - set of joints 13, 237 - shear joints 178, 184 - spacing of joints 90, 317 - system of 187 - system, orthogonal 71 - tension joints 184 - volume, accessible 272 - volume, natural 62, 88 - water carrying joints see Water

conductivity Displaceability of rock units 13, 303 Displacement grouting see Grouting methods

418

Distribution of grout deposits (quantities, takes) see Grout deposits, -quantities, -takes

Distribution of permeabilities see Permeability Distribution of water outlets see Water

conductivity Distribution of water paths see Water

conductivity Diving wall 344, 402 Double tubes see Packer Downslope movement see Loosening Downstage grouting see Grouting methods Downstage grouting without packer see

Grouting methods Drag folding 19, 32 Draining canals see Dewatering canals Draining excess water see Bleedwater Drill cores 5 Drilling -, inclined 71 -, percussion 148 -, rotary 148, 329 - scheme 99 - , spacing of 3 - technique 284

Efficiency of grout curtain see Grout curtain Elliptic cross-sections of water carrying

openings, paths, routes etc. see Water conductivity

Emanation see Water conductivity Embedding of groutstone see Groutstone Energy losses see Water pressure tests Equipotential lines see Flow nets Erodibility 142,167,170-172,342,347,

369-373 -, coefficient for assessing rock behaviour

concerning erosion Erodible rock 142 Erosion 164, 166, 167, 168, 170-172,278,

293,369 -, chemical 369 - forces (potential) 166, 170 - ,grains 279 -, mechanical 289, 369 - processes 371 -, regressive 406 - resistance 183 -, stability to 372, 373 - , susceptibility to 300 Evaluation of data see Water pressure tests,

see Graphic representation see Grouting Excess water see Bleedwater Expandable packer (expansion of) see Packer Extension of grout curtain see Grout curtain - grout travel see Grout travel

Subject Index

Fabric of discontinuities see Discontinuities Fabric of separation planes see Discontinuities Falsified water pressure test diagrams see

Water pressure tests Fillers see Grout material Filling of openings by grouting (see also:

Grouting pressure, buildup) - artificial voids 6, 136 - artificial fissures 6 - boreholes 54, 113 - fissures 68 - joints 91 - original voids 136 - primary voids 120 - secondary voids 120 - wide openings 270 Filling (impoundment) of reservoir 379 -, behaviour of subsoil during 383 - ,test 30, 388, 391 Filter cake 129 Filter measures see Dam construction Filtration by absorption see Plugging Filtration of excess water see Bleedwater Fissility of rock see Hydraulic fracturing Fissure see Filling of Fissure, artificial see Hydraulic fracturing Flow behaviour of grout suspension (mixture,

slurry) see Grout, cement suspension see Model test

Flow behaviour of water see Model test Flow lines see Flow nets Flow nets 347 - 351 - ,equipotential lines 347 -, flow lines 374, 388 - - length of 342, 382, 397 -, spherical 161 Flow velocity see Model test flow velocity, critical see Model test Fluctuation of groundwater table see

Groundwater table Fly ash see Grout material Formation of plug see Plugging Formation of water paths see Water

conductivity Fracturing see Hydraulic fracturing Fracturing behaviour of rock see Hydraulic

fracturing Friable rock 373 Friction drag 154-156,159,172,247

Gallery 48, 92, 325, 341, 379, 403, 408 Geometry of voids see Voids Grain binding 370 Grain bond 278 Graphic representation of grouting and

testing data - bar chart 14

Subject Index

- mean values 14 - scatter (point) diagram 16, 17 - summation curve (line) 16 Gravel, alluvial 391 Groundwater -, communicating 228 -, communication of 90 -, contours 388, 395, 398, 402 -, counter-pressure induced by 153 - flow, optimal direction 380 -, fluctuation of 368 - level, sidewards rise of 380 - measurement 353, 384 - 398, 409 -, perched 380

runoff 391, 395, 397 - table 344, 380, 381, 390, 398 - valley 391 Grout - absorption see Grouting results -, behaviour of see Materials, cement

suspension - breccia 29 - carpet 307 - , cement suspension (mixture, slurry) see

Grout suspension curtain 4 - arrangement of grout holes see Grout

pattern -, depth of 13, 332, 336, 340, 344 -, efficiency of 346 - , lateral extension of 334, 380 - test see also Grouting, test grouting 49 -, width of 62 - windows see Grout holes, deviation of deposits 13, 20

