BEST PRACTICES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR ...
149
BEST PRACTICES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR CONVENTIONAL CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA ROSLI BIN AHMAD A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Construction Management) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia MAY, 2008
Transcript of BEST PRACTICES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR ...
BEST PRACTICES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR CONVENTIONAL
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
ROSLI BIN AHMAD
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Science (Construction Management)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MAY, 2008
PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESISBORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESISBORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESISBORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS����
JUDUL: BEST PRACTICES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR
CONVENTIONAL CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
IN MALAYSIA
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2007/2008
Saya ROSLI BIN AHMAD
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian
sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( √ )
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
SULIT kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
____________________________________ ______________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap : DR KHAIRULZAN BIN YAHYA
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: _____________________________ Tarikh: _____________________________
CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan
menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
���� Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi
bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
√
NO.14, JALAN MAWAR 7,
TAMAN MAWAR,
81700 PASIR GUDANG, JOHOR
5th May 2008 5
th May 2008
I declare that this project report entitled ‘Best Practices In Safety Management For
Conventional Civil Construction Industry In Malaysia’ is the result of my own research
except as cited in the references. The project report has not been accepted for any degree
and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ..........................................
Name : Rosli Bin Ahmad
Date : 5th May 2008
Specially dedicated to my beloved wife, Zainum, my cheering sons, Muhammad Khairul
Amirin, Iskandar Zulkarnain, Muhammad Danial, Muhammad Danish and
my only and dearest daughter, Siti Fatimah.
For everlasting love and care.....
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises be to Allah S.W.T, The Al Mighty, The Most Gracious and The Most
Merciful.
First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and deepest appreciation to
my project supervisors, Dr. Khairulzan Yahya and En. Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid of
the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, for their generous
advices, guidances, comments, patience, commitments and encouragement given to me
in preparing and completing this project report.
I would like also to extend my gratitude to all my supporting friends, participants in
the structured interviews and questionaire survey and those who have contributed, either
directly and indirectly towards the succesful compilation of this project report.
Lastly, I am most thankful to my beloved wife and children for their support and
encouragement given to me throughout my years of study in the Construction
Management Course.
Certainly, without the supports and contributions of all those mentioned above, this
project report would not be materialised.
ABSTRACT
For the past few years, poor safety records in the conventional civil construction
industry has tarnished its reputation and image. In addition to that, better safety
management and practices in the oil and gas construction industry as compared to
conventional civil construction industry are primely due to contractual requirements
and consistent drives by the clients/project owners. Hence, the aim of this study is to
justify best safety practices in the oil and gas construction industry that can be adopted
for the conventional civil construction industry. A total of 100 sets of questionnaire
were prepared and distributed to targeted respondents from construction companies
ranging from CIDB Grade G1 to G7 around localised areas such as Johor Bahru,
Kuala Lumpur and part of Selangor. The feedbacks from 83 respondents were
analysed using frequency and relative index analysis. Based on the survey findings, it
shows an excellent trend in basic practices of construction safety management.
Conversely, it shows very low commitment and concern on the importance of ERT in
handling emergency situations. Finally, only 52.61% (slightly more than half) of the
surveyed safety management practices implemented in the conventional civil
construction industry. Overally the respondents’ perceptions are in the ‘agree’ and
‘strongly agree’ categories for the levels of key elements surveyed. Whereas they
perceived ‘5-Excellent’ and only ‘3-Good’ for levels of overall safety management
and practices in oil and gas and conventional civil construction industries respectively.
The six (6) interview respondents have also given the similar ratings. There is a strong
need for the company management to implement the improvement measures in order
to further improve the construction safety management. The respondents also tend to
‘strongly agree’ that implementing all the proposed measures can improve the
construction safety management, safety investment is a viable and worthy effort and
safety indicators implementation is low. Among recommended safety best practices
are guiding policies, certifications, good HSE plannings, programs, rules and practices,
safety indicators and safety campaigns and celebrations.
ABSTRAK
Untuk beberapa tahun yang kebelakangan ini, rekod-rekod keselamatan yang
buruk dan kurang memuaskan yang dicatatkan telah banyak merosakkan reputasi dan
imej kepada industri pembinaan awam konvensional. Selain dari itu, pengurusan dan
amalan keselamatan yang lebih baik di industri pembinaan minyak dan gas jika di
bandingkan dengan di industri pembinaan awam konvensional adalah terutamanya
disebabkan oleh kehendak-kehendak kontrak dan usaha yang konsisten oleh pihak
klien/pemilik projek. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti amalan-
amalan pengurusan keselamatan yang terbaik di industri pembinaan minyak dan gas
yang boleh diadaptasikan ke industri pembinaan awam konvensional. Sebanyak 100 set
kertas soal-selidik telah diedarkan kepada responden daripada firma-firma pembinaan
berkelas CIDB gred G1 ke G7 disekitar Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur dan Selangor.
Maklumbalas dari 83 responden telah dianalisa menggunakan kaedah frekuensi dan
indeks relatif. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat tren yang cemerlang dalam amalan
keselamatan yang asas. Sebaliknya pula, terdapat komitmen yang sangat rendah dari segi
kepentingan menangani situasi kecemasan. Hanya 52.61% sahaja daripada amalan-
amalan keselamatan yang disoalselidik telah digunapakai di industri pembinaan awam
konvensional. Secara puratanya, persepsi responden adalah ‘setuju’ dan ‘sangat setuju’
terhadap tahap elemen-elemen keselamatan yang telah disoalselidik. Dimana mereka
memberikan ‘5-cemerlang’ dan ‘3-baik’ bagi tahap keseluruhan pengurusan dan amalan
keselamatan di industri pembinaan minyak dan gas dan awam konvensional masing-
masing. Enam responden yang telah ditemuduga juga memberikan tahap yang sama.
Responden. juga ‘sangat setuju’ bahawa menggunapakai semua cadangan penambaikan
oleh pengurusan syarikat akan meningkatkan lagi tahap pengurusan keselamatan. Antara
amalan-amalan keselamatan yang terbaik untuk digunapakai adalah polisi keselamatan,
program keselamatan yang baik dan kempen keselamatan serta sambutan ‘Hari
Keselamatan’.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ITEM PAGE
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Abstrak vi
Contents vii
List of Figures xii
List of Tables xiii
List of Appendices xiv
List of Abbreviations xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study 5
1.5 Study Methodology 6
1.6 Arrangement of the Report 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 The Importance of Safety at Construction Site 10
2.3 Failure Factors in Safety Implementation at
Construction Site
13
2.3.1 Attitude of Site Management Team 13
2.3.2 Lack of Enforcement by Authority
2.3.3 Ineffective Safety Campaign
2.3.4 Inadequate Safety Training and Course
2.3.5 Incompetent Safety Officer
14
14
14
15
2.4 The Construction Stakeholders Related to Safety 15
2.4.1 Introduction 15
2.4.2 Authority 15
2.4.2.1 Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) 16
2.4.2.2 National Council of Occupational Safety and
Health (NCOSH)
22
2.4.2.3 National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health ( NIOSH )
23
2.4.2.4 Construction Industry Development Board
(CIDB)
24
2.4.2.5 Local Authority 25
2.4.3 Client / Project Owner 26
2.4.4 Consultant 27
2.4.5 Contractor 27
2.4.6 Construction Worker 28
2.4.7 Insurance Company 29
2.5 History of Role and Development of Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) in Malaysia
30
2.6 Provision of Acts of OSH in Malaysian Construction
Industry
37
2.6.1 Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Revised –
1974) , Act 139
37
2.6.2 Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (Act 302) 37
2.6.3 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) 38
2.7 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health 39
Management System (OSH – MS)
2.7.1 International Labour Organisation (ILO) – OSH
2001
39
2.7.1.1 Introduction 39
2.7.1.2 Objectives 39
2.7.1.3 A National Framework for OSH Mangement
System
40
2.7.1.4 The OSH Management System in the
Organisation
41
2.7.2 OHS – MS Under British Standard BS 8800 : 1996 42
2.7.3 OHSAS 18001 : 1996 (Occupational Health and
Safety Assessment Series)
45
2.7.4 United States Department of Energy : Safety
Management System (SMS)
47
2.7.4.1 Purpose and Scope 47
2.7.4.2 Policy 47
2.7.4.3 SMS Components 47
2.8 Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in
Construction Industry 2005 – 2010 by CIDB and
DOSH
49
2.9 OSH Management System Practised in Oil and Gas
Construction Industry by Sime Darby Engineering
Sdn Bhd (SDESB)
51
2.9.1 Introduction 51
2.9.2 Policy on Safety, Health and Environment (HSE) 51
2.9.3 Standard Certifications 52
2.9.4 Safety and Health Committee 52
2.9.4.1 Main HSE Committee
2.9.4.2 Project HSE Committee
52
53
2.9.5 Role, Participation and Committment from
Stakeholders Related to OSH
54
2.9.5.1 Top Management 54
2.9.5.2 Line Management / Project Management Team 55
2.9.5.3 Workers 58
2.9.5.4 Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)
Department
59
2.9.5.5 Clients 61
2.9.5.6 Contractors and Sub-Contractors 61
2.9.5.7 Emergency Response Team (ERT) 62
2.9.6 HSE Indicators and Targets 62
2.9.7 HSE Rules and Practices 64
2.9.7.1 NIOSH-OSFAM Safety Pass 64
2.9.7.2 Housekeeping Management 64
2.9.7.3 Personal Conduct 65
2.9.7.4 Personal Protection Equipments (PPE) 66
2.9.7.4.1 Head Protection Equipment 66
2.9.7.4.2 Face and Eye Protection Equipment 66
2.9.7.4.3 Body Protection Equipment 67
2.9.7.4.4 Hand Protection Equipment 67
2.9.7.4.5 Ear Protection Equipment 67
2.9.7.4.6 Foot Protection Equipment 68
2.9.7.4.7 Respiratory Protection Equipment 68
2.9.7.5 Red and Green Zones Boundary
Demarcation
68
2.9.7.6 Right To Stop Work 69
2.9.7.7 Emergency Procedure 69
2.9.7.8 Safety Courses and Trainings 70
2.9.7.9 Medical Facilities and Services 70
2.9.7.10 Work Permit System and Job Safety Analysis
(JSA)
71
2.9.7.11 Fire Hazard Control Measures 71
2.9.7.12 Material Handling Procedure 72
2.9.7.13 Electrical Safety Control Measures 72
2.9.8 Safety Campaigns and Celebrations 72
CHAPTER III STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Literature Review 75
3.3 Questionnaire Survey 75
3.4 Structured Interview 76
3.5 Method of Analysis 76
3.6 Concluding Remark 77
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction 80
4.1 Current Practices of Safety Management in Oil and
Gas Construction Industry by Sime Darby
Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDESB)
80
4.2 Current Practices of Safety Management in
Conventional Civil Construction Industry
82
4.3 Levels of Some Key Elements in Safety
Management for the Conventional Civil and Oil and
Gas Construction Industries
88
4.4 Some Measures that can be Adopted to Improvise
the Safety Management of the Conventional Civil
Construction Industry
99
4.5 Recommended Some of the Best Practices in Safety
Management for the Conventional Civil
Construction Industry
103
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Conclusion 105
5.3 Recommendations for Future Study 107
REFERENCES 109
APPENDICES 113
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.0 Flow chart of study methodology 7
2.1 OHS Management System elements of BS 8800 : 1996 44
2.2 OHS Management System elements of OHSAS 18001 :
1996
46
3.0 Likert scale of three ordinal measures of agreement 77
4.2.1 Percentage of ‘No’ responses to construction safety
management practices
86
4.3.1 Respondents’ perceptions towards levels of key elements
in safety management
88
4.4.1 Percentage of ‘No’ responses to construction safety
improvement measures
100
4.4.2 Respondents’ perceptions towards construction safety
improvement measures
102
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.0 Number of death cases reported from 2000 – 2004 2
4.2.1 Respondents distribution according to company’s CIDB
class
83
4.2.2 Respondents distribution according to company’s ISO
certification
83
4.2.3 Participants’ responses to construction safety
management practices
83
4.2.4 Percentage of participants’ No’responses to construction
safety management practices
87
4.3.1 Participants’ responses to some levels of key elements in
construction safety management – Part I
88
4.3.2 Participants’ responses to comparison for levels of
overall safety management and practices in oil and gas
and conventional civil construction industries – Part II
91
4.3.3 Summary of structured interviews conducted – Part III 92
4.4.1 Participants’ responses to measures to improve the
construction safety management – Part I
99
4.4.2 Participants’ responses to measures to improve the
construction safety management – Part II
101
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Questionnaire Survey 113
B Structured Interview 121
C Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Revised – 1974),
Act 139
122
D Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (Act 302) 124
E Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514) 127
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS FULL NAME
CIDB Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia
DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
NCOSH National Council For Occupational Safety and Health
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
OSHMS Occupational Safety and Health Management System
HSE Health Safety and Environment
PPE Personal Protection Equipments
SHO Safety and Health Officer
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
DFM Department of Factory and Machinery
ILO International Labour Organisation
OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
ISO International Standard Organisation
SPSA Self Performance Self Assessment
OSFAM Offshore Structures Fabricators Association of Malaysia
JSA Job Safety Analysis
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
DOE Department of Energy (United States of America)
IPO Intervention Preventive Observation
NOSP NIIOSH-OSFAM Safety Pass
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Construction industry has traditionally been recognised as one of the major
economic forces that has contributed vastly in developing Malaysia on becoming a
developed nation by the year 2020. Unfortunately its reputation and image has been
tarnished by high rates of accidents and fatalities incidences that have occurred on sites.
According to the statistics reported by the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO)
(please refer to Table 1.0 below), the number of fatality cases in the construction industry
among the 10 categorised industries, has only dropped from second highest ranking in the
year 2000 to fourth highest ranking in the year 2004. Thus, it is still being regarded as a
highly risky and hazardous industry in country. Certainly, there is a need to look into
some ways and methods in improving its tarnished image.
The unsatisfactory safety record of construction industry has always been
highlighted since the safety management system is neglected area and has not been
pursued and implemented systematically in the construction industry. Safety at workplace
is an issue affecting all businesses since most companies do not feel that it is vital to the
success and are afraid of possibility of prosecution (Bakri et al, 2006).
2
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR / YEAR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 115 75 69 40 62
2. Mining and Quarry 11 7 12 8 8
3. Manufacturing 282 243 214 213 195
4. Electrical, Gas, Water and Cleaning 8 13 14 8 10
5. Construction 159 89 88 95 77
6. Trade 151 192 134 151 143
7. Transportation 98 91 90 108 73
8. Finance and Insurance Institutions 11 6 9 7 5
9. Services 72 106 87 84 65
10. Public Services 97 136 141 108 131
TOTAL 1,004 958 858 822 846
Table 1.0 : Number of death cases reported from 2000 – 2004
Although the safety regulations imposed in the construction industry by
Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) are quite comprehensive, the level of
awareness and practicability of it are generally lower than expected over the last five (5)
years ( Abdul Hamid et al, 2003).
Khalid (1996), stressed that although the construction industry involved a very
complex process, it should emphasis on finding a management strategy and resolution in
reducing the rate of accident occurrence at construction site.
According to him, good safety programs would certainly help in reducing injuries
at construction site and also to minimise construction costs, increase productivity and
profitability and more importantly it could save lives of workers and consequently
contribute positively to construction industry and nation as a whole.
3
The unsatisfactory Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) record of construction
industry has always been highlighted since the OSH management system is neglected
area and has not been pursued and implemented systematically in the construction
industry. OSH at workplace is an issue affecting all businesses since most companies do
not feel that it is vital to the success and are afraid of possibility of prosecution (Bakri et
al, 2006).
Although the safety regulations imposed in the construction industry by
Department of Safety and Health (DOSH) are quite comprehensive, the level of
awareness and practicability of it are generally lower than expected over the last five (5)
years ( Abdul Hamid et al, 2003).
Hinze and Harrison (1981), have identified that good safety program practised in
a big company can helps to reduce the injury rate at construction site. The success of a
big company in tackling safety aspects is due to the fact that there are safety competency
certificate holders exist among its workers not withstanding any working level.
A part from that, providing a safe and healthy workplace is one of the most
effective strategies in for holding down the cost of doing construction business.
Accidents cause not only delays in operations and project deliverables but also directly
and indirectly incur costs (Bakri et al, 2006). Therefore as required by the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), it is mandatory for all construction companies to
provide a safe and conducive working environment for their workers and subcontractors
at construction and fabrication sites.
4
1.2 Problem Statement
Most of construction companies especially in the conventional civil construction
industry do not emphasis on the importance for having safety indicators in measuring
safety targets and performances that can lead to promoting and inculcating good safety
records within the industry itself. In addition to that, better safety management and
practices in the oil and gas construction industry as compared to conventional civil
construction industry are primely due to contractual requirements and consistent drives
by the clients/project owners such as Shell, Petronas, Exxon-Mobil, Qatar Petroleum and
Talisman Energy.
Rahim (2001), concluded in her case study that although there were not so much
differences if compared between safety management system in conventional civil
construction industry and in oil and gas construction industry, but in terms of safety
discipline and implementation aspects, it were more ‘tight and stringent’ in the oil and
gas construction industry.
Abd Hamid and Abd Majid (2006), concluded in their study on ‘Construction
Safety Benchmarking’ that majority of construction companies surveyed were only at the
very beginning stage of safety program implementation. They were not even close to be
having an ultimate safety program driven by a safety culture.
Hence, there a is need to investigate the current practices and levels of some key
elements of safety management in the conventional civil construction industry, so that
some of the best practices from oil and gas construction industry can be adopted.
5
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to justify best safety practices in the oil and gas
construction industry that can be adopted for the conventional civil construction
industry.
Thus, to achieve the above aim, there are five (5) objectives that have been
established as follows :
1. To identify the current practices of safety management in the oil and gas
construction industry as practised by Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd
(SDESB).
2. To determine the current practices of safety management in the
conventional civil construction industry.
3. To investigate the levels of some key elements in safety management in the
oil and gas and conventional civil construction industries.
4. To investigate some measures that can be adopted to improvise the safety
management of the conventional civil construction industry.
