Best Practices for use of 1-MCP on Pear...
Transcript of Best Practices for use of 1-MCP on Pear...
Best Practices for use of SmartFresh on Pear Fruit
Beth Mitcham Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis
1-Methylcyclopropene • Cyclic olefin gas • Inhibitor of ethylene binding and action • Effective at nanomolar concentrations • Registered as SmartFreshTM for postharvest use on fruits
CH3
Treated with 300 ppb 1-MCP
Potential Benefits of SmartFreshTM
• Extend storage life in air or CA storage • Reduce development of storage disorders • Enable warmer temperatures in storage to
save energy • Shipment of fruit to tropical climates or
areas without cold chain
Factors Influencing Pear Fruit Response to SmartfreshTM
• Variety • Growing Location • Maturity
– Fruit ethylene production
• Temperature during delay after harvest
Differences in Variety Response to SmartFresh
• Bartlett - ≤300 ppb • Anjou - ≤200 ppb • Bosc - ≤300 ppb • Rocha - 316 ppb (report from literature) • Packham - 200 ppb (report from literature) • Abate Fetel - < 300ppb (report from literature)
• Related to the fruit’s general ripening capacity and ethylene production at harvest
Growing Locations
• Pacific Northwest – Bartlett ≤300 ppb
• California – Bartlett 300-600 ppb
0
20
40
60
80
100
Control 1-MCP Control 1-MCP
Harvest 1 Harvest 2
Sene
scen
t Sca
ld (%
)
Solid color = Elevation 150m Patterned = Elevation 610m
Influence of Elevation and Harvest Maturity on Efficacy of SmartFresh to Control Senescent Scald in Bartlett Pears
Wang & Sugar 2015
0
20
40
60
80
Control 1-MCP Control 1-MCP
Harvest 1 Harvest 2
Sene
scen
t Cor
e Br
eakd
own
(%)
Wang & Sugar 2015
Solid color = Elevation 150m Patterned = Elevation 610m
Influence of Elevation and Harvest Maturity on Efficacy of SmartFresh to Control Senescent Core Breakdown in Bartlett Pears
Competition Between SmartFresh and Ethylene
– Internal ethylene levels increase during ripening and reduces 1-MCP efficacy
– Accumulation of ethylene in the 1-MCP treatment atmosphere will reduce efficacy
CH3
CH3
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Methodology
• Early-, mid- and late-season ‘Bartlett’ pears were harvested from two growing regions in CA
• Fruit were cooled to 0oC and exposed to the following treatments for 24 hours at 0oC
Control (no 1-MCP or ethylene) 1-MCP only (600 nL/L) 600 nL/L 1-MCP & 12 nL/L ethylene (50:1) 600 nL/L 1-MCP & 30 nL/L ethylene (20:1) 600 nL/L 1-MCP & 60 nL/L ethylene (10:1) 600 nL/L 1-MCP & 600 nL/L ethylene (1:1)
• Fruit were then ripened at 20oC
Time (days)AH 0 3 6 9 12 15
Flesh
firmn
ess (
lbs)
0
5
10
15
20
AH 0 3 6 9 12 15 AH 0 3 6 9 12 15
ControlSF only50 SF:1 C2H4
20 SF:1 C2H4
10 SF:1 C2H4
1 SF:1 C2H4
Early-season Mid-season Late-seasonSm
artFr
eshTM
treatm
ent
Ethyle
ne ch
allen
ge
Smart
Fres
hTM tre
atmen
tEth
ylene
chall
enge
Smart
Fres
hTM tre
atmen
tEth
ylene
chall
enge
• SmartFreshTM effects are diminished for later harvests in association with higher ethylene production by fruit
IEC = 0.04 ± 0.01 ppm IEC = 0.16 ± 0.02 ppm
Effect of Ethylene on Response to SmartFresh on Bartlett Pears
IEC = 3.98 ± 1.18 ppm
Control SF only 50 SF: 1 C2H4
20 SF: 1 C2H4 10 SF: 1 C2H4 1 SF: 1 C2H4
Early season fruit Day 9 at 20oC
600 ppb 1-MCP
Predicting an optimal [SmartFreshTM]
Based on observations from the 2010 season