- -, distribution of 20 - , embedment of 73, 75

fillings see Filling holes 3, 328 - , curtain windows 329, 402 - , deviation of 328

-, degree of deviation 328 - -, measurement of deviation 329 - -, susceptibility to deviation 329 -, spacing of see also Grout pattern 3,

90, 92, 328, 334 -, intercalations of see Groutstone

layers, intercalated see Groutstone materials - bentonite 49 - chemicals 275 - cement 2, 327 - filler

- clay 327 - - fly ash 327 - - sand 327

- mixture see Grout suspension

419

- pattern 3 - - mUltiple-row curtain 3,91,407 - - single (one)-row curtain 3,56,91,377,

407 - , penetration of 140 - quantities see Grouting results - slurry see Grout suspension -, spreading of 268, 338, 340

stages (section) 4, 92, 327, 331, 335 - 337 suspension (mixture, mix, slurry) 2, 235,

264,327 - behaviour of 253 - hardening of 269 - setting of see Plugging - stable 271

- - stiffening of see Plugging - unstable 271 - viscosity see Water/cement ratio 129,

235 -, water/cement ratio of see Water/cement

ratio takes see Grouting results (see also: Water

pressure tests, absorption) -, travel of 90, 214, 338 - - extent of 139, 268 - trough see Grouting, fields of application -, volume of 102 Groutability 136, 138, 300, 305, 312, 315 -, natural 133, 136 -, original 300 -, practical 139 -, provoked 300 -, rock-type-specific 136, 138, 340 Groutable openings, width of see

Permeability 139, 328 Grouting (sealing, tightening) 1 - behaviour 48 - conditions, rock-specific 305 -, course of 2, 7, 29, 71, 90, 119, 139 - data see Grouting results, evaluation - , depth of 13 -, displacement see Grouting methods,

conception -, extent of (rock-type-specific

optimum) 137 -, fields of application (purpose)

- connection grouting 2, 48 - consolidation grouting 2, 325 - contact grouting 48 - curtain grouting 2 - prestessed grouting 325 - trough grouting 94

- gallery see Gallery - measure 112 - methods regarding basic conception

- displacement grouting 136, 265, 282, 300, 325, 376

420

- - penetration grouting 136,265, 300, 326 - methods regarding stage grouting 329 - - accumulative grouting 150

- circuit grouting downstage 331, 337 - - downstage grouting 5, 71, 331, 336

- downstage grouting without packer 71, 331

- upstage grouting 4, 331, 336 - methods regarding type of execution - - adapted grouting 332, 408 - - schematic grouting 332, 408 - methods regarding type of programmes - - main programme 112 - - secondary (regrouting) 112, 339, 376 -, paste grouting 327 -, penetration see Grouting methods,

conception - phases, successive 122 -, prestressing by see Grouting, fields of

application - pressure

-, buildup of 129,187,266,268,301 - -, boundary 240,253,257,322 - - conditions 121

-, critical see also Hydraulic fracturing 264, 322

- -, decreasing 271 -, initial 240, 253, 257, 264, 268, 322,

337 -, maximum see also Water pressure

tests 99,281, 303 - - measurement see Water pressure test - -, permanent 240,253,257,264

-, release of 335 -, rock-type-specific 301- 305, 325

- process (procedure) see Course of - programmes see Grouting methods,

programmes - range 139 -, receptivity of rock 83

results (success) 49, 71, 102 - -, attainable impermeabilisation 78, 265 - -, correlation (between relationship) WPT

rates/grout takes 31,44, 56, 138, 314- 315

-, distribution of grout 14, 15, 33, 52, 136

- -, evaluation of data see Graphic representation

-, grout takes 27, 33, 43, SO, 62, 76 -, mean value of takes 15, 36, 43, SO,

76 -, optimum takes 85

- scheme see Grout pattern see Water/cement ratio

-, secondary (regrouting) see Grouting methods, types

Subject Index

series (A-, B-, C-, etc.) see Grout pattern, see also Grout holes 1

-, soil grouting 1 -, stage see Grouting methods - technique (Technology) see Grouting

methods -, termination of 269, 270 -, test grouting 339, 340 - time 327 - trough see Grouting, fields of application - work - - practical 92 - - unnecessary 140 Groutstone (Cementstone) 88, 121, 124,128 -, cementation 23,67,88,124 -, density of 88 -, dikelets of 124 - embedding (in bedding planes) 60, 73, 88,