5. To recommend some of the best practices in safety management for the
conventional civil construction industry.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focused on identifying the current practices of safety management in
the oil and gas construction industry as practised by Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd
(SDESB) and determination of the current practices of safety management in the
conventional civil construction industry in Malaysia. The so-called ‘conventional civil
construction industry’ includes all civil constructions in the areas of infrastructures and
buildings like roads, bridges, highways, dams, ports, low and high rise buildings and
others. Data collection was gathered through questionnaire survey which was conducted
6
around localised areas in Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and part of Selangor state. It was
also gathered through structured interviews conducted with experienced personnel from
safety-related regulatory bodies and authorities like DOSH, CIDB, NIOSH and SOCSO
in Johor, insurance company and also professional like senior university lecturer from
UTM itself.
1.5 Study Methodology
The proposed study was carried out in three (3) stages as shown as overall
flowchart of the methodology, please refer to Figure 1.0 as attached.
7
Stage 1 : Topic selection
Stage 2 : Study
proposal
Stage 3 : Data gathering
and processing
Figure 1.0 : Flow Chart of Study Methodology
Select the study
topic
Literature review
Formation of data-gathering techniques
Aim, objective and scope of study
Data collection
Study methodology
Secondary data
● Article
● Journal
● Research paper
● Published books
● Website
Primary data
• Structured interview
• Questionnaire survey
Data analysis
Results, summary and recommendations
Identify Problem
8
1.6 Arrangement of the Report
Chapter I describes the general overview on the whole study. In this chapter, the
problem statement is clearly defined which leads to the aim and objectives of the study.
The scope and limitation of the study are also clarified to avoid any confusion and
misconception arised. Lastly the three (3) stages of study methodology from problem
identification to concluding results and recommendations is clearly shown in a form of
flow chart as attached in Figure 1.0.
Chapter II discusses on the importance of safety in construction and failure factors
in safety implementation at site. It also elaborates the function and responsibility of the
construction stakeholders related to safety such as client/project owner, consultant,
contractor and the existing safety regulatory bodies and authorities like Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Construction Industry Development Board
(CIDB) and National Institute Occupational of Safety and Health (NIOSH). It also
discusses the current provisions and regulations such as Petroleum Act 1984,
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) and Factories and Machineries Act
1967 which regulate our present practices in the construction industry. Finally it
elaborates on the Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSE-MS) as
practised by Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDESB).
Chapter III describes in more details on the study methodology being used in this
project report. This chapter will clearly state how the related informations and sample
data are being collected such as through literature review, questionnaire survey and also
structured interviews. It also discusses the procedure and techniques of analyzing the
collected data.
Chapter IV explains the results and discussion of the literature review,
questionnaire survey and interview findings in relation to the five (5) objectives of the
study as stated above.
9
Chapter V concludes all findings that leads to the achievement of the five (5)
objectives of the study as stated in Chapter 1. It also suggests some recommendations for
the betterment of future study.
10
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
‘Safety First’ is a very common scenery that we can see at most construction sites in
our country, but the question is that, is safety really being put under ‘first priority’ as
stated on the poster itself.
Thus, this study in safety management awares how important it is to ensure that the
implementation and compliance of safety aspects at construction site are carried out with
serious efforts by all the construction stakeholders involved so that it will not be merely
a slogan only.
2.2 The Importance of Safety in Construction
The importance of safety at construction site certainly needs to be given a serious
attention by the site management team and also by all parties who are directly involved
in the construction industry.
11
According to Tey (1999), among the importances of safety are to eliminate or reduce
the probability of accident and disease occurrence to the workers. Thus, the workers can
perform their works more conducively and be able to complete the project as scheduled.
It is also to ensure the smoothness of progress of works on site. If any accident occurs at
site, thus the work progress will be hampered due in order to make way for the accident
investigation to be carried out by the responsible authorities. Consequently the
completion of the whole project will finally be affected.
In addition to that, it certainly could foster the productivity of the workers and cost
savings. Once the workers aware that the construction site is safe and comfortable to
work in, it will induce the workers’ mood to work harder and also improve the
construction cost since the works on site can be completed on time as scheduled. There
is no loss of skilled workers. With efficient safety management, skilled workers will feel
secured and comfortable working in that particular construction site.
Finally, it will increase client confident towards the competency of that particular
construction company in managing the safety and health effectively and hence
completing and delivering the project on time.
Khalid (1996), stressed in his writing that although the construction industry
involved a very complex process, it should emphasis on finding a management strategy
and resolution in reducing the rate of accident occurrence at construction site.
According to him, good safety programs would certainly help in reducing injuries at
construction site and also minimise construction costs, increase productivity and
profitability and more importantly it could save lives of workers and consequently
contribute positively to construction industry and nation as a whole.
12
Ahmad et al (2000), explained that although sometimes the contractors questioned
the importance of spending an amount of money for the purpose of safety aspects in
construction, the benefits and returns that they would enjoy from an effective safety
management system were much more than the cost spent. Other benefits are avoidance
in project delay, machines and equipments breakdowns and litigation. Safety system also
facilitates the management in conducting any accident investigation at workplace.
Furthermore, providing a safe and healthy workplace is one of the most effective
strategies in for holding down the cost of doing construction business. Accidents cause
not only delays in operations and project deliverables but also directly and indirectly
incur costs (Bakri et al, 2006). Therefore as required by the Occupational Safety and
Health Act 1994 (OSHA), it is mandatory for all construction companies to provide a
safe and conducive working environment for their workers and subcontractors at
construction and fabrication sites.
Jaselski et al (1996), stressed that the benefits obtained from an effective safety
program are much more than the cost of the safety program itself where it can reduces
the so-called ‘ Experience Modification Rating – EMR ’, rate of accident at construction
sites and cost of project. It can also improves productivity and company reputation
towards client.
Hinze and Harrison (1981), have identified that good safety program practised in a
big company can helps to reduce the injury rate at construction site. The success of a big
company in tackling safety aspects is due to the fact that there are safety competency
certificate holders exist among its workers not withstanding any working level.
With better enforcement of the legislation and commitment from employers and
employees, construction safety management has obviously received a greater attention
(Ahmad et al, 1999). Consequently, the improvement of safety and health management
in construction is a very important goal for all construction stakeholders in order to
13
provide a better and safer workplace which will help to improve productivity, reduce
construction costs, better time performance and deliverables and also increase in
profitability.
Rahim (2001), concluded in her case study that although there were not so much
differences if compared between safety management system in conventional civil
construction industry and in oil and gas construction industry, but in terms of safety
discipline and implementation aspects, it were more ‘tight and stringent’ in the oil and
gas construction industry.
2.3 Failure Factors in Safety Implementation at Construction Site
Although there are success facors in safety implementation at construcion site, the
failure factors also needed to be given serious attention by all parties. If not, these failure
factors will consequently cause the failure of all safety implementation plans at
construction site.
2.3.1 Attitude of Site Management Team
The negative attitude of the site management team who does not care about
safety aspects at construction site by providing unsafe, old and obsolete personal
safety protection equipments (PPE) and also percieves that investing in safety aspects
is a waste of money and increases construction costs.
14
2.3.2 Lack of Enforcement by Authority
Authority plays an important role in ensuring that all safety aspects are
implemented at construction site. Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH) was established to ensure a safe working environment for all workers at
workplace. Lack of monitoring, safety audit and enforcement conducted by this
department due to lack of serious commitment, insufficient workforce and budget
allocations will surely affect the success of safety implementation at construction site.
2.3.3 Ineffective Safety Campaign
Safety awareness and implementation aspects will not be successfully
inculcated and carried out effectively if all related parties are not seriously involved
in promoting safety campaigns. Safety authorities should be working closely and
effectively with company safey management in providing effective safety campaigns
to all workers at all levels through the year in ensuring that safety is given the first
priority and concern at workplace in order to avoid any accident and injury to happen.
2.3.4 Inadequate Safety Training and Course
Site safety management must send their workers to attend safety training and
courses as provided by NIOSH and CIDB regarding effective safety aspects at
construction site so that they are aware and understood about the importance of safety
at construction. Upon succesfull completion of the safety course, they are certified
and issued with safety cards which then allow and qualify them to enter and work at
15
construction sites. In addition, the safety card holders are also entitled with insurance
coverage according to the coverage terms and conditions.
2.3.5 Incompetent Safety Officer
Most of construction companies do not appoint safety and health officer
(SHO) who are competent and experiened enough to be responsible upon all safety
aspects as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 1994. This is
due to lack of safety commitment and budget allocation by project management team
involved.
2.4 The Construction Stakeholders Related to Safety
2.4.1 Introduction
All construction stakeholders like authority, client/project owner, consultant,
contractor, construction worker and also insurance company who are directly and
indirectly involved in the safety aspects of construction should play their important
roles and responsibilities in ensuring that safety implementation, monitoring and
control are carried out more effectively, so that the annual rates of accident and
fatality in the construction industry continue to decline from year after another.
2.4.2 Authority
Authorities like DOSH, NCOSH, NIOSH, CIDB and Local Authority should
emphasis more effectively on safety compliance especially by contractors and
16
safety enforcement so that it is in accordance with provisions stipulated in current
safety acts, regulations and orders available in the construction industry.
2.4.2.1 Department of Safety and Health ( DOSH )
Historically, in April, 1994 the Department of Factory and Machinery
(DFM) has been changed to a new name called Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) as since the newly legislated Occupational safety
and Health Act, 1994 complemented the Factories and Machinery Act, 1967.
This department is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Human Resources.
It is responsible for ensuring the occupational safety, health and welfare of
people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health
hazards arising from the activities of various sectors including construction.
The department is a government agency responsible for the
administration and enforcement of legislations related to Occupational Safety
and Health for our nation, with a vision of becoming the organisation which
leads the nation in creating a safe and healthy work culture that contributes
towards enhancing the quality of working life.
The functions of the department are as follows:
• To study and review the policies and legislations of occupational safety
and health.
• To conduct research and technical analysis on issues related to
occupational safety and health at the workplace.
• To carry out promotional and publicity programs to employers, workers
and the general public to foster and increase the awareness of
occupational safety and health.
17
• To become a secretariat for the National Council regarding occupational
safety and health.
• To enforce the following legislations :
• Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.
• Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.
• Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.
Efforts to increase awareness of employers, employees and the general
public on the need for a safe workplace with no health hazards require
diligent efforts and the participation of numerous parties. Different
approaches are required for the implementation of these efforts, and they
should be carried out in an integrated, comprehensive and continuous
manner in order for maximum effectiveness. This also assures all parties
involved that OSH is indeed an important issue towards ensuring a quality
working life as well as the survival of employers in any business
transaction. As such, all allocated expenditures and efforts to ensure the
success of the OSH program and its management system should be
regarded as an investment.
To accomplish the assigned responsibility, the department performs
three important activities: the formulation of standards, enforcement, as
well as promotion and communication activities. The departmental
organisation structure consists of its head office and 13 state offices. The
scope of duties for the former focus on the formulation of standards,
approval, accreditation and data analysis; whilst the latter concentrate
more on enforcement of acts and regulations, inspection, audit, legal
proceedings and investigations.
18
i. Formulation of Standards
To draft (legislation) and regularly review via a tripartite process the
policies, laws, codes of practice and guidelines pertaining to occupational safety,
health and welfare as a basis in ensuring safety and health at work.
Policy Analysis
The department will, from time to time, study and review existing
occupational safety and health policies to gauge the extent to which they have
achieved the original planned objectives. These policies are amended if deemed
necessary, according to the needs and requirements of current circumstances, to
achieve the aim of developing a safe and healthy working culture that is self-
regulated by employers and employees.
Drafting / Legislating New Industry Regulations, Guidelines and Codes of
Practice
To assist industry players in achieving their general responsibility in
occupational safety and health as required by the Occupational Safety and Health
Act 1994, the department has commenced and continues to draft (legislation) and
amend existing regulations, as well as formulate new industry regulations,
guidelines and codes of practice.
ii. Enforcement
As a government agency responsible for ensuring the occupational
safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people
from the safety and health hazards arising from work-related activities, the
19
department carries out enforcement activities on industries governed by the
following legislations:
• Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.
• Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.
• Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.
Enforcement activities conducted by the DOSH include:
Approval
The discharge of approval and/or permission for the design, installation or
fitting of machinery, and the repair procedure for steam boilers, unfired pressure
vessels and hoisting machinery.
Registration
The registration of factories, work sites and machinery which require
recommendatory certificates (a certificate of fitness) such as steam boilers,
unfired pressure vessels, lifts and hoisting machinery.
Accreditation
Individuals with the appropriate qualification, experience, expertise and
knowledge in specific fields as specified by the Act and regulation(s) will require
accreditation. Accredited competencies are Competent Firm and Competent
Person.
20
Inspection
The conducting of preliminary, repeated (scheduled) and/or supplementary
inspections on steam boilers, unfired pressure vessels, hoisting machinery, factory
premises and other work sites.
Investigation of Accidents and Complaints
Investigation of complaints, accidents, occupational diseases and/or
poison occurrences at the workplace.
Legal Proceedings
The legal unit is responsible to compile all documentations as needed in
the process of legal actions against the violators. Types of legal actions are notice
of notification, issuance of compound and also legal prosecution in the court by
appointed legal firm/advisor.
iii. Promotion and Communication
In order to increase occupational safety and health awareness of employers
and employees, the department strives to provide clarification and pointers to
ensure that all occupational safety and health legislations are adhered to. As a
partner in the implementation of the Corporatisation of Malaysia policy, the
department subscribes to the belief that that all its customers should be provided
with sufficient information on occupational safety and health. Therefore, various
promotion and communication activities have been implemented in order to
distribute such information.
21
The promotion and publicity efforts and activities by the DOSH include:
• Organising and conducting lectures or public talks as well as exhibitions
and training related to occupational safety and health.
• Carrying out promotion works and encouragement/motivation activities
via campaigns and exhibitions related to occupational safety and health.
• Providing specialist services in occupational safety and health to public
and private agencies as well as associations of employers, employees and
professionals, in the effort to further upgrade the standard of occupational
safety, health and welfare.
• Collecting and preparing informative materials related to occupational
safety and health for reference, loan and distribution purposes.
In addition to the principal activities listed above, the department is also
responsible for:
• Providing input and serving as the secretariat to the National Council for
Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH).
• Conducting research and technical analysis to determine steps to control
occupational safety and health hazards at the workplace.
• Preparing the examination and assessment syllabus and coordinating the
examination for accreditation of Competent Persons.
• Formulating accreditation criteria as well as providing accreditation for
Competent Institutions and organisations.
• Determining and reviewing safety reports and emergency action plans,
information to public as well conducting inspections and audits on
hazardous and non-hazardous equipment / tools.
• Monitoring of health hazards at work sites.
• Perusing reports on the monitoring of health and hazards for Competent
Persons.
22
2.4.2.2 National Council of Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH)
National Council of Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH) is
established and governed under Section 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act (OSHA). The objective of this tripartite Council is to discuss, study,
investigate on matters regarding the safety, health and welfare of workers at the
workplace and advising the Minister of Human Resources thereof.
Among the duties of the council are :
• To investigate and make report and also to recommend to the Minister any
matters whatsoever related to the objectives of OSHA.
• To ammend or make any change deem necessary for legislations of
OSHA.
• To improve administration and enforcement of OSH legislation.
• To foster cooperative consultation relationship between management and
workers with regards to OSH and well-being of workers.
• To resolve any particular problems related with OSH and well-being of
workers consist of women, handicapped and other group of people in the
society.
• To formulate adequate methods and procudures of controls at workplace
for chemical industry.
• To analyse statistics related to occupational fatality and injury which
happen at workplace.
• To provide facilities for healthcare a workplace.
• To foster development plans and public acceptance of good industrial
codes of practices related to OSH.
23
2.4.2.3 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH )
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was
officially established in December, 1992 as a Company Limited by Guarantee,
under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965. The main vision of this institute is to
be the ‘Leading Centre of Excellence’ in Occupational Safety and Health.
NIOSH's function is to provide training, consultation services, disseminate
information and conduct research and development to employees, employers and
those responsible, either directly or indirectly in the field of occupational safety
and health.
As stated in the Memorandum and Articles of Association, NIOSH aims to:-
• Contribute towards efforts in upgrading Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) through developing and providing curriculum and training
programs for workers and employees, employers and those responsible for
implementing OSH at the work place.
• Assist industries, commerce and others to solve problems relating to OSH.
• Assist those who are responsible for OSH with the latest information in
the field of OSH, both locally and overseas.
• Conduct short term and long term research in OSH related areas that will
benefit and bring advantages to the country.
• Disseminate information on research findings and to become the centre of
reference in the field of OSH.
• Organise and participate in various exhibitions, seminar and conferences
held nationwide as well as advises and supports industries in their safety
and health campaign activities.
As information is essential in realizing the goal of a safe and healthy
workplace environment, NIOSH actively undertakes information dissemination
24
activities to reach out to the public with the hope to inculcate safe and healthy
work culture.
Information dissemination is one of the important aims of NIOSH which
has become in demand by the industries. Indirectly it indicates the increasing
level of awareness in OSH among employers, employees and higher learning
institutions in Malaysia. The infrastructure development and the information
technology softwares are among the main elements of disseminating information
to the industries as well as the public as whole.
2.4.2.4 Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) was established by Act
520 of Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 in July
1994 as a statutory body under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Works Malaysia.
Its main goal is to develop, enhance and increase the competitiveness of the
Malaysian construction industry.
Its objectives are to develop the construction industry to be one of the
major contributing sectors to the national economy, capable of producing and
delivering high quality construction works, value for money and responsive to the
nation’s need.
Meanwhile, among its functions that is related to construction safety is to
accredit and certify skilled construction workers and construction supervisors.
With this particular function, the board is empowered to conduct ‘Safety and
Health Induction Course for Construction Workers (SICW)’. Upon succesfull
completion of the said course, the Board shall accredit and certify skilled
25
construction workers and construction site supervisors by issuing the so-called
‘CIDB Green Cards’ which then allow and qualify them to enter and work at
construction sites. The green card holders are also entitled with takaful insurance
coverage according to the coverage terms and conditions. This card shall
complements with all ‘NIOSH Safety Passport’ issued by the National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) nation wide.
In addition to above, among the activities of the Board is to recognise
outstanding players of the construction industry by staging the so-called
‘Malaysian Construction Industry Excellence Awards (MCIEA)’ annually.