Treatment Ethylene
concentration (ppm) Beginning End End ratio
Control 0.000 0.172 - SF only 0.000 0.056 11:1
50 SF:1 C2H4 0.017 0.086 7:1 20 SF:1 C2H4 0.034 0.108 5.5:1 10 SF:1 C2H4 0.072 0.173 3.5:1 1 SF:1 C H 0 625 1 455 0 5:1
Time (days)-3 0 3 6 9 12 15
Fles
h fir
mne
ss (l
bs)
0
5
10
15
20 ControlSF only50 SF:1 C2H4
20 SF:1 C2H4
10 SF:1 C2H4
1 SF:1 C2H4
Harv
est
Smar
tFre
shSM
trea
tmen
tEt
hylen
e ch
allen
ge
Ethylene build-up in tanks during treatment
Late Season Bartlett Pears
Treatment Ethylene
concentration (µL/L) Beginning End
Control 0.007 0.258
SF only 0.007 0.224
50 SF:1 C2H4 0.019 0.480
20 SF:1 C2H4 0.036 0.547
10 SF:1 C2H4 0.067 0.688
1 SF:1 C2H4 0.650 1.573
‘Late season’ fruit (IEC = 3.98 ± 1.18 µL/L)
Treatment Ethylene
concentration (µL/L) Beginning End End ratio
Control 0.007 0.258 - SF only 0.007 0.224 2.7:1
50 SF:1 C2H4 0.019 0.480 1.3:1 20 SF:1 C2H4 0.036 0.547 1.1:1 10 SF:1 C2H4 0.067 0.688 0.9:1 1 SF 1 C H 0 650 1 573 0 4 1
Ethylene build-up in tanks during treatment
Time (days)-3 0 3 6 9 12 15
Fles
h fir
mne
ss (N
)
0
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100
Sm
artF
resh
SM tr
eatm
ent
Eth
ylen
e ch
alle
nge
Har
vest
ControlSF only50 SF:1 C2H4
20 SF:1 C2H4
10 SF:1 C2H4
1 SF:1 C2H4
Predicting an optimal SmartFreshTM Concentration Steps involved:
1. Cool fruit to treatment temperature 2. Seal fruit in jars for 12-15 hours 3. Measure the ethylene concentration that accumulates in jars 4. Calculate the concentration of ethylene that would
accumulate around pears in 24 hours 5. Predict an optimal SmartFreshTM concentration: [optimal SF} = 3.5 X [ethylene]
Ability of Pear Fruit to Ripen After SmartFresh Treatment
0
10
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30
40
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60
70
Control 1-MCP Control 1-MCP
Harvest 1 Harvest 2
Firm
ness
(N) a
fter 7
d @
20°
C 3 months
5 months
6 months
Solid color = Elevation 150m Patterned = Elevation 610m
Influence of Elevation and Harvest Maturity on Recovery of Ripening Capacity following Treatment with SmartFresh in Bartlett Pears
Wang and Sugar 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control 1-MCP Control 1-MCP
Harvest 1 Harvest 2
Firm
ness
(N) a
fter 1
2d @
20°
C 3 months 5 months 6 months
Solid color = Elevation 150m Patterned = Elevation 610m
Influence of Elevation and Harvest Maturity on Recovery of Ripening Capacity following treatment with SmartFresh in Bartlett Pears
Wang and Sugar 2015
Changes in firmness during storage and post-storage shelf-life of ‘Rocha’ pears treated with 312 ppb 1-MCP
Gago et al., 2013
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30
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At harvest
14 14+1 14+2 26 26+1 26+2 35 35+1 35+2
Firm
ness
(N)
Time (weeks)
2.5°C + air 2.5°C + CA 0°C + air 0°C + CA
14 wks = 3 ½ mo; 26 wks = 6 ½ mo., 35 wks = 8 ¾ mo.
Gago et al., 2013
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20
40
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120
At harvest
14 14+1 14+2 26 26+1 26+2 35 35+1 35+2
Inte
rnal
Bro
wni
ng (%
)
Time (weeks)
2.5°C + air 2.5°C + CA 0°C + air 0°C + CA
Incidence of internal browning during storage and shelf-life of ‘Rocha’ pears treated with 312 ppb 1-MCP
14 wks = 3 ½ mo; 26 wks = 6 ½ mo., 35 wks = 8 ¾ mo.