97,337 -, intercalation of 52, 75 - ,joints 23, 52, 88 -, layers of 23, 58 -, penetration of 140 -, pillows of 305

Hardening see Grout suspension Head losses 153 -156, 159, 160, 238, 244,

268, 269, 367 Heaving of overlying rock see Overlying rock Hydraulic fracturing (cracking, tearing) 33,

44,58,66,77,114,136-139,277-280, 286-294

-, artificial bedding planes, fissures, voids etc. 29,44,58,77,91,92,97,99

- behaviour 119 -, calculated 79 -, critical pressure to initiate 28, 44, 58, 74,

114, 264, 304, 322 -, fissility of rock due to:

- argillaceous layers 58 - bedding planes 29,44, 58, 77, 91, 92,

97, 99, 307, 312 - joints 309, 312 - micaceous layers 58

-, intentional 311 - processes - - irreversible 284, 286

- pressure-dependent 114 - reversible 286 - time-dependent 294

-, susceptibility to 305, 311 Hydraulic friction 153 -156, 159, 367 Hydraulic gradient 148, 346 Hydraulic laws 247 Hydraulic paths see Water conductivity Hydraulic potential 384

Subject Index

Hydraulic routes (paths) see Water conductivity

Hydraulic routing see Water conductivity Hydrogeological regime 402 Hydrographs see Piezometer Hydrostatic pressure head 153, 344, 373, 376

ImpermeabiIization 7 -, attainable 265 - criteria 133 -, degree of 137 Impermeable carpet see Dam construction Imperviousness of underground see

Permeability Impoundment see Filling of reservoir Increase of permeability see Permeability Increasing absorption rate see Absorption rate

see Water pressure tests Increasing pressure steps see Water pressure

tests Indirect communication see Model tests Induced permeability see Permeability InfIltration, mean coefficient of see

Coefficient of Inflatable packer see Packer Initial pressure see Model tests see Grouting

pressure Injectable openings (voids), size of see

Discontinuities see Grouting Injection see Grouting Injection pressure see Grouting pressure Injection process see Grouting process Instruments, calibration of see Water pressure

tests Intensity of water routing see Water

conductivity Intentional fracturing see Hydraulic fracturing Intercalation of grout see Groutstone Intercommunicating openings see Water

conductivity Interstitial voids see Voids Investigation of rock permeability see Water

pressure tests Irreversible fracturing see Hydraulic fracturing Irreversible increase of absorption see Water

pressure tests Isotropic percolation see Water conductivity

Joint, closing of see Filling see Grouting pressure and results

Joint, contact see Grouting methods Joint filling see Filling see Groutstone Joint fillings, sandy 66 Joint system see Discontinuities Joint volume see Discontinuities Jointing, joints see Discontinuities

Karst 93, 186, 213 Karst channels 186,214 Karst fissures 93, 186, 213 kr see Coefficient of permeability

Laminar flow 254 Latent discontinuities (bedding, deavage,

joints) see Discontinuities Lateral extension of grout curtain see Grout

curtain Leakage see Seepage losses Leakage around packer see Packer Lifting of overlying rock see Overlying rock Limestone, solubility of 93, 187

421

Load of overlying rock see Overlying rock Loam carpet see Dam construction, impervious

carpet Loosening of rock 19, 33 -, degree of 367 -, downslope movement 185 -, relaxation joints 184, 185 Loss of water see Seepage Lugeon criterion see Water pressure tests

Manometers 150, 240 Mapping of drill cores 318 Maximum grouting pressure see Grouting

pressure Maximum tests pressure see Water pressure

tests Mean coefficient of infiltration see Coefficient

of infiltration - coefficient of permeability see Coefficient

of permeability Mean value of grout takes see Grout takes Mean value of water takes (absorption) see