Among the new categories introduced by the Board in the year 2006 which
include safety and health are :
• Small Contractor Award
• Construction Professional Of The Year Award
• Safety & Health Award
• Environmental Best Practices Award
• IBS Award
2.4.2.5 Local Authority
In addition to that, Local Authorities like Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru
(MBJB), Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Pasir Gudang (PBTPG), Majlis Perbandaran
Johor Bahru Tengah (MPJBT) and others also have important roles and
responsibilities in ensuring that all construction projects which fall under their
respective areas of supervision comply to the provisions of law and acts related to
safety aspects at construction site. They certainly have to enforce and take stern
action deem necessary to whoever go against or refuse to comply to the safety
provisions of law and acts.
26
2.4.3 Client / Project Owner
The client/ project owner's involvement can favorably influence project
safety performance by setting safety objectives, selecting safe contractors and
participating in safety management during construction.
Client or project owner shall ensure that all appointed contractors must
provide and submit for approval a complete safety plan and implementation
statement that is in accordance with OSH and other safety acts before they
commence their construction works at site. This is to ensure that all construction
works at site are carried out safely and smoothly so that the project can be
completed and delivered as scheduled. If any accident happens at site, this will
surely waste time and consequently cause delay in the overall completion of the
project.
Samelson and Levitt (1982) in their research, have identified that the
method used by the owner in selecting a safe contractor where the owner was
directly involved in the selection process and also in monitoring and supervision
of the contractor’s safety programs, contributed siginificant impact in reducing
the accident rate at construction site. In addition to that, the practice of short-term
permits in handling dangerous operations, safety emphasis during initial site
inspection, safety requirements as detailed in the contract specifications and site
inspection, keeping of safety records, emphasis on safety objective upon
contractor and also emphasis on safey aspects and good safety records as
requirement and criteria in contractor selection process also acted as contributing
factors.
Providing safety induction and orientation courses and trainings for
workers and establishment of management safety committee in monitoring,
27
control, auditing and ensuring the implementation of all safety aspects at
workplace are definitely added advantages.
2.4.4 Consultant
Supervising consultant engineers shall diligently discharge their role,
duties and responsibilities on behalf of the client or projet owner in ensuring that
the project is completed and delivered on time. They also have to ensure that the
contractor provide and comply to all formulated construction safety plans in
ensuring that the construction site is always safe and all construction activities are
carried out safely. Consequently the project can run smoothly and be completed
as scheduled.
According to Hussin (2004), consulting engineer is among the parties who
are directly involved and responsible on the safety of the construction workers at
construction site.
Aspects of adoption and compliance to safety act and policy, proactive
working policy and facilitative in terms of safety matters and posses adequate safety
knowledge are very much needed for a qualified project consulting engineer.
2.4.5 Contractor
The contractors are the most important party in ensuring that all safety aspects
are carried out accordingly since they are directly exposed to construction hazards
while performing the construction activities on site.
28
According to the Section 15 of OSH Act 1994, it emphasis on the general
duties of employers to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and welfare of
all his employees at workplace as follows :
• Provision and maintenance of plant and sytems of work that are safe and
without risks to health.
• Ensuring safety and no health risks in the usage and operations of the
plants.
• Provision of informations, instructions, trainings and supervision deem
necessary to ensure the safety and health of workers.
• Provision and maintenance of safe workplace and also safe access and
engress to the workplace.
• Provision and maintenance of safe working environment and facilities for
workers’ welfare at workplace.
2.4.6 Construction Worker
Construction workers at site are among important components in producing
products of the construction industry. Thus, safety and health of construction workers
are one of the most important concerns of the employer and the workers themselves.
According to the Section 24 of Ocupational Safey and Health Act 1994 (Act
514) and Regulations and Orders, it emphasis on the general duties of employees to
ensure their safety and health at workplace as follows :
• To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other
persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.
29
• To cooperate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of
any duty or requirement imposed on the employer by this Act.
• To wear at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by the
employer for the purpose of safety and health.
• To comply with any instruction or measure on OSH instituted by his
employer or under this Act.
Workers’ involvement is very important since they can provide informations
and feedbacks on the risks that they enounter at workplace. Thus, employee
representatives for the management safety commitee should be selected among the
workers who works in the most hazardous and risky operations in the company.
2.4.7 Insurance Company
Insurance company is also among important parties in the construction
industry who is responsible in providing insurance coverages for the construction
project as well as the construction workers according to the terms and conditions of
the coverage. Normally the coverages are as follows :
• Contractor All Risk.
• Workmen Compensation.
• Performance or Insurance Bond.
With insurance coverage while performing construction activities at site, the
workers as well as the employer/contractor will feel secured and have peace of mind
that if any mishap happens, they are well protected and covered in terms of medical
costs and compensations.
30
2.5 History of Role And Development of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in
Malaysia
According to Annual Report 2006 by DOSH, the role of occupational safety and
health has been in existence since 120 years ago, in the late 19th century. It started with
steam boiler safety and then followed by machinery safety. After that, it was continued
with industrial safety, industrial safety and hygiene and lastly occupational safety and
health that cover every work sector. The history, role and development of OSH can be
explained in five eras.
1. Steam Boiler Safety Era - Before 1914
Job relating to occupational safety was first established in Malaysia in the year
1878, when Mr. William Givan was appointed as Machinery Inspector. His job was to
inspect the safety aspect of steam boilers, which was usually used in the tin mines. Circa
1890’s, the Perak state government created a system of inspection by individual
surveyors. Individual with steam boiler related qualifications are given licenses to survey
boilers. In 1892, there were 83 steam boilers in the state of Perak. All of it was used in tin
mines except for 6 units, which were used in sugar factory. This boiler surveyor system
was terminated in 1900 with the appointment of Mr. C. Finchman as an inspector of
boiler.
Steam boiler enactments at that time were state-oriented as each of the four Allied
Malay States or ‘Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu’ (Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri
Sembilan) used its own steam boiler law. The first steam boiler law of Malaysia was
believed to be legislated in Selangor, which was the Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892.
Meanwhile in Perak, their first steam boiler law was enforced in the year 1903. Only by
1908, did the Allied Malay States have a uniform steam boiler legislation that was
enforced by the inspectors of boiler.
31
2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 To 1952
On the 1st of January 1914, the steam boiler enactments of the Allied Malay
States were abolished and were replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1913. Effective
with this legislation, inspectors were not only to inspect steam boilers but also had to
inspect machineries, including self-combustion engines, water turbines and other related
auxiliary machineries. At the same time, the job title of Inspector of Boiler was also
abolished and was replaced with Inspector of Machinery and Assistant Inspector of
Machinery.
In the year 1932, the Machinery Enactment of 1913 was abolished and replaced
with Machinery Enactment of 1932. Registration and inspection of installation were
enforced. At that time, the inspectors of machinery was under the administration of the
Mineral Department, under the machinery branch. This was due to the fact that most
machineries were being used in the mining sector as it was the main industry at that
particular time.
3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 To 1967
The Machinery Branch was under the Mineral Department until 1952, when the
branch was split of from the department and renamed as ‘Machinery Department’. The
split was a must because most inspections had progressed to other industries besides
mining industry.
In 1953, all of the machinery enactments of the Allied Malay States (‘Negeri-Negeri
Melayu Bersekutu’), Non-Allied Malays States (‘Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak
Bersekutu’) and Strait States (‘Negeri-Negeri Selat’) were abolished and replaced with
the ‘ Machinery Ordinance 1953 ’. With the enforcement of this ordinance, the roles of
inspectors were not only limited to steam boiler or machinery safety but also covered all
32
aspect of factory workers safety where those machineries were being used. Ordinance
1953 lacked a lot in workers’ health aspects even though there were regulations on safety,
health and welfare of workers under the ordinance, as it was not fully enforced.
The main provisions of the ordinance were as follows:
• Hence there must be an established Board of Inspectors with powers to
conduct inspections and to approve certificates of fitness;
• Hence regulations can be made;
• Hence only machinery with approval certificates can be used;
• Hence only approved persons can operate machineries;
• Hence approval from Inspections must be given before a machine can be
licensed or be modified;
• Hence all accidents to person or property relating to machinery must be
notified and investigated;
• Hence no person should be acting in a manner that could cause injury to
others or to use safety tools;
Until 1964, there were 786 steam boilers, 4537 unfired pressure vessels, 981
hoisting machines and 11366 other installations. The staffs of Machinery Department
consisted of 10 Inspectors which were made up of mechanical engineers, 5 Assistant
Inspectors which were holders of engineering diplomas and lastly 5 Factory Inspectors
(Technicians).
4. Industrial Safety and Hygiene – 1970 To 1994
In the year 1967, the Factory and Machinery Act was approved by the
Parliament. Besides that, reorganisation of the department was undertaken near the end of
1960’s, in which the function and responsibilities of inspectors, administrative method
and filing system are reorganised beside the closing down of small branch offices in
33
Rawang, Taiping, Tapah and Muar. In 1970, the Factory and Machinery Act and eight
regulations under the act were enforced. With the commissioning of this act, Machinery
Ordinance 1953 was abolished and the name of the department was changed to Factory
and Machinery Department. The inspectors who enforce the act are renamed as Factory
and Machinery Inspector. This act was legislated to overcome the weaknesses in the
Machinery Ordinance 1953, in the scope of worker’s coverage, as they were not
protected if they are working in a workplace that doesn’t use machinery. Provisions
relating to industrial health are further added. Generally, the Act was drafted to provide
minimum standard of safety, health and welfare of workers at workplace consisting of 5
employees or more and at premises which machinery were being used, including
factories, building construction sites and works of engineering construction. The Act was
only enforced in Peninsular Malaysia until 1980 when it was further enforced in Sabah
and Sarawak. Until the year 1968, Chief Inspectors were made up of British citizens. By
1968, the posts of inspectors in the Machinery Department were fully filled by locals.
The year 1968 was also the year when the post of Medical Officer and Surveillance Unit
was created in the department. The unit did not stay that long under the Labour Ministry
as it was placed under the administration of the Health Ministry in the year 1971.
This era also witnessed the existence of a few important activities and sections
like the formation of the Anti-Pollution Section in the year 1971; formation of Industrial
Hygiene Unit in the year 1971 and upgrade of its status to Industrial Hygiene Section in
the year 1980.; start of petroleum safety activities with the formation of Petroleum Safety
Section in the year 1985; start of special inspection activities to prevent major industrial
accident; industrial safety and health activity exercises with expert help from
International Labour Organisation in the year 1987; formation of C.I.S in 1988; and
formation of Major Hazards Section in the year 1991. Petroleum Act (Safety Measures)
was enforced in the year 1984 and its enforcement is carried out by a few government
agencies including the Factory and Machinery Department. The department enforced
provisions in the act relating to transportation of petroleum using pipeline, petroleum
distribution, storage and also related equipment and instrument. Regulations (Safety
Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum By Pipelines) 1985 have been fully enforced by
34
the department. With these new responsibilities, the Factory and Machinery inspectors
were also gazetted as Petroleum Inspector.
Suggestion to establish a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health had
been carried forward by the department to the National Advisor Council of Occupational
Safety and Health in the year 1985. The Cabinet approves the establishment of the
institute in 1991 and its opening was officiated by the Minister of Human Resources on
December 1992. The institute is a government-backed company with the purpose to do
training activities; information pooling and dissemination; research and development in
occupational safety and health.
A national workshop on occupational safety and health information strategy
development was organized by the Factory and Machinery Department, Asia-OSH and
International Labour Organisation (ILO) on 26-28 April 1993. The purpose of this
workshop was to create an information link relating to occupational safety and health
practices in order to enhance information transfer and dissemination. After the
reorganisation of the Department in 1969, a lot of changes have taken place due to the
country’s speedy economic development and the enforcement of laws related to the
department.
The Department’s reorganisation is a must since there is a shift in the policy of
the Department especially from the aspect of safety legislation enforcement, which
consists of expansion of the worker’s safety scope and the encouragement of self-
regulation philosophy. On the other hand, the purpose, function, responsibility and
approach of the Department remain the same. The legislation of the new Act also requires
reorganisation of the Department’s structure, which for 20 years models the old
organisation’s structure and so is not suitable to handle new occupational safety and
health issues. The reorganisation committee formed in 1991 handed two working plans to
the Public Services Department (‘Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam’) for consideration. The
committee drafted a plan for reorganisation of the Factory and Machinery Department’s
35
structure and proposed to upgrade the status of Chief Inspector of Factory and Machinery
along with his deputy. Starting from 1992, the grade of Chief Inspector was upgrade to
Top Management C while the grade of Deputy Chief Inspector was upgrade to Top
Management D. The reorganisation of the Department was agreed by Public Services
Department and along with that 108 new posts were created. The Department’s new
organisation structure came into force on the 1st of January 1993.
5. Occupational Safety and Health Era – after 1994
The new legislation on occupational safety and health was made in the year 1994.
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) was approved by the Parliament in
1993 and was gazetted on February 1994. This legislation was made considering the fact
that the Factory and Machinery Act 1967 only covers occupational safety and health in
the manufacturing, mining, quarrying and construction industries, whereas the other
industries are not covered. Workers that are covered by Factory and Machinery Act 1967
consists only of 24% of the nation’s total man power, while Occupational Safety and
Health 1994 would cover 90% of the nation’s total man power and would exempt those
working on ships and in the armed forces.
The purpose of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is to promote and
encourage occupational safety and health awareness among workers and to create
organisation along with effective safety and health measures. This would be carried out
by self-regulation schemes that match the industry or related organisation. This Act,
which contains 15 section, is a measure that supersedes any conflict in existing
occupational safety and health laws such as the Factory and Machinery Act 1967. The
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 complements any existing legislative provision
and if there are any conflicts, the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 will
overcome it. This Act also defines the responsibilities of employers, manufacturer,
employees, self-employed workers, designers, importers and vendors. Even though those
responsibilities are general, it would still need serious attention and would carry all kind
36
of liabilities. There are three main principles that had been taken as the foundation in the
drafting of this Act. The first principle is self-regulation. To handle issues relating to
occupational safety and health, employers must develop a good and orderly management
system. Starting with formation of a safety and health policy and consequently employers
have to make the proper arrangements to be carried out. The second principle is
consultation, where employers, employees and the government must negotiate to settle
issues and problems relating to occupational safety and health at the workplace. The third
principle is co-operation, where employers and employees must co-operate to take care,
nurture and to increase the quality of occupational safety and health at the workplace.
Without co-operation between employers and employees, none of the occupational safety
and health programs carried out would succeed.
This Act also provide for the appointments of enforcement officers, establishment of
National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, formation of policy and
arrangement of measures to protect safety, health and welfare of people at work and
others who might be endangered by the activities of people at work. The powers to
enforce, to inspect and the liabilities for breaking the law are also clearly defined.
With the approval of this Act, starting from April 1994 the Department of Factory and
Machinery has been renamed as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH) and the Inspectors are called Occupational Safety and Health Officers.
Under this act, industrial sectors that are covered by it are as follows:
• Manufacturing
• Mining and quarrying
• Construction
• Agriculture, forestry and fishing
• Utilities – gas, electric, water and sanitary services
• Transport, storage and communication
• Transport, storage and communication
• Wholesale and retail traders
• Hotels and restaurant
37
• Finance, insurance, real estate, business service
• Public services and statutory authority
2.6 Provision of Acts of OSH in Malaysian Construction Industry
2.6.1 Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Revised – 1974) , Act 139
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) was fully enforced and in
operation on 1 February, 1970. Its enforcement was initially carried out by
Factory and Machinery Department and later by Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) in April, 1994.
The act is stipulated in parts and sections as depicted in Appendix C.
2.6.2 Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (Act 302)
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (Act 302) was gazetted on 28
June, 1984 and fully enforced and in operation on 1 March, 1985. Its enforcement
was initially carried out by a few government agencies including the Factory and
Machinery Department which was then changed to a new name called
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) in April, 1994. The
department enforced provisions in the act relating to transportation of petroleum
using pipeline, petroleum distribution, storage and also related equipment and
instrument. Regulations (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum by
Pipelines) 1985 have been fully enforced by the department. With these new
responsibilities, the Factory and Machinery inspectors were also gazetted as
‘Petroleum Inspector’.
38
The act is stipulated in parts and sections as depicted in Appendix D.
2.6.3 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
The new legislation on occupational safety and health was made in the
year 1994. ‘Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) and Regulations
and Orders’ was approved by the Parliament in 1993 and was gazetted on
February 1994.
Among the objectives of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) as
stipulated in the ‘Objects of the Act’ are as follows:
• To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to
safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work.
• To protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against
risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of person at work.
• To promote an occupational environment for persons at work this is
adapted to their physiological and psychological needs.
• To provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and
health legislations may be progressively replaced by a system of
regulations and approved industry codes of practice operating in
combination with the provisions of this Act designed to maintain or
improve the standards of safety and health.
The act is stipulated in parts and sections as depicted in Appendix E.
39
2.7 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSH-MS)
2.7.1 International Labour Organisation (ILO) – OSH 2001
2.7.1.1 Introduction
According to the ‘Guidelines on Occupational Safety and
Health Management System (ILO-OSH 2001)’, the positive impact of
introducing Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems
(OSH-MS) at the organisation level, both on the reduction of hazards
and risks and on productivity, is now recognised by governments,
employers and workers. These guidelines on OSH-MS have been
developed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) according to
internationally agreed principles defined by the ILO's tripartite
constituents. This tripartite approach provides the strength, flexibility
and appropriate basis for the development of a sustainable safety culture
in the organisation. The ILO has therefore developed voluntary
guidelines on OSH management systems which reflect ILO values and
instruments relevant to the protection of workers' safety and health.
2.7.1.2 Objectives
These guidelines should contribute to the protection of workers
from hazards and to the elimination of work-related injuries, ill health,
diseases, incidents and deaths.
40
At national level, the guidelines should:
• Be used to establish a national framework for OSH management
systems, preferably supported by national laws and regulations;
• Provide guidance for the development of voluntary arrangements
to strengthen compliance with regulations and standards leading
to continual improvement in OSH performance; and
• Provide guidance on the development of both national and
tailored guidelines on OSH management systems to respond
appropriately to the real needs of organisation, according to their
size and the nature of their activities.