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10
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Firm
ness
(lbs
.-for
ce)
Firm
ness
(N)
Months in Storage
[email protected]°C [email protected]°C [email protected]°C
Influence of Storage Temperature and SmartFresh Treatment on Firmness of Anjou pears During Storage
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35
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ethy
lene
Pro
duct
ion
(pm
ol k
g-1 s-1
)
Inte
rnal
Eth
ylen
e (µ
l l-1
)
Months in Storage
[email protected]°C [email protected]°C [email protected]°C
Solid line = Internal Ethylene Dashed line = Ethylene Production
Influence of Storage Temperature and SmartFresh Treatment on Ethylene in Anjou Pears During Storage
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Frui
t Firm
ness
(N) a
fter 7
d @
20C
Months in Storage
Control@-1 1°C 1-MCP@-1 1°C 1-MCP@1 1°C
Effect of SmartFresh and Storage Temperature on Recovery of Ripening Capacity (7d) in Anjou Pears
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Firm
ness
(lbs
.-for
ce)
Firm
ness
(N) a
fter 7
d a
t 20
°C (N
)
Months in Storage
[email protected]°C [email protected]°C [email protected]°C
Effect of SmartFresh and Storage Temperature on Recovery of Ripening Capacity in Late Harvested* Anjou Pears
* 59N
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Supe
rfic
ial S
cald
Inci
denc
e (%
)
Months in Storage
[email protected]°C [email protected]°C [email protected]°C
Influence of Storage Temperature and SmartFresh Treatment on Superficial Scald Development in Anjou pears
Can We Achieve Extension of Storage Life AND Fruit Ripening after Harvest?
Amit Dhingra will speak to a possible solution in next session
How Does SmartFresh Affect Sensory Quality of Pears
This is experience we want our
consumers to have!
Experimental Design • Northern California (Lakeport) orchards • Three weekly harvests • Three Treatments
– 100 ppm Ethylene at 68°F for 24 hours
– 600 ppb gaseous 1-MCP at 34°F (2C) for 24h
– Control • Ripen fruit at 68°F (20C) • Evaluate objective and sensory quality when fully
ripe 3 lbs.-force (13N)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Firm
ness
(lbs
)
20C Control
24h. 100 ppm C2H4
24h. 600 ppb 1-MCP
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Mid Season
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Early Season Late Season
Softening of California Bartlett Pears at 68F (20C)
Sensory Profiles: Early Season
Overall intensity aroma
Apple aroma
Pear aromaGreen aroma
Fermented aroma
Firmness
Juiciness
Grittiness
Sw eet tasteTart taste
Fruity taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20C Control24h, 100 ppm Ethylene24h, 600 ppb 1-MCP
Overall intensity aroma
Apple aroma
Pear aromaGreen aroma
Fermented aroma
Firmness
Juiciness
Grittiness
Sw eet tasteTart taste
Fruity taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sensory Profiles: Late Season
Overall intensity aroma
Apple aroma
Pear aromaGreen aroma
Fermented aroma
Firmness
Juiciness
Grittiness
Sw eet tasteTart taste
Fruity taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Early Season
Overall intensity aroma
Apple aroma
Pear aromaGreen aroma
Fermented aroma
Firmness
Juiciness
Grittiness
Sw eet tasteTart taste
Fruity taste
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mid Season
20C Control24h, 100 ppm Ethylene24h, 600 ppb 1-MCP
SmartFresh Treated Bartlett Pears* Have
Better Sensory Quality Once Fully Softened
• Enhanced sweetness, juiciness and pear aroma • Minimized fermented aroma, gritty texture and tart taste
Escribano et al., 2016. Postharvest Biol. Technology Moya-Leon et al., 2006 Postharvest Biol. Technology
*California-grown fruit
• Packham pears treated with 200 ppb 1-MCP had greater sweetness and aroma than cold stored and CA stored pears after 4 and 6 months storage
Questions?