Water pressure tests Mean WPT rate see Water pressure tests Measuring instruments see Water pressure tests Mixture see Grout suspension Model tests 235, 276 -, flow behaviour 253 -, flow rate 192,255 -, flow velocity 271 -, flow velocity, critical 253,255,272 -, percolation model 235

- direct communication of groundwater around borehole 238

- indirect communication of groundwater around borehole 238

-, relationship flow rate/pressure 253 -, simulated grouting tests 260

- boundary grouting pressure see Grouting pressure

- initial grouting pressure see Grouting pressure

422

- - permanent grouting pressure see Grouting pressure

- , simulated water pressure tests 240 -, skin friction see also Friction drag 251 -, test pieces serving as openings 241

perforated disks 241,243,245 - - rectangular fissures 241, 250 - - tubular conduits 241, 246 -, turbulent flow 253 Modified scheme for water pressure tests see

Water pressure tests Modified well method 253 Modulus of elasticity see Deformability of rock Natural groutability see Groutability - permeability see Permeability Natural joint volume see Discontinuities Natural openings (voids) see Discontinuities

Obturator see Packer Opened joints (voids), tectonically see Water

conductivity Openings along discontinuities see Water

conductivity Openings, intercommunicating see Model tests

see Water conductivity Openings, water carrying see Water

conductivity Operation permeability see Permeability Optimal grout takes see Grout takes Orientation of discontinuities see

Discontinuities Original groutability see Groutability - permeability see Permeability Original direction of groundwater flow see

Groundwater flow Original openings (voids) see Water

conductivity Orthogonal joint system see Discontinuities Overburden pressure see Overlying rock Overlying rock 183, 288 - , lifting of 56, 58, 88, 91, 288 -, load of 91 -, measurement of lifting 46, 79 -, pressure due to 44, 288, 306 -, rate of lifting 88, 270 -, weight of 288 Over-proportional increase of seepage losses

see Seepage losses Over-proportional increase of water takes

(absorption) see Water pressure tests Over-proportional reduction of uplift pressure

see Uplift pressure

P/Q diagram see Water pressure tests P-Q-t Diagram see Water pressure tests Packer (Opturator) 148 -, double 144, 148

Subject Index

-, expandable 148 -, expansion of 149 - failures see Water pressure tests -, fastening of 71 - ,inflatable 79 -, leakage around 92, 148 -, setting of 71 -, single 144, 149 - sleeves 148 -, stand 149 - test -, tubes - - inner 144, 157 - - outer 144, 157 Parting planes see Discontinuities Paste grouting see Grouting Paths of percolating water see Water

conductivity Penetration see Grouting methods Perched water see Groundwater Percolation 29, 109, 230, 235

behaviour 29, 141, 153, 224 behaviour, anisotropic 347 behaviour, isotropic 347 models see also Model tests 230, 235

-, pressure dependent change of 153 - process 230 - through fissured rock 230 -, uniformly directed 159, 160 Percussion drilling see Drilling Permanent grouting pressure see Grouting

pressure Permeability, determination of (investigation)

see Water pressure test Permeability (rock, subsoil, subsurface,

underground) 2,33,49,55,71, 108, 141, 169

-, assessing 157, 158 -, average 142, 170 - behaviour - behaviour, pressure dependent 276 -, boundary 234, 238, 247 - coefficient (kr) see Coefficient (kr) - criterion see Water pressure tests -, critical 260 - , degree of 139 -, development of, influential factors 180,

225 - , distribution of 14, 153 - ,groutable 320, 341 -, increase of see Water pressure tets,

absorption see Seepage losses -, induced by testing and grouting 329 -, in situ tests for determining see Water

pressure tests -, mean 351 -, natural 91,129,167,299

Subject Index

-, operation 297 -, original 66 -, permissible 163 -, pressure-dependent development of 151 -, pressure-head-induced increase 281 -, provoked 318 - reduction 161 -, remaining 90, 234, 268, 322, 337, 338 -, rock of changeable see Water pressure test - , rock of unchangeable see Water pressure

test -, rock-type-specific 300 -, simulated see Model tests see Water

pressure tests -, specific 169 - test see Water pressure test - tolerable 234,238,247,341,374,381 -, total 142 -, true 115 - zones 14 Piezometer (wells) 380, 386, 388, 391 -, downstream 386 - hydrographs 90, 109, 212, 213 - readings 380 -, system of 403 - ,upstream 386 Pillows of grouts tone see Groutstone Piston pump 147 Plugging of water paths etc. by cement

