Better city – better life

Heinz-Peter MANG

&

Ina Patricia JURGA

Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection (IEEP)

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering (CAAE)

E-mail: mang@ieep.net

International Conference on

Mega Cities- Mega problems

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( Old) Mega cities- mega problems

Cloaca Maxima

Ancient Rome

Fresh water via Aquaduct

New Mega Cities - Same old Problems....

• High sanitary investment costs• Leaching sewers, blocked pipes leads to

groundwater pollution, and high maintenance costs

• Conventional sanitation systems are inflexible to rapid urban development

• High amount of drinking water is used to flush, dilute and transport a little amount of polluting wastewater

Developing Chinas urban (waste)water system will require $12 billion before 2010 (with 60% coverage)

Water 21, Oct 2004

Beijing - 12 MioBangalore - 6 Mio Malta – Valletta - 0.3 Mio Beijing - 15 Mio

Beijing (15 Million)

Hosting WORLD TOILET SUNMIT 2004• 3000 public toilets will be renovated• Alone from 10 Toilets in the Forbidden

City 150 t collected per year• US$29 million over the last three years on

building or renovating 747 latrines at scenic spots.

• Still 5% of the population depends only on public toilets

Shanghai (20 Million)

Hosting WORLD TOILET EXPO& FORUM 2005• Currently 3,640 public toilets, whereof 2085 are

governmental runned, otheres are private• Shanghai Administration on City Appearance and

Environmental Sanitation• Today 1,1 Mio public toilet users/day, • Expected for 2010, 4 Mio. public toilet users/day• 4000 tons/day of nightsoil still colleted from house-

to-house services

Public toilet standard

• The city sanitary departments issued the following standards for new build toilets:

• - good design,• - considering potty parity, • - facilities for handicapped and child-friendly

design,• - consider different cultures and toilet habits• - easy access to the toilets by signs and maps,• - cleaning service provision and toilet operation,• - environmental friendly & recycling oriented.

Potty Parity ???

• Women pay 0,5 Yuan Men pay 0,3 Yuan

• Plan 1 Yuan for each ?!

• Ratio for women:men 3:2 by 2010

Toilet Management

Examples in China

Greywater recycling, Kempinski Hotel Beijing

Composting toilets and constructed wetlandDean Group, Ningbo

DEWATS

Sino-German Vocational Training Center, Shanghai

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Jinshui

Jinshui

Shengtaijie

Sinnichi

0,4 liters

Huajie

Ecological Sanitation for cities

Ecocity Builder Association & Dean Group (2003)

Decentralised treatment alternatives:

DEWATS 分散式废水处理系统DEcentralised WAstewater Treatment Systems

Suitable Technologies

Baffled septic tank

Biogas

Constructed wetlands

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eCombination of different low-maintenance technologies:

GERES & BORDA & BRTC (1994)

BRTC/ BORDA/ GTZ research project (2004)

Separate urine, greywater, faeces to:

Bathroom -, Kitchen & brown water • Improve effluent quality• Reduce the size of treatment• Economical benefit

And

Urine • Support organic agriculture• Prime material for fertilizer companies

Wenjiang, Chengdu

Vacuum Pipe Work

InterfaceValve Unit

VacuumStation

ROEVAC® Vacuum Sewage System

airVacuum Pipe Work

public toilets - Shanghai Formula 1

Save water for transport!

Semi-Centralised treatment alternatives:

Membrane Technology 膜技术

Suitable Technologies

Irrigation冲洗 Service Water自来水

生物转盘

膜过滤Mechanical preliminary

treatment

Rotating biological contactors SBBR biofilm reactor

VRM membrane reactor

www.huadugreen.com www.huber.de

Challenges

• Dimensioning / frequency of use / number of

users. • Collection and transportation of urine and faeces

to farms.• Utilisation of products • Misuse• Service provision• Financial resources are required and cooperation

with private donors is recommended.

Considerations for Mega Cities1) Consider the whole range of feasible technologies with public

and environmental health aspects as priority.

2) Household Centered or Neighbourhood Oriented Environmental Sanitation approachs.

3) Sustainable technology should be low-cost and should require low energy input and low mechanisation.

4) Simple in operation. Prefer local labour. The maintenance should be done by local community or local contractors. Further more not relying on expensive (chemical) input.

5) Recovery of resources.

6) Technology system should be capable of being step-be step upgraded, as user demand or quality standards increase.

Water is life – sanitation is dignity!

• World Toilet Summit - November 2001 in Singapore• World Toilet Summit - October 2002 in Seoul • World Toilet Summit - November 2003 in Taipeh• World Toilet Conference - November 2004 in Beijing• World Toilet Expo & Forum - May 2005 in Shanghai• World Toilet Conference - September 2005 in Belfast• World Toilet Summit - September 2006 in Moscow• World Toilet Expo & Forum - November 2006 in Bangkok• today 37 Toilet Organizations in 35 Countries• World Toilet Day 19th of November• ecosan related Tsunami Relief Work in Sri Lanka since 2005• WORLD TOILET COLLEGE in Partnership with Singapore Polytechnics

Your partner

Thank you! 谢谢