At the level of the organisation, the guidelines are intended to:
• Provide guidance regarding the integration of OSH management
system elements in the organisation as a component of policy
and management arrangements; and
• Motivate all members of the organsation, particularly employers,
owners, managerial staff, workers and their representatives, in
applying appropriate OSH management principles and methods
to continually improve OSH performance.
2.7.1.3 A National Framework for OSH Mangement System
The national policy on OSH management systems should
establish general principles and procedures to:
• Promote the implementation and integration of OSH
management systems as part of the overall management of an
organsation;
41
• Facilitate and improve voluntary arrangements for the
systematic identification, planning, implementation and
improvement of OSH activities at national and organisation
levels;
• Promote the participation of workers and their representatives at
organisation level;
• Implement continual improvement while avoiding unnecessary
bureaucracy, administration and costs;
• Promote collaborative and support arrangements for OSH
management systems at the organisation level by labour
inspectorates, occupational safety and health services and other
services, and channel their activities into a consistent framework
for OSH management;
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the national policy and framework
at appropriate intervals;
• Evaluate and publicize the effectiveness of OSH management
systems and practice by suitable means; and
• Ensure that the same level of safety and health requirements
applies to contractors and their workers as to the workers,
including temporary workers, employed directly by the
organisation.
2.7.1.4 The OSH Management System in the Organization
Occupational safety and health, including compliance with the
OSH requirements pursuant to national laws and regulations, are the
responsibility and duty of the employer. The employer should show
strong leadership and commitment to OSH activities in the organisation,
and make appropriate arrangements for the establishment of an OSH
42
management system. The system should contain the main elements of
policy, organizing, planning and implementation, evaluation and action
for improvement.
2.7.2 OHS – MS Under British Standard BS 8800 : 1996
There are six (6) elements of OHS Management System specified under
the BS 8800 are as follows (Ahmadon et al, 2006) :
1. Policy :
Requirements of safety and health policy reflect the management
commitment towards the organisational safety and heath.
2. Organizing :
Organizing is the process of allocating the responsibilities and the
neessary arrangements to be taken. HSE (1991) describes the four C’s of
organising as control, cooperation, communucation and competence.
Organising also outlines the needs for proper OHS documentations.
3. Planning and Implementation :
Organizations adopt a planned and systematic approach to policy
implementation. This includes the management arrangement such as
resources, personnel, contigency plans, organisation activities,
measuring performance, audit, status review and corrective measures.
43
4. Measuring Performance :
This element describes the method of monitoring and measuring
the OSH performance. It describes the purpose and the types of
monitoring. For example, there are proactive monitoring and reactive
monitoring.
5. Audit :
This element descibes the procudure of planning and managing the
audit. An OSH audit is far more comprehensive than the measurement of
a simple parameter or a routine inspetion. It can be carried out by
someone within the organisation or an outsider. A combination of these
two is often particular effective.
6. Initial and Periodic Status Review :
The initial status review will provide information on the current
system. This will enable decision to be made on its scope, adequacy and
implementation. It will also act as a baseline for the progress that can be
measured. While the periodic staus review will determine the outcome
of the systems implemented and identify the necessary cause of action to
be taken to improve any deficiencies.
44
Figure 2.1 : OHS Management System elements of the BS 8800: 1996
Policy
a) Recognition of integral part of business
performance.
b) Compliance to legal requirements.
c) Continual cost-effective improvement in
performance.
d) Adequate & appropriate resources.
e) Setting & appropriate OHS objective.
f) OHS management as prime responsibility
of line management.
g) Understanding, implementation, and
maintenance at all levels.
h) Employee involvement and consultation.
i) Periodic review.
j) Training for employees.
Organising a) Responsibilities
b) Organisation arrangements
c) OHS documents
Planning and
implementing
a) General
b) Risk assessment
c) Legal and other requirements
d) OHS management arrangements
a) Qualitative and quantitative measure
b) Proactive and reactive performance
measurement.
Measuring
performance
a) Conduct by competent persons periodically
b) Result communicated to all relevant
personnel.
Audit
Initial and
Periodic status
a) Overall performance of OSHMS
b) Performance of individual elements
c) Audit findings
d) Identify action to remedy any deficiencies.
45
2.7.3 OHSAS 18001 : 1996 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series)
‘Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series - OHSAS 18001 : 2007’
was created via the concerted effort from a number of the worlds leading national
standards bodies, certification bodies, and specialist consultancies. A main driver for
this was to try to remove confusion in the workplace from the proliferation of
certifiable OHS specifications.
OHSAS 18001 has been developed to be compatible with the ISO 9001
(Quality) and ISO 14001 (Environmental) management systems standards, in order to
facilitate the integration of quality, environmental and occupational health and safety
management systems by organisations, should they wish to do so.
The (OHSAS) specification gives requirements for an occupational health and
safety management system (OHS-MS), to enable an organisation to control its OHS risks
and improve its performance. It does not state specific OHS performance criteria, nor
does it give detailed specifications for the design of a management system.
The OHSAS applications and benefits to an organisation are :
• Establish an OHS management system to eliminate or minimize risk to
employees and other interested parties who may be exposed to OHS
risks associated with its activities.
• Implement, maintain and continually improve an OHS management
system.
• Assure itself of its conformance with its stated OHS policy.
• Demonstrate such conformance to others.
• Seek certification/registration of its OHS management system by an
external organisation.
46
• Make a self-determination and declaration of conformance with this
OHSAS specification.
OHS Management System consists of six (6) elements as follows:
• General requirements
• OHS policy
• Planning
• Implementation and operation
• Checking and corrective action
• Management review
Figure 2.2: OHS Management System elements of OHSAS 18001: 1996
Continual
improvement
OHS Policy
Planning
Implementation
And operation
Management review
Checking and
corrective action
47
2.7.4 United States Department of Energy : Safety Management System (SMS)
2.7.4.1 Purpose and Sope
According to ‘United States Department of Energy’, Safety
Management System (SMS) provides a formal, organised process whereby
people plan, perform, assess and improve the safe conduct of work. The
Safety Management System is institutionalised through Department of Energy
(DOE) directives and contracts to establish the deparment-wide safety
management objective, guiding principles and functions.
2.7.4.2 Policy
The department is committed to conducting work efficiently and in
manner that ensures protection of workers, public and environment. It is
deparment policy that Safety Management System shall be used to
systematically integrate safety into management and work practices at all
levels so that missions are accomplished while protecting the public, worker
and environment. Direct involvement of workers during the development and
implementation of Safety Management System is essential for their success.
2.7.4.3 SMS Components
The Safety Management System consists of six (6) components as
follows:
48
1) Objective : The department and contractors must systematically
integrate safety into management and work practices at all levels
so that missions are accomplished while protecting the public,
worker and environment. This is to be accomplished through
effeive integration of safety management into all facets of work
planning and execution. In other words, the overall management of
safety functions and ativities becomes an integral part of mission
accomplishment.
2) Guiding Principles : The principles are fundamental policies that
guide department and contractor actions, from development of
safety directives to performance of work. Among the seven (7)
guiding principles are :
• Line management responsibility for safety.
• Clear roles and responsibilities.
• Competence commensurate with responsibilities.
• Balanced priorities.
• Identification of safety standards and requirements.
• Hazard controls tailored to work being performed.
• Operations authorisation.
3) Core Functions : There are five (5) core safety functions which
provide the necessary structure for any work activity that could
potentially affect the public, workers and environment. The
funcions are applied as a continuous cycle with the degree of rigor
appropritae to address the type of work activity and the hazards
involved. Among the functions are :
• Define the scope of work.
• Analyse the hazards.
• Develop and implement hazards controls.
• Perform work within controls.
49
• Provide feedback and continuous improvement.
4) Mechanisms : Define how the core safety functions are
performed. The mechanism may vary from facility to facility and
from ativity to activity based on hazards and the work being
performed and may includes deparmental expectaions expressed
through directives (policy, rules, orders, notices, standards and
guidance) and contract clauses.
5) Responsibilities : Responsibilities must be learly defined in
documents appropriate to the activity. DOE responsibilities are
defined in the department directives. Contractor responsibilities are
detailed in contracts, regulations and contractor-specific
procedures. For each management mechanism employed to satisfy
a safety management principle or function, the associated approval
authority needs to be established. The review and approval levels
may vary commensurate with the type of work and the hazads
involved.
6) Implementation : Implementation involves specific instances of
work definition and planning, hazards identifications and analysis,
definition and implementation of hazard ontrols, performance of
work, developing and implemening operating procedures and
monitoring and accessing performance for improvement.
2.8 Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry
2005 – 2010 by CIDB and DOSH
According to ‘Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in Construction
Industry 2005 – 2010 (MPOSHCI)’ which was issued by CIDB and DOSH, over many
50
years, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) has taken a lot of
effort to reduce the number of people who are killed, injured, or suffering ill health as a
result of construction work. But their initiative alone is insufficient to increase or
strengthen safety and health activities within the growing construction industry. Earnest
effort from all the industry stakeholders is also necessary. Recognising these difficulties,
CIDB initiated the development of the master plan for safety and health.
Among the immediate measures adopted by the CIDB include the introduction of the
safety and health induction course for construction workers and occupational safety and
health management system course for contractors.
As a short to medium term measure, CIDB in collaboration with DOSH and industry
players proposed to develop a five year (2005 - 2010) master plan as mentioned above to
guide the industry stakeholders to strengthen safety and health activities within the
industry. In pursuit of this objective, CIDB formed a committee, namely ‘National
Occupational Safety and Health Committee for Construction Industry (NOSHCCI)’,
comprising industry players and government agency representatives to assist in the
development of this master plan.
The approach of developing the Master Plan together with the industry players and
the enforcement agency will facilitate greater industry player ownership of the Master
Plan that is developed and deliver some enduring skills in safety and health management
plan development that will aid sustainability.
51
2.9 OSH Management System Practised in Oil and Gas Construction Industry by
Sime Darby Engineering Sdn. Bhd.
2.9.1 Introduction
Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDESB) is a wholly owned subsidiary
company of Sime Darby Berhad (SDB) group of companies. It is located at Plo 336,
Jalan Suasa, Pasir Gudang Industrial Area, Pasir Gudang, Johor. It is one of
Malaysia’s leading oil and gas services provider. Its main activity is managing EPCIC
contracts which involves engineering, procurement, construction/fabrication,
installation and comissioning of off-shore structures for oil and gas industry like
central proessing and drilling platforms, jackets, compression and intergrated
modules, heli decks, bridges and living quarters.
2.9.2 Policy on Safety, Health and Environment (HSE)
SDESB is fully committed to the conservation and protection of the
environment and promote safety and health throughout its business activities,
products and services. SDESB is committed to :
• Comply to all relevant environmental, safety and health legislations,
regulations and other related requirements.
• Prevent pollution and accidents.
• Minimise usage of hazardous materials, chemicals and gases.
• Minimise release of pollutants to air, water and land.
• Reduce consumption of natural resources.
• Reduce, reuse and recycle of waste.
• Promote environmental, safety and health awareness to all employees,
clients, sub-contractors, suppliers and visitors.
52
• Eliminate or minimise operational hazards through line management
supervision, audits, inspection and surveillance.
• Continuously improve our environmental, safety and health performance.
2.9.3 Standard Certifications
SDESB is certified for ISO 9001 : 2000, ISO 14001 : 2004 and OHSAS 18001 :
1999 by Bureau Veritas Certification Malaysia.
2.9.4 Safety and Health Committee
The main objective of establishment of safety and health committee is to
upgrade the level of occupational safey and health in the company. The organisational
committee and its functions are in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health (
Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996.
2.9.4.1 Main HSE Committee
The 2008 main HSE committee members are elected from all heads of
department (HOD), senior project managers and fourteen (required at least four)
workers’ representatives. Chairman of the committee is the Vice President 1
(VP1) and the deputy chairman is the head of HSE and QA/QC departments.
Whereas the secretary is the safety manager (operation) of HSE department.
53
Among its functions are :
• Assist in the development of safety and health rules and safe
working systems.
• Review the effectiveness of current safety and health programmes
and recommend improvements and modifications deem necessary.
• Carry out studies on the trends of accident, near-miss accident,
dangerous occurence, occupational poisioning or disease which
occurs at workplace.
• Report to employer of any unsafe or unhealthy condition or
act/practice at workplace together with recommendations for
corrective actions.
• Review all existing HSE policies and make recommendations to the
employer for any revision of such policies if deem necessary.
• Conduct HSE walkabout once a month to ascertain the workplace is
free from hazards and environmental impacts.
• Conduct a meeting at least once in every two (2) months.
• Conduct safety audit and management review annually at the end of
the year.
2.9.4.2 Project HSE Committee
The project safety commitee members are elected from the upper level
of project management team (PMT) and headed by the senior project manager.
Whereas the secretary is the safety coordinator for that particular project.
The committee is responsible to monitor the project working procedure,
identify safety-related problems at workplace and recommend any
modifications and ammendments deem necessary to all regulations related to
54
safety and hazards at workplace. This includes formulating safety development
programs, safety courses and trainings and also improving the level of safety
awareness and implementation among workers involved in the project.
If any accident happens at workplace, the committee will conduct an
investigation in order to determine the root causes. Then the committee will call
for meeting to discuss and propose on safety preventive measures in order to
avoid any recurrence of that particular accident in the future.
The committee members will conduct weekly safety walkabout/inspection
and audit in order to identify any hazards and unsafe act and condition at
workplace which then be highlighted and discussed in the weekly safety
meeting.
2.9.5 Role, Participation and Committment from Stakeholders Related to OSH
2.9.5.1 Top Management
The overall responsibility for HSE rests with the top management.
The top management shall:
• Formulate and implement an effective and cohesive HSE policy throughout
SDESB.
• Ensure that the HSE Policy is maintained under continual review and
updated periodically so as to accommodate changes.
• Allocate adequate fund and manpower for HSE.
55
• Set an achievable HSE targets.
• Provide resources essential to the implementation, control and improvement
of the HSE management system. Resources include human resources and
specialised skills, technology and financial resources.
2.9.5.2 Line Management / Project Management Team
Line Management / Project Management Team consists of a team of
supervisory and technical staff such as engineers, foreman, superintendent,
supervisor headed Senior Project Manager / Project Manager have the
operational responsibility for implementing the HSE plan / program and the
required standards of HSE within their area of control.
They are expected to promote high degree of HSE awareness among all
personnel. This involves a number of key responsibilities as follows:
• Administer SDESB HSE policy and Project HSE Plan on a daily basis.
• Convene the scheduled HSE meetings with all relevant personnel and
ensure records of attendance and minutes of meetings are properly
maintained.
• Ensure that the workforces under their control are adequately informed on
risk control, trained and competent for the operations, which they are
required to perform.
56
• Arrange for the scheduled training of staff in aspects of HSE relevant to
their works.
• Ensure that all statutory and company examinations and inspections of
plant, machinery, scaffolding, etc. are carried out and relevant registers are
completed, maintained and audited.
• Ensure that the relevant statutory notices, regulations, signs, etc. are
displayed and maintained at relevant locations.
• Ensure that emergency procedures are implemented. Periodic exercise is
held to familiarise all concerned on the actions required.
• Ensure that the arrangements for first aid and other emergency services
are provided and make known to all concerned.
• Carry out workplace HSE inspection / audit as spelt out in Project HSE
Plan.
• Ensure full cooperation of the site personnel with the safety personnel
and take action upon any HSE matter that has brought to their notice,
which demands their attention.
• The provision of adequate supervision to ensure that the workplace is
maintained in a safe and tidy condition, and those safety devices are
provided and utilised.
• To ensure that protective equipment worn, HSE rules observed and safe
work practices applied.
57
• Ensure that all accident involving injury, damage to property, oil and
chemical spill as well as near miss are reported to HSE Department and
are investigated to established the causes and see that any recommended
corrective actions are implemented accordingly so as to prevent
recurrence.
• Ensure that subordinates receive clear HSE instructions regarding the
hazards and the associated preventive measures under which the
operations will be carried out.
• Organise the site such that work is carried out to the correct standard of
HSE with minimum risk to the employees and others affected by our
activities.
• Ensure that subordinates receive clear safety instructions regarding the
hazards and the associated preventive measures under which the
operations will be carried out.
• Ensure that sufficient safety protective equipment is available and where
necessary, employees are given personal instruction in its use.
• Ensure all employees are provided with all the necessary personal
protective equipment.
• Encourage subordinates and subcontractors’ employees to report unsafe
act, unsafe conditions and near miss incidents.
• Conduct ‘job safety analysis (JSA)’, toolbox briefing and ‘intervention
preventive observation (IPO)’.
58
2.9.5.3 Workers
Worker participation is an essential element of the OSH management
system in the organisation. The company ensures that workers and their safety
and health representatives are consulted, informed and trained on all aspects of
OSH, including emergency arrangements, associated with their work.
The company makes arrangements for workers and their safety and
health representatives to have the time and resources to participate actively in
the processes of organising, planning and implementation, evaluation and action
for improvement of the OSH management system.
The company also ensures, as appropriate, the establishment and
efficient functioning of a safety and health committee and the recognition of
workers' safety and health representatives, in accordance with national laws and
practice.
Workers have to perform their work activities in the manner in which
they have been instructed and trained such that they do not place themselves
or anyone else at risk as follows:
• Not attempt to carry out work of any dangerous nature nor perform any
tasks, nor operate any equipment unless they have been correctly trained
and authorised to do so, in accordance with recognised procedures.
• Use correct equipment for their work, ensure that it is maintained in a safe
condition and immediately report any known defects to their supervisor.
• Use the protective clothing and equipment provided for their safety and
ensures that it is maintained in a safe condition.
59
• Report any unsafe conditions, incidents and near miss to their immediate
supervisor so that remedial action can be taken to control or eliminate
risk.
• Report all accidents, personal injuries, oil and chemical spill to their
immediate supervisor and if necessary seek medical attention.
• Use the main accesses as provided, comply with the relevant HSE notices
and signs and do not enter any area where they may be placed at risk or do
not have authorisation to enter.
• Keep their workplace in a safe and tidy condition.
• Develop a personal concern for HSE and if they have any doubt as to their
ability to perform a task safely they must inform their supervisor.
• Participate in planned HSE program such as Toolbox Meeting,
Emergency Drill, Safety Promotion, Housekeeping, SPSA, IPO and
others.