suspension grouting -, adsorption of cement 272 -, critical flow velocity of grout 272 -, filtration by adsorption 272 -, hardening of grout 269 - , sedimentation process 121, 122, 128, 271 -, setting of grout 269 -, setting process 121, 124, 129 -, stiffening of grout 267 -, tixotropic stiffening of grout 267 Point diagram see Graphic representation of

data Point discharges from water carrying openings

(etc.) see Water conductivity Practical groutability see Groutability - grouting work see Grouting work Pressure -, geostatic 13 -, of overlying rock see Overlying rock -, overburden see Overlying rock - reduction see Uplift Pressure for grouting and testing -, buildup see Grouting pressure - , conditions see Grouting pressure

drop in WPT see Water pressure tests head see Water pressure tests head-induced increase of permeability see

Water pressure tests

423

- peaks see Model tests -, pressure-dependent development of water

takes see Water pressure tests -, pressure-dependent flow of suspension see

Model tests -, pressure-dependent volume of flow see

Model tests recording automatic see Automatic reduction see Water pressure tests step see Water pressure tests transmission see Model tests

-, true see Water pressure tests Prestressing by grouting see Grouting Proportionality between pressure and

absorption rate see Water pressure tests Provoked groutability see Groutability - permeability see Permeability Pump 147 Pump-in water tests see Water pressure tests Pumping capacity see Water pressure tests Punctate water outlets see Water conductivity

QWPT see Water pressure tests Quantity of solids see Water/cement ratio

Recording of test and grout data see Automatic recording

Reduction of uplift see Uplift Reduction of water takes see Water pressure

tests, absorption Reference pressure see Grouting pressure Regressive erosion 406 Regrouting programme see Grouting methods Relationship: Test pressure/ quantity of water

see Water pressure tests, pressure Relationship WPT rates/grout takes see

Grouting results Relaxation 182, 183 Relaxation joints see Discontinuities Relief filter see Dam construction Remaining permeability see Permeability - uplift pressure see Uplift pressure Representation of grouting data see Graphic

representation Reservoir filling see Filling Reversible increases of absorption see Water

pressure tests Rock bond 288, 303 Rock consolidation by grouting see Grouting

methods Rock cracking (fracturing) see Hydraulic

fracturing Rock fill see Dam construction Rock fracturing due to testing or grouting

pressure see Hydraulic fracturing Rock, groutable see Groutability Rock grouting see Grouting

424

Rock loosening see Loosening Rock of changeable permeability see Water

pressure tests Rock of unchangeable permeability see Water

pressure tests Rock permeability see Permeability Rock quality designation (RQD) 318 Rock strength see Strength Rock units 297, 303 Rock units, displaceability of 13 Rock-type-specific groutability see Groutability Rock-type-specific grouting pressure see

Grouting pressure Rock-type-specific optimum extend to grouting

see Grouting Rock-type-specific permeability see

Permeability Rotary drilling see Drilling Routes, hydraulic see Water conductivity Routing, hydraulic see Water conductivity

Scatter diagram see Graphic representation of data

Schistosity see Hydraulic fracturing Sealing see Grouting Secondary grouting see Grouting

methods Sedimentation see Plugging Seepage 5 Seepage losses (leakage) 29, 94, 234 -, admissable amount 342, 372, 373 -, over-proportional increase 304, 376 -, rate 398 -, reduction 168 -, underground 19, 138 Separation, degree of see Discontinuities Separation of excess water see Bleedwater Separation plane see Discontinuities Setting of packer see Packer Setting of grout suspension (slurry) see

Plugging Shrinkage 128 Sidewards rise of groundwater see

Groundwater Simulated grouting tests see Model tests Simulated water pressure tests see Model tests Single packer see Packer Single row grout curtain see Grout curtain Skin friction see Model tests - see Permeability - see Seepage - see Water pressure tests Slurry see grout suspension Sodium silicate see Grout material Soil grouting see Grouting Solidification see Dewatering Solids, quantity of see Grouting results

Subject Index

Spacing of discontinuities see Discontinuities Spacing of grout holes see Grout pattern Spacing of hydraulic routes see Water

conductivity Specific groutability see Groutability Specific absorption rate see Water pressure test Specific water takes see Water pressure tests Spherical flow net see Flow net Spreading of grout see grout travel Stability to erosion see Erosion Stability of walls (grout holes) 92 Stable Suspension see Grout suspension Stand packer see Packer Stiffening of grout see Plugging Stiffening, thixotropic see Plugging Storage level 371, 373, 376 Strength of rock 1, 63, 183, 285, 303 -, tensile 29, 183, 303 Success of grouting see Grouting results Summation curve (line) see Graphic

representation of data Surface sealing of impounded area 346 Susceptibility to deviation see Grout holes,

deviation of - to erosion see Erosion - to fracturing see Hydraulic fracturing Suspension grouting see Grouting System of discontinuities see Discontinuities - piezometers see Piezometers Systematic cracking of beddings/joints see

Hydraulic fracturing Systematic execution of water pressure tests see

Water pressure tests

Tearing see Hydraulic fracturing Tectonic-cleavage 186 -, compression 178 - event 182 - forces 182 - movements 178 - strain 178 - stress 19 - structure 224 - tension 184,274 Tender documents (Tendering) 334, 340 Tensile strength see Strength Test filling see Filling see Grouting Test curtain see Grout curtain Testing permeability see Permeability see

Water pressure tests Thin section for microscopic studies 114,

124, 128 Thinning of residual suspension 121 Thixotropic stiffening see Plugging Tightening of subsoil see Grouting Time-dependent fracturing processes see

Hydraulic fracturing

Subject Index

Tolerable permeability see Permeability - water absorption (WPT rates) see Water

pressure tests Transverse faults 187 Travel of grout (slurry, suspension, mixture)

see Grout travel True permeability see Permeability True pressure see Water pressure tests Tubular openings see Model tests - see Water conductivity Turbulent flow see Model tests Type of hydraulic routing see Water

conductivity

Ungroutable openings see Groutability Uniformly directed percolation see Percolation Unnecessary grouting works see Grouting

works Unstable suspension see Suspension Uplift pressure (botto!ll water pressure) 5,

141, 172, 346, 347, 383 - diagram 384, 388, 391, 395 -, over-proportional reduction of 386 - reduction 398 -, remaining 395 Upstage grouting see Grouting methods

Veins see Water conductivity Velocity of percolating water see Water

conductivity Velocity of pumping 270 Viscosity of suspension see Grout suspension Voids 6 -, filling of 136 -, geometry of 240 -, injectable 63 -, interstitial 129 -, natural 135 -, original 6 Volume of injected grout 102 Volume of open voids 83

W value 131 Water absorption see Water pressure tests Water, availability of 167,372 Water/cement (W/C) ratio 327 - ,appropriate 121 -, by volume 327 -, by weight 327 - , cement bags 327 Water conductivity (hydraulic routing) of

rock 174,224 -, anisotropic 210 -, anisotropic percolation 210 -, anisotropy 210 -, anisotropy, degree of 353 -, arrangements (course) of paths (conduits,

openings, routes, veins) along discontinuities 176

-, branching of paths 337

425

-, discharge rates of openings (outlets) 182, 197

-, distribution of outlets in outcropping rock 190

-, distribution of paths (etc.) 93, 197 -, formation of paths (etc.) 139 -, intensity of routing (etc.) 224 -, intercommunication of openings (etc.) 90 -, natural openings (etc.) 29, 97 -, open voids, volume of 85 -, opened joints, tectonically 185 - , point discharge 229 -, preferred paths 29 -, punctate outlets 194 -, rate of flow 192 -, spacing of paths (etc.) 322 -, type of hydraulic routing

(conductivity) 139 -, velocity of percolating water 342 -, water carrying (conducting) paths

(conduits, fissures, openings, routes, veins) 79, 142, 170, 177, 190, 197, 214,224

- , cross-section of flow 178 - -, elliptical 197, 228, 367 - -, tubular 197,229,335,367