2.9.5.4 Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Department
This HSE department is responsible to monitor, advise and render any
assistance in resolving any safety-related problems. The QA/HSE Department
is headed by head of HSE and QA/QC departments who reports directly to
Vice President 1 (VP1). He is assisted by various HSE personnel including
HSE manager, assistant HSE manager and safety coordinators. The key roles
of the department are as follows: -
60
• Advise the management on all the HSE matters and ensure all
concerned are properly updated on new and revised HSE regulations,
standards and practices.
• Develop, promote and coordinate all aspects of HSE associated with
company operations.
• The establishment and maintenance of HSE inspections and audits
procedures, including the preparation and appropriate distribution of
written reports detailing defects, weakness and recommendations for
improvement.
• Plan, organise and conduct, as necessary appropriate HSE training and
promotional program for employees.
• Liaison with the relevant authority on all matters pertaining to HSE.
• The establishment and maintenance of adequate procedures to ensure
that all accidents including near-miss, dangerous occurrences oil and
chemical spill are thoroughly investigated and promptly reported to
those concerned.
• Maintain continuous review and make necessary changes to the HSE
Management Manual to ensure that the information contained therein is
up-to-date.
• Recommend the appropriate type of personal protective equipment that
can be used in SSE.
• Prepare accident statistics, accident analysis and submit the findings to all
concerned
61
2.9.5.5 Clients
The local and international clients like Shell, Petronas, Exxon-Mobil,
Qatar Petroleum and Talisman Energy plays a very significant role in
consistently driving and ensuring the implementation and compliance to safety
management and practices at international oil and gas standard . At times, they
even contribute in term of monetary and participation in the safety promotion
and HSE day celebrations.
2.9.5.6 Contractors and Sub-Contractors
Local and international Contractors and sub-contractor have to observe
and adhere to company’s HSE policies, rules and practices as stipulated in the
contract documents in terms of safety implemention and compliance. They have
to their workers to attend ‘NIOSH-OSFAM Safety Pass (NOSP)’ safety
orientation course in order to qualify for obtaining safety pass and notify them
of these HSE requirements prior commencing works in the fabrication yard.
They also have to instill and promote safety awareness among their workers and
to ensure that they are competent to carry out works and be familiar with the
relevant statutory requirements, code of pratices and company procedures.
2.9.5.7 Emergency Response Team (ERT)
The team has been established since 1990 and has also contributed in
handling many emergeny cases that had happened in the company premise. It
has a permanent and dedicated office and training center for its operation. Its
team member are appointed by the company management on a voluntary basis.
62
It is also an active member of Pasir Gudang Emergency Response and Mutual
Aid Association (PAGEMA) which is under the coordination of Pasir Gudang
Local Authority (PBTPG). In addition to that, it also has a collaboration with
‘Jabatan Pertahanan Awam (JPA)’ in extending any emergeny aid needed by the
said government deparment. Having established the said team helps in raising
confidence level among the clients to award more projects to the company.
2.9.6 HSE Indicators and Targets
The safety indicators implemented by SDESB are divided into two (2)
categories of lagging and leading indicators as follows :
I. Lagging indicators such as :
• Lost Time Incident (LTI)
• Non – LTI Injury
• Non Injuries
• Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR)
• Total Recordable Injuries Frequency (TRIF)
• Total Manhours Worked Without LTI
• Total Days Worked Without LTI
II. Leading indicators (LI) such as :
• U See U Act (UCUX)
• Housekeeping
• Personal Protection Equipments (PPE)
Annually the management will set HSE targets to be achieved and dessiminate
it to all workers through e-mails and memos. The safety targets for this year, 2008 are
as shown by the following indicators :
63
• Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) < 0.3
• Fire Incident 0 (Major)
• Environmental Incident 4 (Minor)
• Occupational Ilness 0
• Housekeeping (LI) 0
• PPE (LI) > 85%
• Main HSE Committee Walkabout > 96%
• Main HSE Committee Meeting 80%
• 25 and 35 Millions Man-hr Without LTI 80%
Although a few of last year targets were not achieved, the management believes
that with full participation and commitment from the senior and middle management,
the above targets can be achieved. Strong leadership and commitment to HSE are
critical in order to ensure a safer, conducive and healthier workplace. As for the
employees, the management strongly hope that they will actively participate in all
HSE related activities organised by the company. In addition to that, various HSE
programmes and incentives have been implemented to provide the platform for all
parties involved in order to get a total safety commitment.
2.9.7 HSE Rules and Practices
2.9.7.1 NIOSH-OSFAM Safety Pass
All workers are compulsory to bring along NIOSH-OSFAM safety pass
when entering the fabrication area or red zone. To obain this safety pass, every
worker need to attend the NOSP Orientation Course, which is a jointly
organised course conducted by SDESB and NIOSH to certify and issue safety
64
pass to successfull workers which then allow and qualify them to enter and
work at construction/fabrication site.
2.9.7.2 Housekeeping Management
All workers shall maintain housekeeping at their respective work areas
and to ensure:
• Work areas are to be free from rubbish and unused materials. Rubbish
bins, scrap boxes and waste paints boxes provided are to be utilised
properly for housekeeping purpose.
For identification purposes:
Yellow bin - for rubbish
Red box - for scrap materials
Green box - for waste paints
• Working equipments/materials are to be stacked properly leaving at least
two escape routes out of work area.
• Fire fighting equipments provided are accessible and in good condition.
• To maintain the housekeeping, SDE practices concept of 5S.
Implementation of 5S includes: -
SEIRI : Sort out unnecessary item in workplace and discard
them.
SEITON : Arrange unnecessary item in good order so it can be
easily selected for use.
SEISO : Clean your workplace
SEIKSUKE : Maintain workplace comfortable and productive by
repeating Seiri – Seiton – Seiso.
65
2.9.7.3 Personal Conduct
While performing their duties, all are required to observe and comply to
the working guidelines as follows :
• Always observe and implement safe working practice
• Focus and give fullest attention to any safety talks and briefings
• Always awares of potential hazards at workplace
• Do not work alone and without supervision by superior.
• Do not leave tools and equipments unattended on the scaffoldings and
working platform.
• Do not throw any tools and equipments up or down to other worker, but to
implement safe practice like using ‘hand line’.
• Be careful when walking in order to avoid falling off from any
unprotected openings.
• Always beware of any falling objects
• Stand at safe distance when there is any weight-lifting activity.
2.9.7.4 Personal Protection Equipments (PPE)
SDESB always reserves the right to stop the ‘work’ if it is considered that
the workers are not wearing proper personal protection equipments (PPE).
2.9.7.4.1 Head Protection Equipment
Provide protection against impact from falling objects and
reduce the danger of high voltage shock and burn. Wearing safety
66
helmet is compulsory at fabrication area or red zone where signboard
showing the requirement to wear it is displayed. Coloured and metal
safety helmets are prohibited to be used. It needs to be replaced
periodically when reaches its expiry date and being subject to impact,
extreme heat, or any other conditions that could have impair its safety
condition. According to BS 5240, safety helmet are made of two (2)
parts as follows :
• First part : made of hard thermoseting plastic to provide protection
for the head.
• Second part : chin strap to secure the safety helmet from falling
off and plastic part inside to absorb the impact.
2.9.7.4.2 Face and Eyes Protection Equipment
It includes clear safety glasses, goggles, face shields and full
face welding masks. Choose the most suitable eyes and face protection
for the work to be done as follows :
• Welding work : to use proper welding mask
• Grinding work : to use proper google and face shield
• Oxy cutting work : to use proper google
• General work : to use proper safety glasses
2.9.7.4.3 Body Protection Equipment
When enters red zone and working at height less than 2 metres,
it requires the workers to wear a long-sleeved jacket. Whereas, when
working at height more than 2 metres, it is compulsory to wear safety
67
harness with double lanyards for saffolders and riggers and single
lanyard for any other trade. This equipment provides protection against
falling off from height.
2.9.7.4.4 Hand Protection Equipment
Wearing gloves can protect hand from minor injury like cuts
and bruises. Wear cotton gloves when performing any general work and
leather gloves when doing rough works like welding and cuting steel
bars or plates.
2.9.7.4.5 Ear Protection Equipment
Ear protection equipments need to used when exposed to
excessive noise of above 85 dBA which can result in a permanent
impairment of hearing or deafness. There are two (2) types hearing
protection equipments which are ear plugs and ear muffs. It has to
comply to ANSI S12.6/S3.19 or BS 6344 standards. Wearing these
protections can help to reduce noise level at least by 20 dBA.
2.9.7.4.6 Foot Protection Equipment
Wearing safety shoe provides protection from slipping, damage
to the foot from impact of heavy object and in some cases, insulate
against electrical shock. Safety socks also need to be worn in order to
68
avoid sparks from entering into shoe. It has to comply to MS 640, BS
953/1870 and ANSI 241 standards.
2.9.7.4.7 Respiratory Protection Equipment
Selection of suitable respiratory protective There are two (2)
types of respiratory protection equipments which are dust mask and air
purifying mask or respirator. Dust mask removes dusts from inhaled air.
Never use dust mask in the presence of toxic dust, flammable gases and
in oxygen deficient amosphere. When using air purifying mask in
oxygen deficient atmosphere, care need to ensure that the shelf life of
the catridge has not been exceeded.
2.9.7.5 Red And Green Zones Boundary Demarcation
The company has demarcated the boundaries between the ‘green zone’
(non-fabrication area) and ‘red zone’ (fabrication area) by installing boundary
fences and putting safety signboards. In ‘green zone’, it does not require the
workers to wear the PPE. This area includes offices, car parks, surau, canteen,
clinic and yard resting shades. Whereas in red zone or fabrication yard, it
requires the works to wear PPE. Minimum PPE required in this area are safety
shoes, glasses, helmet and long-sleeved jacket.
69
2.9.7.6 Right To Stop Work
SDESB representative a have he right to prohibit commencement of
works or stop any works in progress if the equipment, machinery, personnel or
work conditions are considered to be unsafe or not to be in compliance with any
applicable rules, regulations and procedures. Stoppage of work shall be at
contractor’s expense until such unsafet act and condition have been
satisfactorily rectified. In the event of serious or repeated infringements,
SDESB may terminate the contract without any compensation.
2.9.7.7 Emergency Procedure
During an emergency situation like fire, an emergency siren will be
activated to inform all workers that there is an emergency situation happening
within company premise. All works are reminded not to be panic and they are
required to leave their workplaces and proceed to gather at designated assembly
areas where their attendances will be recorded by appointed safety wardens and
they are given short briefing by the chief warden. Once the emengency situation
subsides, they will instructed to return back to their workplacse and resume
work. It is a practice by the company that an emergency drill will be conducted
once in every three months.
2.9.7.8 Safety Courses and Trainings
The company really put an emphasis and efforts in providing safety
courses and training for the workers in order to ensure they are fully trained and
competent to carry out their jobs at workplace.
List of courses and trainings provided are :
70
• NOSP Orientation Course
• Grinding Course
• Rigging Course
• SPSA and HIRARC Course
• Auditing Course
• Incident Investigation Course
NOSP Orientation Course is a jointly organised course conducted by
SDESB and NIOSH to certify and issue safety pass to successfull workers
which then allow and qualify them to enter and work at construction/fabrication
site.
2.9.7.9 Medical Facilities And Services
The company has provided medical services for workers rendered by
appointed panel clinics throughout Pasir Gudang and Johor Bahru areas. Even,
the company has established a clinic with an occupational health doctor (OHD)
and sickbay within the company premise in order to provide fast and efficient
medical services to the needy workers. This OHD doctor has also established
and monitors medical datas for the purpose of medical surveillance for all
workers. In addition to that, the company also provides two (2) numbers of
ambulances on stand-by basis for any emengency situation. Finally, the
company has also put an emphasis on providing ‘ First-Aid’ box at workplace.
2.9.7.10 Work Permit System And Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
All works carried out by the workers shall be in accordance with a
SDE approved ‘Permit to Work’ procedure. Work permits shall be signed-off
71
at the end of the day and shall be re-endorsed on the following day for
continuing with the work. The purpose of the work permit system is to ensure
safety and health of workers at workplace and surrounding people.
Types of work permits are:
• Cold Work Permit
• Hot Work Permit
• Confined Space / Vessel Entry
2.9.7.11 Fire Hazard Control Measures
A few control measures have been implemented in order to ensure that
fire hazards are prevented such as :
• Smoking is strictedly prohibited at non-smoking areas like office, surau,
fabrication area and others as stated in the company’s smoking policy.
Smoking is allowed at designated areas like yard resting sheds, non air-
conditioned canteen and other smoking zones.
• Combustible materials like ‘rockwool’ insulator and paint thinner should
be kept safely from fabrication areas that produce sparks and high heat.
• All electrical equipments must be periodically checked and shut off
completely after being used.
• Other combustible wastages must be disposed to designated garbage
disposal collection center.
2.9.7.12 Material Handling Procedure
• All cranes and equipments for material handling and lifting are required to
undergo inspection to ensure that it is in good condition to operate. To also
ensure correct colour is being used.
72
• The operators and riggers must be fully trained and also posses
competent licenses and certificates to operate.
• ‘Signal man’ must in a proper and safe position that he can see the
load/weight and also can be seen by the crane operator.
• To use suitable sling wire or lifting belt/chain and shackles for the pre-
calculated lifting loads.
• To use proper lifting angle in order to match with lifing loads.
2.9.7.13 Electrical Safety Control Measures
• All repair works for any electrial equipments must be carried out by
competent person.
• Hand gloves must be worn to avoid direct contact with electrical
equipments.
• Do not handle eletrial equipments which are in wet condition.
• All damaged or torn electrical cables must be replaced immediately.
• Electrical supply must be off prior to proceed with repair works.
2.9.8 Safety Campaigns And Celebrations
The company from time to time will conduct safety campaigns in order to
inculcate and remind workers about safety and health at workplace and also on the
road. Sometimes the campaigns are promoted and conducted jointly by SDE and
clients like Shell, Talisman Energy, Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) and others.
Conducted safety campaigns are :
• Hand Safe Campaign by Taliman Energy and SDESB
• Hand and Finger Injury Campaign by PCSB and SDESB
• Road Safety Campaign by SDESB
73
• Bonus HSE Point (BHP) by SDESB and Talisman Energy
In addition to that, the company also celebrates ‘HSE Days’ to appreciate
workers’ efforts and contributions in achieving targeted safety milestones. During
these events, the workers who exhibit excellent safety performances are rewarded
with tokens and presents for their achievements.
List of HSE days celebrated are :
• Bunga Orkid-A HSE Day – 3 millions manhours without LTI
• SDESB HSE Day – 18 millions manhours without LTI
• SDESB HSE Day – 25 million manhours without LTI
74
CHAPTER III
STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The aim and objectives of this study were achieved by using three methods. The
first method was through literature review to gather informations about the study topic
and the provision of acts and regulations as imposed by the safety-related regulatory
bodies and authorities. Secondly, was through conducted questionnaire survey by sending
structured questionnaires to targeted respondents especially from construction companies
in order to obtain feedback from the construction industry. Lastly, was through conducted
structured interviews with top and middle management levels of governing bodies and
authorities and also professionals who are directly or indirectly involved in the
construction industry.
Once the data were available, it was then followed by an analysis which leaded to
some results, discussions, and recommendations. Eventually some conclusions were
drawn to conclude this study.
3.2 Literature Review
A literature review was carried out to gather and establish some sound knowledge
of the study topic. Through the literature review a clearer framework of the study was
established. The sources of the said literature were obtained from published books,
75
theses, case studies, conference proceedings, articles in journals, magazines and
newspapers, websites and also some other published research works.
3.3 Questionnaire Survey
Initially the leading questions for the questionnaire were developed based on
OSH Management System currently practised by the Oil and Gas Construction Industry
and also Likert scale. Then a pilot test was conducted to asses its adequacy and
relevancy to the construction industry. Based on the assessment, the questionnaire was
then finalized and later distributed to the targeted respondents who are related to safety
from construction companies (contractors) ranging from CIDB Grade G1 to G7 such as
project directors, project managers, safety managers/officers, engineers, site supervisors
and clerk of works as part of the survey exercise. A total of 100 sets of questionnaire
were prepared and distributed by hand, facsimile and through e-mails around areas such
as Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and part of Selangor. Out of 100 sets of questionnaire sent
out, 83 sets responded that covers 83% of the total targeted respondents.
The questionnaire was structured into 4 parts:
i. Questionnaire cover and general informations and instructions to the
participants.
ii. Section A : Personal or demographic details of respondents.
iii. Section B : Construction safety management. The questions from this
section cover all aspects of safety management and implementation
that should be in the practices by the conventional civil construction
industry.
76
iv. Section C : Measures to improve the construction safety management.
This section covers the implementation aspect of safety measures and
indicators towards improving the safety management of a construction
company.
3.4 Structured Interview
The findings from literature review and questionnaire survey were further
strengthened by the third method of structured interview sessions with six (6)
experienced personnel like inspection officer, deputy director or regional manager from
safety-related regulatory bodies and authorities like DOSH, CIDB, NIOSH and SOCSO
in Johor, insurance manager from RHB insurance company and also professional who is
considered expert in safety management aspects like senior university lecturer from UTM
itself. The interview questionnaire was developed based on OSH Management System
currently practised by the oil and gas construction industry. The results of the structured
interviews were then compared with results from the questionnaire survey and further
analyzed for some safety trends in the construction industry.
3.5 Method of Analysis
Responses on the aspects of safety implementation and management practised by
construction companies were based on ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ scale. Responses to the questions
on safety levels of awareness, culture, implementation/standard, compliance,
enforcement, monitoring and control, safety improvement measures and also investment
in safety were based on Likert scale of three ordinal measures of agreement as shown in
Figure 3.0 below.
77
Figure 3.0 : Likert scale of three ordinal measures of agreement
Each number on the scale carries the following rating ;
1 = disagree
2 = agree
3 = strongly agree
Whereas the comparison of safety implementation/standard and compliance
between the Malaysian Oil and Gas Construction Industry and Malaysian Conventional
Civil Construction Industry was based on a rating scale of 1 to 5 as below. This rating
scale was developed based on rating scale implemented by Department of Occupational
Safety and Health (DOSH) in evaluating the OSH-MS of Malaysian conventional civil
construction sites.