- -, isolated 229 -, sealing of 248

-, width of openings 316 Water hammer 147 Water head 163 Water injection see Water pressure tests Water losses see Seepage see Water pressure

tests Water meters 150 Water, percolating see Percolation Water pressure tests (WPT) 5, 143 -147, 253 -, absorption (water takes) and absorption

rates (WPT rates, Q-WPT) 132, 133, 138, 139, 169

- - absolute 158, 163 - - accelerated 151 - - average 322 - - conversion to coefficient of permeability

(correlation WPT rate/kr) see Coefficient of permeability

- critical 163 - increasing 276

- - irreversible increase 286 - mean value 15, 56

- - over-proportional increases 54, 261, 279, 284, 292, 304

- pressure-head induced increase of permeability 281

426

- pressureless 49 - proportional increase 293 - reduction 21 - relationship WPT rate/grout takes see

Grouting results - reversible increase 286 - specific 171,315 - time 151 - tolerable WPT rates 135, 138 - under-proportional increases 66, 145,

286 -, accompanying WPT 334 -, assessing (investigating) permeability by

means of 157 -, classification of rock types according to

course of WPT shown in diagrams: -, basic forms 145 -, basic types 285

- changeable permeability 286, 287, 290

- impermeable rock 286, 287, 290 - unchangeable permeability 286, 287,

290 - very changeable permeability 286,

289,292 -, course of 335

diagram - falsified 155, 156 - P/Q 145, 147, 286 - P-Q-t 283, 284

-, energy losses in WPT: - entrance losses 159,238, 243 - head losses due to friction along paths

(etc.) in rock 159, 160, 238 - head losses due to friction in tubes see

WPT pressure 153, 154, 155 -, equipment

- automatic recording see Automatic recording

- calibration of instruments 151 - manometer 150 - measuring instruments 150 - measuring range 150 - packer see Packer - pump 147 - tubes see Packer - water meter 150

-, evaluation see WPT pressure correction see Graphic representation of data

-, execution of WPT - decreasing pressure steps 145

- - increasing pressure steps 145 - - maximum pressure 281 -, failures (source of error) see also Packer

leakage - incorrect length of tube 156 - incorrect internal diameter of tube 156

Subject Index

- - leaking tubes 156 - , investigation of permeability by in situ tests

(assessing permeability) 141 -, Lugeon criterion see also Absolute WPT

rates 138, 163, 168 -, misinterpretation 261 - , permeability criterion see Lugeon -, pressure

-, actual 156 correction 156

- counter-pressure induced by groundwater 153

- ,customary 286 -, direct measurement of 153 -, drop 293 -, head losses due to friction see energy

losses -, indirect measurement of 153 - ,maximum 281 -, peaks of 269 -, reference 131, 163, 260, 297 -, relationship pressure/WPT rate see

WPT rate 145, 276, 285 -, true see actual pressure

-, procedure 159 -, scheme - - customary 145 -147 - - modified 146-147 -, simulated 240 -, source of error see failures -, systematic execution of 334 Water/solid ratio 327 W/C ratio see Water/Cement ratio Weathering 13, 28, 58 -, degree of 19 Well hydrographs see Piezometer Width of grout curtain see Grout curtain - groutable openings see Groutable openings Windows in grout curtain see Grout curtain WPT rate see Water pressure test

Group B Aabach Dam 18, 30, 120, 122, 132, 133, 139,

200,210,305,347,360,362,374 Aggressive water 129, 166 Alluvial debris 71 Alternated sandstone/siltstone/shale sequence

19 Antrift Dam 48, 54, 68, 90, 91, 129, 133,

135, 292, 295, 303, 305, 374, 377, 383, 388 Ar Valley 68 Arch dam 326 Axis of anticlines 183 Axis of synclines 183

Subject Index

Bao dam 222 Biotite gneiss 187 Block-faulted rock mass 178, 225, 232 Brecciated rock material see Aabach Dam Breitenbach Dam 120, 122 Buntsandstein 48, 49, 54, 55, 58, 68, 85,

90-92,106,180,185,211,212,214,231, 238, 265, 295, 305, 360, 388, 391

Capillary effect 229 Cave karst 186 Cenoman discordance 208, 228 Cenoman transgression 208 Central Alps, biotite gneiss 177, 187 Chukong project (Taiwan) 177,216, 225,

290,295 Claystone 58, 69, 77

Diaphragma wall 48 Discharge, volume of 197 Dissolution cavities 86 Dissolution of limestone 214 Dominican Republic, Central Cordillera 106 Drag folding 200, 210, 225, 232