1 = Poor
2 = Satisfactory
3 = Good
4 = Very Good
5 = Excellent
1 2 3
Ordinal Scale 1 to 3 in ascending order
Increasing degree of agreement
78
In achieving the desired results and conclusions, the raw data collected from the
questionnaire survey on the aspects of safety implementation and management practised
by construction companies (‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions) were analyzed by percentage
calculation. Whereas the frequency analysis and relative index (RI) were used in
analyzing collected data from the responses regarding safety levels of awareness, culture,
implementation/standard, compliance, enforcement, monitoring and control, safety
improvement measures and also investment in safety.
The relative index (RI) was calculated by means of the following formula :
RI = )(3
)321(
321
321
nnn
nnn
++
++∑
Where nx is the number of respondents agreeing with x choice (Holt et al, 1996).
The computation of relative index using this formula yields the value ranging
from point two to one, where point two represents minimum strength and one represents
the maximum strength as follows (Ong, 2002) :
Min. strength: RI = 0.2
Max. strength: RI =1.0
The rating of the responses is grouped as follows (Basiran, 2007) :
Disagree: 0.2 ≤ RI < 0.4
Agree: 0.4 ≤ RI < 0.7
Strongly Agree: 0.7 ≤ RI ≤ 1.0
79
3.6 Concluding Remark
The methodology for this study involves literature review, question building
for questionnaire set, conduct of questionnaire survey and structured interviews to
targeted respondents, analysis of data from the survey and interpretation of the
findings that are streamlined to the fulfilment of the five (5) objectives of the study
stated in Chapter1 before a conclusion can be drawn.
80
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This section explains the results and discussion of the literature review,
questionnaire survey and structured interview findings in relation to the five (5)
objectives of the study.
4.1 Current Practices of Safety Management in Oil and Gas Construction Industry
by Sime Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDESB)
This objective has been obtained through literature review, personal interviews
and discussions with safety personnel on current practices of safety management by Sime
Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDESB) which is located at Plo 336, Jalan Suasa in Pasir
Gudang Industrial Area, Pasir Gudang, Johor. Among its current safety practices are :
1. Policy on Safety, Health and Environment (HSE): SDESB is fully committed
to promote safety and health throughout its business activities, products and services by
complying to all relevant OSH legislations, prevent accidents, eliminate or minimise
operational hazards through line management and supervision, audits and inspections and
continuously improve safety and health performances.
81
2. Standard Certifications: Certified for ISO 9001: 2000, ISO 14001: 2004 and
OHSAS 18001 : 1999 by Bureau Veritas Certification Malaysia.
3. Overall safety plannings and programmes. Implement Hazards Identification,
Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC), set HSE objectives and targets and
management programs.
4. Safety and Health Committee : The main objective of safety and health
committees establishment is to upgrade the level of occupational safety and health in the
company. The organisational committee and its functions are in accordance with
Occupational Safety and Health ( Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996.
Among its functions are to conduct HSE walkabout once a month to ascertain the
workplace is free from hazards and unsafe acts and also management safety audit and
review annually at the end of the year.
5. Role, participation and Commitment from Stakeholders Related to OSH :
Among safety stakeholders are senior, middle and lower management levels, construction
workers, HSE Department, clients, contractors and sub-contractors and also emergency
response team (ERT). Each safety stakeholder plays an important role and commitment
in actively participating in all HSE related activities and programmes organised by
company and clients in ensuring a safer, conducive and healthier workplace.
6. HSE Indicators and Targets : Implemented safety lagging and leading
indicators in measuring safety targets and performances. Set HSE targets to be achieved
annually as compared with last year’s achievements. To emphasis on safety performances
and achievements in annual workers’ appraisal or key performance indices (KPI).
7. HSE Rules and Practices : Among implemented rules and practices are safety
budget and milestone in tender and contrat documents, personal misconduct guidelines,
housekeeping management, ‘Self Performance Self Assessment (SPSA)’, personal
82
protection equipments (PPE), NIOSH-OSFAM safety pass, HSE code of discipline, red
and green zones boundary demarcation, emergency procedure, conducting safety courses
and trainings, provided medical facilities and services, health and medical inspections,
conduct drug and alcohol (DNA) test, work permit system and job safety analysis (JSA),
fire hazards and electrical safety control measures and lastly, material handling
procedure.
8. Safety Campaigns and Celebrations : Company management and also clients
always conduct safey campaigns to promote and inculcate safety awareness and
commitment among workers. Among safety campaigns conducted were ‘Hand Safe
Campaign’, ‘Hand and Finger Injury Campaign’ and ‘Bonus HSE Point (BHP)
Campaign’. Company also celebrates ‘HSE Day’ to appreciate workers’ efforts and
contributions in achieving targeted safety milestones. During these events, workers who
have exhibited excellent safety performances are rewarded with tokens and presents for
their achievements. Among celebrated HSE days were ‘Bunga Orkid-A HSE Day - 3
Millions Man-Hrs W/o LTI’ and ‘SDESB HSE Days – 18 and 25 Millions Man-Hrs W/o
LTI’.
4.2 Current Practices of Safety Management in Conventional Civil Construction
Industry
The attainment of this objective was achieved via conducted questionnaire survey.
The distributions of the respondents as according to CIDB class and ISO certification are
shown in Tables 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 respectively below. The survey has found out that none
of the companies is certified for ISO 14001: 1996 and OHSAS 18001: 1999 and only 16
out of 83 companies are certified with ISO 9001: 2000.
83
Table 4.2.1: Respondents distribution according to company’s CIDB class
No
class
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 Total
10 3 6 17 4 5 13 25 83
12.0 % 3.6% 7.2% 20.4% 4.8% 6.0% 15.6% 30.1% 100%
Table 4.2.2: Respondents distribution according to company’s ISO certification
ISO 9001 :
2000
ISO 14001 :
1996
OHSAS 18001:
1999
No Certification Total
16 - - 67 83
19.28 % - - 80.72 % 100%
Table 4.2.3: Participants’ responses to construction safety management practices
Safety Management
Practices
Frequency Analysis
Yes % No %
Establish Safety
Management System(SMS)
39 46.99 44 53.01
Emphasis on SMS 43 51.81 40 48.19
Allocate financial budget
for safety
63 75.90 20 24.10
Engage safety officer 44 53.01 39 46.99
Establish safety department 25 30.12 58 69.88
Establish overall safety plan 51 61.45 32 38.55
Form safety committee 36 43.37 47 56.63
Conduct management
safety walkabout
30 36.14 53 63.86
84
Conduct annual internal and
external safety audits and
management review
25 30.12 58 69.88
Conduct survey on safety
awareness and culture
34 40.96 49 59.04
Provide awareness
campaign and safety
trainings /courses
44 53.01 39 46.99
Form emergency response
team (ERT)
14 16.87 69 83.13
Demarcate green and red
zones
46 55.42 37 44.58
Emphasis on personal
protection equipments
(PPE)
75 90.36 8 9.64
Emphasis on safety work
permit
52 62.65 31 37.35
Emphasis on job
safety/hazard analysis
(JSA/JHA)
31 37.35 52 62.65
Emphasis on putting fire
extinguishers
74 89.16 9 10.84
Conduct drug and alcohol
test (DNA) for all workers
8 9.64 75 90.36
Emphasis on putting safety
signboards
77 92.77 6 7.23
Emphasis on identifying
hazards
54 65.06 29 34.94
Conduct emergency drill 16 19.28 67 80.72
Emphasis on emergency 50 60.24 33 39.76
85
access and ingress
Emphasis on equipment
inspection
46 55.42 37 44.58
Emphasis on ‘tool box’
meeting
51 61.45 32 38.55
Communicate and
disseminate safety
informations
48 57.83 35 42.17
Monitoring and control on
safety implementation and
compliance
38 45.78 45 54.22
Emphasis on
workers’medical
surveillance
50 60.24 33 39.76
Provide medical treatment 59 71.08 24 28.92
Provide ‘First Aid’ box 70 84.34 13 15.66
Provide sickbay for injured
workers
17 20.48 66 79.52
Overall Average 52.61 47.39
86
53.01
48.19
24.1
46.99
69.88
38.55
56.63
63.86
69.88
59.04
46.99
83.13
44.58
9.64
37.35
62.65
10.84
90.36
7.23
34.94
80.72
39.76
44.58
38.5542.17
54.22
39.76
28.92
15.66
79.52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Estab
lish
SMS
Emph
asis o
n SM
S
Financ
ial s
afet
y bu
dget
Safety
offi
cer
Establ
ish
safe
ty d
epartm
ent
Estab
lish
overa
ll sa
fety
pla
n
Form
saf
ety
com
mitt
ee
Safety
wal
kabo
ut
Audit/m
anage
men
t rev
iew
Surve
y on
safe
ty a
waren
ess/c
ultu
re
Aware
ness
cam
paig
n & tr
ainin
gs /c
ours
es ERT
Dem
arca
te g
reen
/red z
onesPPE
Safety
work
perm
it
JSA/J
HA
Fire e
xtin
guisher
s
DNA te
st
Safety
sig
nboar
ds
Iden
tify
hazar
ds
Emer
gency
dril
l
Emer
gency
acc
ess/
ingr
ess
Equip
ment
insp
ectio
n
Tool b
ox’ m
eetin
g
Diss
emin
ate s
afety
info
s
Mon
itor a
nd co
ntro
l
Work
ers’m
edical
sur
veila
nce
Med
ical t
reatm
ent
‘Firs
t Aid
’ box
Sickb
ay
Safety Management Practices
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
'No
' R
es
po
ns
e
Figure 4.2.1: Percentage of ‘No’ responses to construction safety management practices
Based on the above survey findings as shown in Table 4.2.3 and Figure 4.2.1,
very low percentages of ‘No’ responses for safety practices like PPE (9.64%), safety
signboards (7.23%) and fire extinguishers (10.84%) shows an excellent trend in basic
practices of safety management in the construction industry. Conversely, high
percentages of ‘No’ responses for safety practices like DNA test (90.36%), ERT
(83.13%) and emergency drill (80.72%) shows very low commitment and concern on the
importances of handling emergency situations and also having construction workers at
work who are free from the influence of drug and alcohol.
Finally, as an overall, it is also found out that only 52.61% (slightly more than
half) of the above safety management practices that have been implemented in the
conventional civil construction industry.
87
Table 4.2.4: Percentage of participants’ ‘No’ responses to construction safety
management practices
Safety Management Practices
%
Conduct drug and alcohol test (DNA) for all workers 90.36
Form emergency response team (ERT) 83.13
Conduct emergency drill 80.72
Provide sickbay for injured workers 79.52
Establish safety department 69.88
Conduct annual internal and external safety audits and
management review 69.88
Conduct management safety walkabout 63.86
Emphasis on job safety/hazard analysis (JSA/JHA) 62.65
Conduct survey on safety awareness and culture 59.04
Form safety committee 56.63
Monitoring and control on safety implementation and compliance 54.22
Establish Safety Management System (SMS) 53.01
Emphasis on SMS 48.19
Provide awareness campaign and safety trainings /courses 46.99
Engage safety officer 46.99
Emphasis on equipment inspection 44.58
Demarcate green and red zones 44.58
Communicate and disseminate safety informations 42.17
Emphasis on emergency access and ingress 39.76
Emphasis on workers’medical surveilance 39.76
Establish overall safety plan 38.55
Emphasis on ‘tool box’ meeting 38.55
Emphasis on safety work permit 37.35
Emphasis on identifying hazards 34.94
88
Provide medical treatment 28.92
Allocate financial budget for safety 24.10
Provide ‘First Aid’ box 15.66
Emphasis on putting fire extinguishers 10.84
Emphasis on personal protection equipments (PPE) 9.64
Emphasis on putting safety signboards 7.23
Overall Average 47.39
Table 4.2.4 above shows the percentage of participants’ ‘No’ responses to
construction safety management practices which have been sorted out in descending
order. For safety practices with percentage of more than 50% (in bold and italic) ranging
from ‘Establish Safety Management System (SMS)’ until ‘Conduct drug and alcohol
test (DNA) for all workers’ are considered to be strongly recommended to be
implemented in the conventional civil construction industry.
4.3 Levels of Some Key Elements in Safety Management for the Conventional
Civil and Oil and Gas Construction Industries
The attainment of this objective was achieved via conducted questionnaire survey
and structured interviews.
89
Table 4.3.1: Participants’ responses to some levels of key elements in
construction safety management – Part I
Key Elements Respondent Frequency RI Rank Category
Disagree
1
Agree
2
Strongly
Agree
3
The current level of safety
awareness in Malaysian
Conventional Civil
Construction Industry is
‘high’
34 48 1 0.53 7 Agree
The current level of safety
implementation/standard
and compliance in
Malaysian Conventional
Civil Construction
Industry is ‘low’
15 59 9 0.64 5 Agree
The current level of safety
monitoring and control
in Malaysian Conventional
Civil Construction
Industry is ‘low’
17 57 9 0.63 6 Agree
The current level of safety
culture in Malaysian
Conventional Civil
Construction Industry is
‘low’
13 62 8 0.65 4 Agree
The current level of safety
enforcement by 8 63 12 0.68 3 Agree
90
authorities is ‘low’
The level of safety
implementation/standard
and compliance in
Malaysian Oil and Gas
Construction Industry is
‘high’
2 47 34 0.80 2 Strongly
Agree
The level of safety
implementation/standard
and compliance in
Malaysian Oil and Gas
Construction Industry is
‘higher than’ Malaysian
Conventional Civil
Construction Industry
0 23 60 0.91 1 Strongly
Agree
Disagree: 0.2 < RI < 0.4, Agree: 0.4 < RI < 0.7, Strongly Agree: 0.7 < RI < 1.0
Based on the survey findings as shown in Table 4.3.1 above and Figure
4.3.1.below, overally the respondents’ perceptions are in the ‘agree’ and ‘strongly agree’
categories for the levels of key elements surveyed.
91
Figure 4.3.1: Respondents’ perceptions towards levels of key elements in safety
management.
Table 4.3.2: Participants’ responses to comparison for levels of overall safety
management and practices in oil and gas and conventional civil construction industries –
Part II
Rating Oil and Gas Construction
Industry Rating Frequency
Conventional Civil
Construction Industry Rating
Frequency
1 - Poor 3
0.53
0.64
0.63
0.65
0.65
0.80
0.91
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Awareness level in MCCCI is “high”
Implement/comply level in MCCCI
is “low”
Monitoring and control level in
MCCCI is “low”
Culture in MCCCI is “low”
Enforcement level by authorities is
“low”
Implement/comply level in MOGCI
is “high”
Implement/comply level in MOGCI
is “higher than” MCCCI
Ke
y E
lem
en
t
Relative Index (RI)
92
2 – Satisfactory 30
3 – Good 2 41
4 – Very Good 28 9
5 – Excellent 53
Total Frequency 83 83
Average rating 5 – Excellent 3 - Good
1= Poor, 2 = Satisfactory, 3 = Good, 4 = Very Good, 5 = Excellent
Referring to Table 4.3.2 above, the survey found that on the average, the
respondents perceived that level of overall safety management and practices in oil and
gas construction industry is ‘5-Excellent’. Whereas for conventional civil construction
industry is only ‘3-Good’.
Table 4.3.3: Summary of structured interviews conducted – Part III
Ref Question Respondent 1 :
DOSH Johor
Inspection Officer
Respondent 2 :
SOCSO Johor
Deputy Director
Q1 In your opinion, what is the
current level of safety
awareness in the Malaysian
conventional civil construction
industry?
Rating scale of 1 to 5
: Level of safety
awareness : 3
Level of safety
awareness : 3
Q2 What about the current level of
safety standard, culture and
enforcement in the industry?
Safety standard : 3
Safety culture : 2
Safety enforcement: 3
Safety standard : 2
Safety culture : 3
Safety enforcemen : 3
Q3 Could you kindly describe the Enforcement of Coverage scheme
93
objective, role and function of
your organization in relation to
the safety aspect in the said
industry?
OSHA, FMA and
Petroleum Act
Conduct briefing and
exhibition
Q4 What about the level of safety
implementation and
compliance to the existing
regulatory acts and
regulations?
Implementation : 3
Compliance : 2
Implementation : 3
Compliance : Poor - 1
Q5 Is there any monitoring and
control in ensuring full
implementation and
compliance?
Monitoring by
checklist and mobile
squad patrol
Control by
continuous actions,
follow-up inspections
and log book
Monitoring and
control : 2
Q6 What are the safety indicators
normally being used to
measure the safety
performances?
Incorporated in the
checklist
Not applicable
Q7 How do you compare the
overall safety management and
achievement between the
conventional civil construction
industry and oil and gas
construction industry?
Oil and gas better due
to more serious about
OSH since more
risky workplace
Oil and gas more
details, discipline and
guidelines
Q8 If given a rating scale between
1 to 5, how would you rate
them?
Conventional Civil :
2
Oil and Gas : 5
Conventional Civil :
2
Oil and Gas : 4
94
Q9 In your opinion, what are the
improvements that could be
introduced to improve the
current level of safety
awareness and standard in the
conventional civil construction
industry?
To award and
recognise good
performance
site/contractor
To use more
mechanised
equipments
To improve on safety
awareness and culture
Q10 Is there any safety campaign or
promotion being introduced
towards achieving safety
culture within the construction
industry?
Joint safety
campaigns, seminars
and promotions with
CIDB and SOCSO
Joint promotions and
campaigns with
DOSH and CIDB.
Conduct international
seminars
Q11 Lastly, in your opinion what
model and best practices
should be adopted in the safety
management by the industry?
To engage SHO even
for projects below
RM20 mil
To implement full
PPE compliance
1= Poor, 2 = Satisfactory, 3 = Good, 4 = Very Good, 5 = Excellent
Ref Question Respondent 3 : CIDB
Johor
Assistant Regional
Manager
Respondent 4 : NIOSH
Johor
Acting Regional
Manager
Q1 In your opinion, what is the
current level of safety
awareness in the Malaysian
conventional civil
construction industry?
Level of safety
awareness : 3
Moderate due to lack of
exposure in safety
Q2 What about the current level
of safety standard?
Safety standard : 3 Moderate
95
Safety culture : 2
Safety enforcement: 2
Q3 Could you kindly describe
the objective, role and
function of your organisation
in relation to the safety
aspect in the said industry?
Conduct training
courses and issue
safety pass
Safe guard on all
aspects to employee,
employer, premises,
environment and
community
Q4 What about the level of
safety implementation and
compliance to the existing
regulatory acts and
regulations?
Implementation : 3
Compliance : 2
Moderate – need to
make awareness in
legislation
Q5 Is there any monitoring and
control in ensuring full
implementation and
compliance?
Need to have an
effective monitoring
and control
Yes. Such as safety
summons, JSA,
HIRARC and work
safety permit
Q6 What are the safety
indicators normally being
used to measure the safety
performances?
Not applicable Number of LTI, LTA
or TRCF
Q7 How do you compare the
overall safety management
and achievement between the
conventional civil
construction industry and oil
and gas construction
industry?
Oil and gas better due
to more serious and
budget
Oil and gas is much
better compared with
conventional civil
Q8 If given a rating scale
between 1 to 5, how would
you rate them?
Conventional Civil: 2
Oil and Gas : 4
Conventional Civil : 1
Oil and Gas : 4
96
Q9 In your opinion, what are the
improvements that could be
introduced to improve the
current level of safety
awareness and standard in
the conventional civil
construction industry?
Proposed DOSH to
introduce excellent
awards for safety
achievements
Conduct ‘tool box’
meeting every morning
Q10 Is there any safety campaign
or promotion being
introduced towards achieving
safety culture within the
construction industry?
Joint safety
campaigns, seminars
and promotions with
DOSH and SOCSO
Conduct safety quiz
during safety talk, best
UCUX submission
Q11 Lastly, in your opinion what
model and best practices
should be adopted in the
safety management by the
industry?
Safety as part of
business investment
Safety acts as culture
and everywhere
1= Poor, 2 = Satisfactory, 3 = Good, 4 = Very Good, 5 = Excellent
Ref Question Respondent 5 :
Senior UTM Lecturer
Respondent 6 :
Insurance Company:
RHB Insurance Manager
Q1 In your opinion, what is the
current level of safety
awareness in the Malaysian
conventional civil
construction industry?
Moderate Improving
Q2 What about the current
level of safety standard,
Moderate Adequate and can be
improved further
97
culture and enforcement in
the industry?
Q3 Could you kindly describe
the objective, role and
function of your
organization in relation to
the safety aspect in the said
industry
- R and D
- - Safety knowledge
dissemination and
training
Provides advice and loss
minimisation/prevention
and learnt potential loss
reports to clients
Q4 What about the level of
safety implementation and
compliance to the existing
regulatory acts and
regulations?
Implementation :
Below average
Compliance : Below
average
Fair and can further be
improved.
Q5 Is there any monitoring and
control in ensuring full
implementation and
compliance?
Below average More rooms for
improvements.
Q6 What are the safety
indicators normally being
used to measure the safety
performances?
Lagging indicators
and accident statistics
Not applicable
Q7 How do you compare the
overall safety management
and achievement between
the conventional civil
construction industry and
oil and gas construction
industry?
Oil and gas better due
to allocated budget
and good culture
Much higher in oil and
gas since higher risks and
subject to international
standard
Q8 If given a rating scale
between 1 to 5, how would
you rate them?
Conventional Civil :
2
Conventional Civil : 3
Oil and Gas : 5
98
Oil and Gas : 4
Q9 In your opinion, what are
the improvements that
could be introduced to
improve the current level
of safety awareness and
standard in the
conventional civil
construction industry?
1. Improve OSHA
regulations and code
of practices
2. Budget for safety
in contract document
Most developers and
contractors concern only
on project completion
and delivery
Q10 Is there any safety
campaign or promotion
being introduced towards
achieving safety culture
within the construction
industry?
Safety day
celebration
Launched by
construction associations
and developers
Q11 Lastly, in your opinion
what model and best
practices should be adopted
in the safety management
by the industry?
‘Behavioural based
safety’
Embrace safety with
open arms
1= Poor, 2 = Satisfactory, 3 = Good, 4 = Very Good, 5 = Excellent
From the above structured interviews’ findings as shown in Table 4.3.3, all
six (6) respondents tend to clearly agree that overall safety management is much better in
the oil and gas construction industry as compared to conventional civil construction
industry. On the average, they have also given a rating of ‘5-Exellent’ for the oil and gas
construction industry which is the same as given by the survey respondents. But on the
hand, they have given a rating of only ‘2-Satisfactory’ for the conventional civil
construction industry which is lower than the rating given by the survey respondents. For
safety improvement, they have proposed some measures like award and recognition,
99
improve OSHA regulations and code of practices, safety budget in contract document and
use more mechanised equipments in construction. Lastly, for model and best practices,
they have proposed a ‘Behavioural Based Safety’, full PPE compliance, embracing safety
with open arms, safety acts as culture and everywhere and safety as part of business
investment.
4.4 Some Measures that can be adopted to improvise the Safety Management of
the Conventional Civil Construction Industry
The attainment of this objective was achieved via conducted questionnaire
survey.
Table 4.4.1: Participants’ responses to measures to improve the construction
safety Management – Part I
Frequency Analysis Safety Improvement Measures
Yes % No %
Engage a competent safety
officer/supervisor
49 59.04 34 40.96
Implement safety indicators in
measuring safety targets and
performances
25 30.12 58 69.88
Emphasis on safety performances in
the annual appraisal/KPI
20 24.10 63 75.90
Celebrate ‘Safety Day’ to appreciate
workers’ contributions in achieving
safety targets and milestones
11 13.25 72 86.75
Reward workers who exhibit
excellent safety performances
13 15.66 70 84.34
100
Figure 4.4.1: Percentage of ‘No’responses to construction safety improvement measures
Referring to Table 4.4.1 and Figure 4.4.1 above, it is found out that 86.75% of
the respondents did not celebrate ‘safety day’, 84.34% of them whom their companies did
not reward workers for excellent safety performances, 75.9% of them whom their
companies did not emphasis on safety in annual KPI and 69.88% of them did not
implement safety indicators. It shows that there is a strong need for the company
management to implement the said measures in order to further improve the construction
safety management. Other than that, less than 50% of them (40.96%) whom their
companies did not engage competent safety officer/supervisor, which shows an
improving, trend of the company management effort towards safety commitment and
compliance.
53.01
48.19
24.1
46.99
69.88
38.55
56.63
63.86
69.88
59.04
46.99
83.13
44.58
9.64
37.35
62.65
10.84
90.36
7.23
34.94
80.72
39.76
44.58
38.5542.17
54.22
39.76
28.92
15.66
79.52
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Estab
lish
SMS
Emph
asis
on S
MS
Financ
ial s
afety
bud
get
Safety
offi
cer
Establ
ish s
afety
dep
artm
ent
Estab
lish
over
all s
afet
y pl
an
Form
saf
ety c
omm
ittee
Safet
y walk
abou
t
Audit/
man
agem
ent re
view
Surve
y on
safe
ty a
warene
ss/c
ultu
re
Awar
enes
s ca
mpa
ign &
trai
ning
s /c
ourse
s ERT
Dem
arca
te g
reen
/red
zone
sPPE
Safety
wor
k pe
rmit
JSA/J
HA
Fire e
xtin
guish
ers
DNA te
st
Safet
y signb
oard
s
Iden
tify
haza
rds
Emer
gency
dril
l
Emer
gency
acc
ess/
ingr
ess
Equipm
ent i
nspec
tion
Tool b
ox’ m
eetin
g
Diss
emin
ate s
afety
info
s
Moni
tor a
nd c
ontro
l
Work
ers’m
edical
sur
veila
nce
Med
ical t
reat
men
t
‘Firs
t Aid
’ box
Sickba
y
Safety Management Practices
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
'No
' R
es
po
ns
e
101
Table 4.4.2: Participants’ responses to measures to improve the construction
safety management – Part II
SafetyImprovement
Measures Respondent Frequency RI Rank Category
Disagree
1
Agree
2
Strongly
Agree
3
Implementing all the
above measures can
improve the
construction safety
management of an
organisation
4 53 26 0.76 3 Strongly
Agree
Investing in
construction safety
management system is a
viable and worthy
business investment
4 66 13 0.70 2 Strongly
Agree
The implementation of
safety indicators in
measuring safety targets
and performances is
‘low’
7 61 15 0.70 1 Strongly
Agree
Disagree: 0.2 < RI < 0.4, Agree: 0.4 < RI < 0.7, Strongly Agree: 0.7 < RI < 1.0
102
Meanwhile as shown in Table 4.4.2 above and Figure 4.4.2 below, the
respondents tend to ‘strongly agree’ that implementing all the proposed measures can
improve the construction safety management, safety investment is a viable and worthy
effort and safety indicators implementation is low.
Figure 4.4.2: Respondents’ perceptions towards construction safety improvement
measures
0.76
0.70
0.70
0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
Implement all measures can
improve safety
Safety investment is viable and
worthy
Safety indicators implementation
is “low
Sa
fety
Im
pro
ve
me
nt
Me
as
ure
s
Relative Index (RI)
103
4.5 Recommended Some of the Best Practices in Safety Management for the
Conventional Civil Construction Industry
The attainment of this objective was achieved via literature review, conducted
questionnaire survey and structured interviews.
1. Good guiding policies like HSE policy, stop-work policy and smoking policy.
2. Certifications for ISO 9001: 2000, ISO 14001: 2004 and OHSAS 18001:
1999.
3. Overall HSE plannings, targets , objectives and programs.
4. Implement Hazards Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
(HIRARC).
5. Safety and Health Committee :
-To establish a safety and health committee even though the total number of
employed workers are less than 40 persons.
-To conduct HSE walkabout once a month to audit and ascertain the
workplace is free from hazards and unsafe conditions and acts.
-To conduct safety audit and management review annually at the end of the
year.
6. Safety Indicators and Targets :
-To implement safety lagging and leading indicators in measuring safety
targets and performances. Set HSE targets to be achieved annually as
compared with last year’s achievements and emphasis on safety
performances in annual workers’ appraisal or ‘KPI’.
104
7. HSE rules and practices :
- Safety budget and milestone in contract document.
- To implement ‘Self Performance Self Assessment (SPSA)’.
- To emphasis on daily good housekeeping management.
- UCUX submission for any hazards and unsafe acts and conditions.
- To demarcate boundaries of red and green zones by installing fence and
safety signboards.
- To emphasis on compliance to safety pass and PPE at red zone, having
‘first-aid’ box, emergency drill and access/ingress and fire extinguisher at
workplace.
- To emp hasis on good work permit system and job hazard analysis (JSA).
- To form emergency response team (ERT) and conduct emergency drill
every s (6) months.
- To conduct drug and alcohol (DNA) test for new workers before entering
construction site and random test for all workers.
8. Safety Campaigns and Celebrations :
-To conduct safety campaigns, activities and programs to promote and
inculcate safety awareness, commitment and culture among workers.
-To celebrate ‘Safety Day’ to appreciate workers’ efforts and contributions
in achieving targeted safety milestones and awarding workers who have
exhibited excellent safety performances with tokens and presents for their
achievements during the event.
105
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
The final chapter of this project report concludes all findings that lead to the
achievement of the five (5) objectives of the study as stated in Chapter 1. It includes the
literature work and the findings from empirical and field works, particularly on the data
collected from questionnaire survey and structured interviews. A conclusion regarding
the aim of the study is then drawn and recommendations for the betterment of future
study are offered.
5.2 Conclusion
This study is concluded by the discussion on the fulfilment of the aims of the
study which is to justify the best practices in the oil and gas construction industry that
can be adopted for the conventional civil construction industry.
The conclusions derived from literature review, questionnaire survey and structured
interviews that were based on the five (5) objectives of the study are as follows :
1. Current practices of safety management in oil and gas construction industry by
SDESB :
• Guiding Policy on Safety, Health and Environment (HSE)
• Standard Certifications
• Safety Plannings and Programs
106
• Establishment of Safety and Health Committees
• Role, Participation and Commitment From Stakeholders Related to OSH
• Implemented HSE Indicators and Targets
• Implemented HSE Rules and Practices
• Conducting Safety Campaigns and Celebrations
2. Based on the survey findings, none of the companies is certified for ISO 14001:
1996 and OHSAS 18001:1999 and only 16 out of 83 companies are certified with
ISO 9001:2000. It shows an excellent trend in basic practices of construction safety
management. Whereas, it shows very low commitment and concern on the
importances of handling emergency situations and having workers who are free
from the influence of drug and alcohol. Finally, only 52.61% (slightly more than
half) of the above safety management practices implemented in the conventional
civil construction industry.
3. Overally the survey respondents’ perceptions are in the ‘strong’ and ‘strongly
agree’ categories for the levels of key elements surveyed. Whereas they perceived
‘5-Excellent’ and only ‘3-Good’ for levels of overall safety management and
practices in oil and gas and conventional civil construction industries respectively.
The interview respondents have also given the similar ratings. Lastly, for model
and best practices, they have proposed a ‘Behavioural Based Safety’, full PPE
compliance, embracing safety with open arms, safety acts as culture and
everywhere and safety as part of business investment.
4. There is a very strong need for the company management to implement the said
measures in order to further improve the construction safety management. The
respondents tend to ‘strongly agree’ that implementing all the proposed measures
can improve the construction safety management, safety investment is a viable and
worthy effort and safety indicators implementation is low.
107
5. Among recommended safety best practices are certifications, guiding policies,
overall safety plans and programs like HSE objectives, targets and HIRARC, safety
and health committee regardless number of workers, HSE walkabout and annual
safety audit and review, safety lagging and leading indicators, set annual HSE
targets, safety performances in workers’ appraisal, implement good HSE rules and
practices like compliance to safety pass and PPE at red zone, safety budget and
milestone in contract document, SPSA, good daily housekeeping, having ‘first-aid’
box, emergency drill and access/ingress and fire extinguisher at workplace,
demarcate boundaries of red and green zones, good work permit system and
JSA/JHA, form emergency response team (ERT) and conduct emergency drill and
DNA test, conduct safety campaigns and promotions and celebrate ‘Safety Day’.
5.3 Recommendations for Future Study
For the betterment of future study, it is recommended :
• To segregate between the participants who have experiences in the oil and
gas construction industry and not by putting relevant questions in the
questionnaire. This is to see more clearly whether they can appreciate the
construction environment differences in term of safety management and
practices between both construction industries.
• To conduct further study and analysis on safety practice of forming and
establishing an emergency response team (ERT) in order to clarify on the
importance of having the said team in handling emergency situations in
company premise.
• To also send the improved questionnaire to respondents from other
companies in the oil and gas construction industry like Malaysian Marine
& Heavy Engineering (MMHE), Ramunia Fabricator and Kenchana HL
108
Engineering in order to get the overall safety management practices
implemented in Malaysian oil and gas construction industry.
109
REFERENCES
Abd. Majid, M. Z. and McCaffer, R. (1997). Assessment of Work Performance of
Maintenance Contractors in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Management in
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 17 No. 1:91.
Abdul Aziz Hussin (2004), ‘ Isu Keselamatan di Tapak Pembinaan ’, Majalah
Industri Pembinaan.
Abdul Ghani Khalid (1996), Construction Site Injuries : The Case of Malaysia.
Faculty of Built and Environment,UTM, Skudai, Malaysia.
Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid and Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid (2006), Construction
Safety Benchmarking, Proceedings of the International Conference In The
Built Environment In The 21st Century (ICiBE 2006), 13-15 June, 2006,
Kuala Lumpur.
Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid, Wan Zulkifli Wan Yusuf and Bachan Singh (2003),
Hazards at Construction Sites. Proceedings of the 5th
. Asia-Pacific Structural
Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2003), 26-28 August,
2003, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Ahmadon Bakri, Rosli Mohd Zin, Mohd Saidin Misnan and Abdul Hakim (2006),
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Management Systems : Towards
Development of Safety and Health Culture. Proceedings of the 6th
. Asia-
Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2006),
5-6 September, 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Annual Report 2006, DOSH Malaysia.
Course Schedule for the Year 2007 – 2008, NIOSH Malaysia.
110
Edward J. Jaselski et al (1996), Strategies for Achieving Excellence in
Construction Safety Performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, March 1996, ASCE, USA.
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems ( ILO – OSH
2001 ), ILO, Geneva, Switzerland, December 2001.
Hinze and Harrison (1981), Safety Programs in Large Construction Firm. Journal
of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, 107(3), 455-467.
Holt, G. D., Ololoaiye, P.O. and Harris, F. C.,(1996). Tendering Procedures,
Contractual Arrangements and Latham : The Contractors’ View,
Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, pp97-105.
OSH Profile in Various Sectors. Retrieved from
http://www.mtuc.gov.my/osh_pro.htm, 29 May 2007.
L. S. Tey (1999). ‘ Pengurusan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan di Tapak
Pembinaan’, Masters Project, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM, Skudai,
Malaysia.
Laws of Malaysia (1994). Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia
Act 1994, Kuala Lumpur, Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.
Laws of Malaysia (2000). Factories and Machinery Act 1967 ( Act 139 ) and
Regulation and Rules, Kuala Lumpur, International Law Book Services.
Laws of Malaysia (2000). Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) and
Regulation and Orders, Kuala Lumpur, International Law Book Services.
Malaysian Construction Industry Directory 2006-2007, April 2006, CIDB Malaysia.
Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry 2005 –
2010, 10th. December, 2007. CIDB and DOSH Malaysia.
111
Minute of Main HSE Committee Meeting # 2/2007 dated 6th.April, 2007. Sime
Darby Engineering Sdn Bhd, Pasir Gudang, Johor.
Nur Aishah Rahim (2001). ‘Keselamatan dan Kesihatan di Dalam Industri
Pembinaan dan Industri Petroleum (Kajian Kes)’, Degree Project, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, UTM, Skudai, Malaysia.
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series - OHSAS 18001 : 2007
Ong, C. K. (2002). Implementing Lean Production in Malaysian Construction
Industry. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Masters Project.
Ruziah Hussin (2000). ’Pandangan Pekerja Terhadap Isu-Isu Keselamatan dan
Kesihatan Pekerjaan di Tapak Bina di Negeri Johor ’. UTM : Masters
Project.
Samelson N. M. and Levitt R.E. (1982), Owners Guidelines for Selecting Safe
Contractors, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE,
108(4), pp 617-623.