Exfoliation 186

Fault breccia, coarse-grained 186 Faulting 232 Faults 186 Fine-grained mylonite 186 Fissure karst 213 Fluidal texture 122 Fold system 178 Foliation see gneiss

Gneiss dome of Central Alps 187 - foliation 186, 187, 190 - , mineral fabric of 187 Goslar 194 Grabens 49 Grane reservoir 194 Gravity dam 382 Grouting programmes see Aabach Dam - see Antrift Dam - see Downtown Paderbom see Paderbom - see Haune Dam - see Haxter Valley Bridge see Paderbom - see MOhne Dam - see Tavera Dam - see Twiste Dam

Hattelberg tunnel see Malta hydro power scheme

Haune dam 48, 55, 90, 106, 133, 135, 377 Haxter Valley bridge grouting programme see

Paderbom

Igneous rock 139

Kahlenberg sandstone 198 Karbach tunnel 177,206,225,228 Karbach valley 200, 206 Karst springs 93 Karstic caves 186, 187 Karstic fissures 186, 213, 214 Karstic limestone 93 Karstification 93, 186,213,274 Kolbnitz 187 KOllnbrein reservoir 187

Lamination 122 Limestone 92, 93, 97, 99, 106, 174, 186 -, karstic 102 Lithification 278 Lithology 29 Loamification 65, 176 Lower Buntsandstein 54 Lower Triassic sandstone 90, 106, 238

Magmatic rock 14 Malta hydropower scheme 177, 187 -, Biotite gneiss 187 -, Hattelberg tunnel 177, 187, 190,228 Malta Valley 187 Metasomatic recrystallization 124 Metamorphic rock 14 Metamorphosed limestone 197 Metamorphosed sandstone 197 Metamorphosed shales 197 Mica 58, 69, 186 Microbreccia 129 Mineralisation 185,277 Miocene deposits 54

427

MOhne Dam 18, 44, 120, 122, 130, 133, 211, 276; 290, 303, 305

MOll Valley 187 Mylonite 19, 186, 187,206, 210, 228, 277,

279, 362 Mylonitisation 403

Oker-Grane tunnel 177, 190, 194, 224 Oker granite 198, 200 Oker reservoir 194 Oligocene conglomerate 106, 177 Overthrust folds 211, 216

Pader River 93 Paderbom 92, 120, 122, 132, 133, 143, 213,

214,305 Paleogene (Taiwan) 177,216 Paleoplains 225,228 Parameter variations 351 Plateau basalt 184

428

Quarz-filled fissures 30, 130 Quarzitic sandstone 216 Quarternary 391, 395

Rheinisch-Westflilisches Schiefergebirge 32 Rhenanian-Westphalian Variscides 177 Rock mechanics, percolation models 230

Sandstone 19, 23, 27, 28, 33, 49, 69, 91, 174, 200

Sandstone, Lower Triassic 90, 106 Sedimentary rock 14 Shale 19, 174 Siltstone 23, 28 - 30, 49, 58, 77 Siltstone, arenaceous 222 -, clayey 27 Siltstone-sandstone alternation 18 Silty-clayey intercalation 54 Sinters of ice 202 Slates 174 Solubility of limestone 93 Springs (pader) 398 Sun-moon Lake (Taiwan) 216 Synclinal axes 178

Taiwan, western foothills of Central mountains of 216

Subject Index

Tavera Dam 106, 120, 177,219,222,228, 239,290,293,295, 303, 305, 335, 376, 377, 383,390

Tunneling machine 194 Turonian limestone 92, 213 Twiste Dam 48, 62, 68, 91, 92, 122, 127, 129,

133, 135, 150,270,292-295,303,305,335, 347, 356, 360, 362, 374, 377, 383, 391, 402, 403

Upper Carboniferous of Westphalia 18, 177, 210

Upper Cretaceous of Westphalia 177, 238 Upper Devonian 197 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 161

Variscides, Central European 13, 32 Variscidic mountains of southern

westphalia 161 Volcanic rocks 184

Wai-Che-Cheng series (palegene, Taiwan) 216

Westphalian Upper Carboniferous 18 Wetterburg 68 Wissenbach slate 198