Shell International Exploration and Production B.V. HSE MS Self Assessment
Questionnaire, EP 95-0105 Rev 01.1, November 2001, Postbus 663, 2501 CR
Den Haag, The Netherlands.
Social Security Organization ( SOCSO ) 2005, Number of death cases reported
from 2000 – 2004. Retrieved from http://www.perkeso.org.my/statistik2.asp,
6 June 2007
Syed M. Ahmad et al (2000), Site Safety Management in Hong Kong. Journal of
Management in Engineering, December 2000, ASCE, USA.
U.S. Department Of Energy, Safety Management System Policy, DOE P 450.4,
Washington, D.C., 15th. October, 1996.
112
Za’im Basiran (2007), Educating Early Awareness of Construction Philosophy,
UTM : Masters Project.
113
APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
114
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
MASTER PROJECT REPORT :
Strictly Confidential
Prepared By:
Rosli Bin Ahmad
Master of Science ( Construction Management )
SUPERVISOR :
DR. KHAIRULZAN BIN YAHYA
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT
115
Section A : General Instructions ….
My name is ROSLI BIN AHMAD and currently I am pursuing Master of
Science in Construction Management at University of Technology Malaysia (UTM). For
your information, as a prerequisite for the Master Degree award, I am required to conduct
a study which has to be submitted for evaluation by the University and therefore I have
chosen to do a study in ‘CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT ‘.
A thousand of thanks in appreciation and I look forward to hearing a
favorable reply with feedbacks to the questionnaires that I have sent to you. I am
very grateful to you for taking some of your time off to fill in this questionnaire. It is
very important since it will help to contribute in achieving the study’s objectives.
The conclusion will very much depend on your accuracy.
Once you have completely filled in the questionnaire, please return it to me in the
envelope provided. All your answers will be kept entirely confidential, and will only be
used for this research project.
If you have any quarries, please feel free to call me at 013-709 1283.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND
PARTICIPATION…
Please continue to complete the questionnaire only if you are an architect,
engineer, quantity surveyor, safety officer or any personnel who are involved in project
management.
Best Wishes,
ROSLI AHMAD
MATRIX NO : MA 051128
116
Section B : Construction Safety Management
Please tick or circle the words, YES/NO or number for each item according to the Likert
scaling as below :
Category Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Rating 1 2 3
What certification does your company have? ISO 9001 : 2000
ISO 14001 : 1996
OHSAS 18001 : 1999
1. Construction Safety Management
a. Have your company establish any Safety Management System ( SMS )? YES NO
b. Does your company emphasis on Safety Management System (SMS )? YES NO
c. Does your company allocate some financial budget for safety? YES NO
d. Does your company have any safety officer? YES NO
e. Does your company have any safety department? YES NO
f. Does your company have overall safety plan? YES NO
g. Have your company form any management safety committee as YES NO
required by Occupational Safety and Health act (OSHA)?
h. Does your company conduct management safety walkabout and YES NO
meeting every three months as required by OSHA act?
i. Does your company conduct annual internal and external safety audits YES NO
and management review?
j. Does your company conduct survey on staff/workers to measure level YES NO
of safety awareness and culture within the organisation?
k. Does your company provide awareness campaign and safety YES NO
training/courses for staff/workers?
l. Have your company form any emergency response team (ERT)? YES NO
m. Does your company demarcate the boundaries of green YES NO
(non-construction site ) and red (construction site) zones?
n. Does your company emphasis on personal protection equipments YES NO
( PPE ) at construction site?
117
o. Does your company emphasis on safety work permit practices YES NO
at construction site?
p. Does your company emphasis on job safety/hazard analysis YES NO
(JSA/SHA) practices at construction site?
q. Does your company emphasis on putting fire extinguishers YES NO
at workplace?
r. Does your company conduct drug and alcohol test ( DNA ) YES NO
for all workers before entering construction site?
s. Does your company emphasis on putting safety signboards YES NO
at workplace?
t. Does your company emphasis on identifying hazards at workplace? YES NO
u. Does your company emphasis on conducting emergency drill at YES NO
workplace?
v. Does your company emphasis on having emergency access and YES NO
ingress at workplace?
w. Does your company emphasis on periodical inspection for all YES NO
equipments at workplace?
x. Does your company emphasis on group safety meeting like YES NO
‘tool box’ or etc?
y. Does your company communicate and disseminate all safety-related YES NO
informations effectively to all levels within the organisation?
z. Does your company have good monitoring and control on safety YES NO
implementation and compliance?
aa. The current level of safety awareness in Malaysian Conventional Civil 1 2 3
Construction Industry is ‘high’.
ab. The current level of safety implementation/standard and compliance 1 2 3
in Malaysian Conventional Civil Construction Industry is ‘low’.
ac. The current level of safety monitoring and control in Malaysian 1 2 3
Conventional Civil Construction Industry is ‘low’.
ad. The current level of safety culture in Malaysian Conventional Civil 1 2 3
Construction Industry is ‘low’.
118
ae. The current level of safety enforcement by authorities is ‘low’. 1 2 3
af. The level of safety implementation/standard and compliance 1 2 3
in Malaysian Oil and Gas Construction Industry is ‘high’.
ag. The level of safety implementation/standard and compliance in 1 2 3
Malaysian Oil and Gas Construction Industry is ‘higher than’ Malaysian
Conventional Civil Construction Industry .
ah. If given a rating scale of 1 to 5, how would you rate them :
Oil and Gas : ………., Conventional Civil : ………..
2. Medical Facilities
a. Does your company emphasis on medical surveilance for staff/workers. YES NO
b. Does your company provide services by panel doctors for medical YES NO
treatments?
c. Does your company provide ‘First Aid’ box at your workplace? YES NO
d. Does your company provide sickbay for injured workers or workers YES NO
who are involved in any injury at workplace?
Section C : Measures to Improve the Construction Safety Management
Please tick or circle the words, YES/NO or number for each item according to the Likert
scaling as below:
Category Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Rating 1 2 3
a. Does your company engage a competent safety officer/supervisor YES NO
to be fully in charge of safety matters?
b. Does your company implement safety indicators in measuring YES NO
safety targets and performances?
c. Does your company emphasis on safety performances in the annual YES NO
appraisal/KPI of workers?
d. Does your company celebrate ‘Safety Day’ to appreciate workers’ YES NO
119
contributions in achieving safety targets and milestones?
e. Does your company reward workers who exhibit excellent safety YES NO
performances?
f. Implementing all the above measures can improve the construction 1 2 3
safety management of an organisation.
g. Investing in construction safety management system is a viable and 1 2 3
worthy business investment.
h. The implementation of safety indicators in measuring safety 1 2 3
targets and performances is ‘low’.
i. Kindly state the safety indicators practised by your company in measuring
safety targets and performances like ‘Lost Time Incident, LTI’, ‘Man-hr
Without LTI’ etc. if any. Kindly attach samples.
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
j. Kindly suggest safety improvements and best practices that should be
adopted by the Malaysian Conventional Civil Construction Industry :
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………..
***** THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR KIND PARTICIPATION *****
120
APPENDIX B
STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
121
Structured Interview
Name : ……………………………. Position : …………………………………..
Company : ……………………….. Address : …..................................................
Ref Question Respondent :
Q1 In your opinion, what is the current level of safety
awareness in the Malaysian conventional civil
construction industry?
Q2 What about the current level of safety standard,
culture and enforcement in the construction industry?
Q3 Could you kindly describe the objective, role and
function of your organisation in relation to the safety
aspect in the construction industry.
Q4 What about the level of safety implementation and
compliance to the existing regulatory acts and
regulations?
Q5 Is there any effective monitoring and control in
ensuring full implementation and compliance?
Q6 How does the safety management affect the overall
completion of a project?
Q7 Could you kindly state the safety indicators normally
being used to measure the safety targets and
performances. Please give samples.
Q8 How do you compare the overall safety management
and achievement between the conventional civil
construction industry and oil and gas construction
industry?
Q9 If given a rating scale between 1 to 5, how would you
rate them?
Q10 In your opinion, what are the improvements that could
be introduced to improve the current level of safety
awareness and standard in the conventional civil
construction industry?
Q11 Is there any safety campaign or promotion being
introduced towards achieving safety culture within the
construction industry?
Q12 Lastly, in your opinion what best practices should be
adopted by the conventional civil construction
industry?
122
APPENDIX C
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967
(REVISED – 1974) ACT 139
123
ACT 139
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967 (REVISED – 1974)
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
PART I – PRELIMINARY
Section 1. Short title.
Section 2. Interpretation of “factory”.
Section 3. Interpretation : general.
Section 4. Appointment of officers.
Section 5. Supervision of officers.
Section 6. Officers are public servants.
Section 7. Powers of an Inspector.
Section 8. Obstruction an offence.
Section 9. Persons not to reveal secrets.
PART II – SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Section 10. Provisions relating to safety, etc.
Section 11. Persons exposed to explosive, inflammable, etc., substances.
Section 12. Lifting of weights.
Section 13. Provisions against fire.
Section 14. Construction of machinery.
Section 15. Dangerous parts of machinery.
Section 16. Projecting material.
Section 17. Machinery for hire or sale must comply with regulations.
Section 18. Machinery manufactured or repaired must comply with regulations.
Section 19. Certificate of fitness.
Section 20. Duties of persons employed.
Section 21. Duties of occupier.
Section 22. Provisions relating to health.
Section 23. Exposure to elements.
Section 24. Personal protective clothing and appliances.
Section 25. Provisions relating to welfare.
PART III – PERSON IN CHARGE AND CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY
Section 26. Training and Supervision of inexperienced workers.
Section 27. Chief Inspector may make orders in circumstances.
Section 28. Young Persons.
Section 29. Certain machinery not to be operated without certificated staff.
Section 30. Panel of Examiners and Board of Appeal.
124
PART IV – NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENT, DANGEROUS OCCURENCE
AND DANGEROUS DISEASES
Section 31. Accidents and dangerous occurrence to be reported.
Section 32. Notification of industrial diseases.
Section 33. Investigation and enquiries.
PART V – NOTICE OF OCCUPATION OF FACTORY, AND
REGISTRATION AND USE OF MACHINERY
Section 34. Operation of factory.
Section 35. Building operations or works of engineering construction.
Section 36. Installation of machinery, etc.
Section 37. Application for registration.
Section 38. Register.
Section 39. Moving or alteration of or addition to machinery to be approved.
Section 40. Periodical inspections.
Section 41. Questions for decision by an Inspector and appeals from such decision.
Section 42. Report of changes, etc.
Section 43. Machinery or factory no longer in use.
Section 44. Notice of sale, hire or transfer.
Section 45. Copy of report of enquiry may be supplied.
Section 46. Powers of the Chief Inspector and Senior Inspectors at enquiries.
PART VI – GENERAL
Section 47. Criminal or civil liability unaffected.
Section 48. Fees.
Section 49. Chief Inspector’s powers.
Section 50. Offences.
Section 51. Penalties.
Section 52. Prosecutions.
Section 52A. Power to compound.
Section 53. Power to modify agreements.
Section 54. Power to apportion expenses.
Section 55. Exemptions.
Section 56. Regulations.
Section 57. Medical supervision.
Section 58. Repeal.
Section 59. Amendment of Schedule.
125
APPENDIX D
PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) ACT 1984
(ACT 302)
126
ACT 302
PETROLEUM (SAFETY MEASURES) ACT 1984
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
PART I – PRELIMINARY
Section 1. Short title, commencement and application.
Section 2. Interpretation.
PART II – TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY ROAD AND
RAILWAY
Section 3. Permitted conveyance of petroleum by road or railway.
Section 4. Power of Minister to make regulations.
Section 5. Employees to be informed of the provisions of the Act and the regulations,
related offences.
PART III – TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY WATER
Section 6. Permitted loading, unloading and discharging of petroleum.
Section 7. Entry into ports of vessels carrying petroleum.
Section 8. Notification to Inspector of vessel coming into port.
Section 9. Permission of port officer to unload or discharge petroleum from vessel.
Section 10. Unloading or discharging of petroleum.
Section 10A. Restriction on loading, unloading and discharging, of petroleum
between sunset and sunrise.
Section 11. Direction of the port officer in respect of vessels carrying petroleum.
Section 12. Loading or carriage of petroleum.
Section 13. Remaining in any port, etc. without permission.
Section 14. Placing on any quay, bank, etc. any petroleum.
PART IV – TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY AIR
Section 15. Transportation of petroleum by air not permitted.
PART V – TRANSPORTATION OF PETROLEUM BY PIPELINES
Section 16. Authorisation of pipelines works.
Section 17. Emergency pipeline works.
Section 18. Offences relating to unauthorised pipeline works.
127
PART VI – STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PETROLEUM
Section 19. Petroleum storage and petroleum handling licenses.
Section 20. Labeling of containers or receptacles containing petroleum.
Section 21. Power of Minister to make regulations in special circumstances.
Section 22. Notice of accident involving petroleum.
Section 23. Inquiry into accident involving petroleum.
Section 24. Insulting persons conducting inquiry.
Section 25. Protection against suits for persons conducting inquiry.
Section 26. Evidence not admissible in civil or criminal proceedings.
Section 27. Exempted categories of petroleum.
PART VII – UTILISATION OF EQUIPMENT, GADGETS, MATERIALS,
PLANTS, APPLIANCES, BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND
INSTALLATIONS
Section 28. Approved equipment, etc. and verification.
Section 29. Power of Minister to vary list of approved equipment, etc.
Section 30. Offences.
Section 31. Application of this Part.
PART VIII – EXISTING EQUIPMENT, GADGETS, MATERIALS, PLANTS,
APPLIANCES, BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND INSTALLATIONS
Section 32. Equipment, etc. in premises licensed under repealed laws.
Section 33. Rectification of equipment, etc. in licensed premises.
Section 34. Offences.
PART IX – GENERAL POWERS FOR RECTIFICATION
Section 35. General powers for rectification.
PART X – LIABILITY
Section 36. Liability to verify.
PART XI – GENERAL
Section 37. Power to delegate.
Section 38. Appointment of Inspectors.
Section 39. Samples and tests.
Section 40. Free and unobstructed ingress, etc.
Section 41. Liability of agents and servants.
Section 42. Revocation of license , etc.
Section 43. Appeal to Minister.
128
Section 44. Power of Minister to exempt.
Section 45. General powers to make regulations.
Section 46. Power of Minister to prescribe codes of practice.
Section 47. Fees collected.
Section 48. Repeal.
129
APPENDIX E
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994
ACT 514
130
ACT 514
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 1994
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
PART I – PRELIMINARY
Section 1. Short title and application.
Section 2. Prevailing laws.
Section 3. Interpretation.
Section 4. Objects of the Act.
PART II – APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS
Section 5. Appointment of officers.
Section 6. Appointment of independent inspecting body.
Section 7. Certificate of authorisation.
PART III – NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH
Section 8. Establishment of the Council.
Section 9. Membership of the Council.
Section 10. Second Schedule to apply.
Section 11. Powers and functions of the Council.
Section 12. Appointment of secretary to the Council.
Section 13. Committees.
Section 14. Annual report.
PART IV – GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND SELF-EMPLOYED
PERSONS
Section 15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their
employees.
Section 16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy.
Section 17. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other
than their employees.
Section 18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other than his
employees.
Section 19. Penalty for an offence under section 15, 16, 17 or 18.
131
PART V – GENERAL DUTIES OF DESIGNERS, MANUFACTURERS AND
SUPPLIERS
Section 20. General duties of manufacturers, etc., as regards plant for use at work
Section 21. General duties of manufacturers, etc., as regards substances for use at
work.
Section 22. Explanations to sections 20 and 21.
Section 23. Penalty for an offence under section 20 or 21.
PART VI – GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
Section 24. General duties of employees at work.
Section 25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse things provided pursuant to certain
provisions.
Section 26. Duty not to charge employees for things done or provided.
Section 27. Discrimination against employee, etc.
PART VII – SAFETY AND HEALTH ORGANISATIONS
Section 28. Medical surveillance.
Section 29. Safety and health officer.
Section 30. Establishment of safety and health committee at place of work.
Section 31. Functions of safety and health committee.
PART VIII – NOTIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS, DANGEROUS
OCCURRENCE, OCCUPATIONAL POISONING AND OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES, AND INQUIRY
Section 32. Notification of accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning
and occupational diseases, and inquiry.
Section 33. Director General may direct inquiry to be held.
Section 34. Power of occupational safety and health officer at inquiry.
PART IX – PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF PLANT OR SUBSTANCE
Section 35. Power to prohibit the use of plant or substance.
Section 36. Aggrieved person may appeal.
PART X – INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICE
Section 37. Approval of industry codes of practice.
Section 38. Use of industry codes of practice in proceedings.
PART XI – ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATION
Section 39. Powers of entry, inspection, examination, seizure, etc.
132
Section 40. Entry into premises with search warrant and power seizure.
Section 41. Entry into premises without search warrant and power of seizure.
Section 42. Power of forceful entry and service on occupier of signed copy of list of
things seized from premises.
Section 43. Further provisions in relation to inspection.
Section 44. Power of investigation.
Section 45. Power to examine witnesses.
Section 46. Employer, etc., to assist officer.
Section 47. Offences in relation to inspection.
Section 48. Improvement notice and prohibition notice.
Section 49. Penalty for failure to comply with notice.
Section 50. Aggrieved person may appeal.
PART XII – LIABILITY FOR OFFENCES
Section 51. General penalty.
Section 52. Offences committed by body corporate.
Section 53. Offences committed by trade union.
Section 54. Offences committed by agent.
Section 55. Defence.
Section 56. Body corporate or trade union liable to fine.
Section 57. Aiding and abetting.
Section 58. Safeguards against further personal liability.
Section 59. Civil liability not affected by Parts IV, V and VI.
Section 60. Onus of proving limits of what is practicable.
Section 61. Prosecutions.
Section 62. Compounding of offences.
PART XIII – APPEALS
Section 63. Appeal committees.
Section 64. Powers of appeal committee.
Section 65. Decision of appeal committee.
PART XIV – REGULATIONS
Section 66. Regulations.
PART XV – MISCELLANEOUS
Section 67. Duty to keep secret.
