Benefits of Nuclear Power and Atomic Bombing

8/2/2019 Benefits of Nuclear Power and Atomic Bombing

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Benefits of nuclear power

Nuclear power has many benefits over its competitors, including oil, coal, wind, hydroelectric, and near-

term solar power. Nuclear power is opposed by those with good intentions but a poor understanding of

the risks and benefits of modern nuclear plants relative to the alternatives, and how safety has

improved over time. Nuclear power is looked upon suspiciously because its association with the nuclearbomb as well as the emotional salience of"radioactivewaste."

A single kilogram ofuraniumcan produce more energy than 200 barrels of oil, and uranium isabout as common astin.Thorium, three times more abundant than uranium, can also beconverted into uranium-233, which is too unstable to be used for bombs, and broken down forsimilar quantities of nuclear energy. So why the holdup for constructing new nuclear powerplants? Well, first, they are relatively expensive to build, although cheap to operate. The lowerinitial cost of gas, oil, and coal plants has thus made them more economical in the last few

decades, but with the rising cost offossilfuels, that is changing. Global warming is anotherconcern.

The second reason more nuclear plants have not been constructed is safety fears primarily basedon the Chernobyl accident, which killed 50 people. By comparison, per terawatt of energyproduced, hydroelectric power kills 885, coal kills 342, natural gas kills 85, but nuclear kills only8. Fossil fuelpollutionkills over 10,000 in the United States per year due to respiratoryproblems. But nuclear plants areemissions-free, and 95% of spent fuel can be reprocessed,producing very little waste, which can be adequately contained at reasonable cost.

The Chernobyl accident was caused by an uncontrollable fire started due to a poor safety

infrastructure. Generation III nuclear reactors, built starting in 1996, have much better safetymeasures, taking into account the high standards placed on nuclear safety in the aftermath ofChernobyl. Some of the Generation IV reactors currently being designed, likely to be introducedin the 2020s, are made to be inherentlymeltdown-proof. This is because their cores are designedto be liquida liquid can't further "melt down."

Nuclear provides much more energy than the alternatives for a reason related to the fundamentallaws of nature. In nature, there are four fundamental forces: the strong nuclear force, which holdsatomic nuclei together; the weak nuclear force, which mediates radiation; the electromagneticforce, andgravity. The strong nuclear force, liberated by nuclear reactions, is a hundred timesstronger than the electromagnetic force, which is liberated by conventionalchemicalreactions.

Nuclear power only creates CO2 emissions from the mining techniques that are used. Nuclear isnot poisonous as long as all safety precautions are taken to protect the people who work on theplants. Chernobyl was devastating to the land around the area however did not kill nearly whatpeople are claiming it did.

The Chernobyl accident happened because the technicians where running two tests, one to seehow long it would take the reactor to shut down after the turbines had been completely shut
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down and the second to see what the highest power output could be achieved. To do this theyhad to shut down all of the automatic safety systems because all of the control rods where liftedout of the reactor core and the primary safety system would have flooded the reactor with waterif they had not been shut down. Also the secondary water system also was shut down becausewhen the primary water system does not function the secondary deploys. Both safety systems

were shut down. Also the inherent nature of the RBMK reactor that they were using used anoutdated technology of limiting the fission reaction.

It uses graphite control rods and when they realized that a meltdown was going to be imminent,the holes that the rods go into had warped, preventing the control rods from being inserted tocontrol the fission. All of this could have been avoided. It was all due to human error, theapparent disregard for all safety systems, and outdated and obsolete facilities.

- anon13235832Nuclear is the future. Just suck it up. If solar were to replace the energy that nuclear currently

produces in the us it would have to cover the entire new jersey. If wind were to, then it wouldhave to cover all of west virginia.- anon12755531Nothing is more misleading than pretending nuclear power is carbon neutral. All energy sourcesmust be evaluated on "energy return on investment" (EROI).

PV solar panels need 1 - 3 years to recoup embodied energy, but last decades. Solar thermal,especially passive, has a much higher EROI. The substantial fossil inputs to the nuclear fuelcycle give nuclear a low EROI, and make it a major greenhouse contributor. 2/3 of the energy iswaste heat.

Brush up on your second law of Thermodynamics and the Carnot cycle. Just how do "4thgeneration" nukes get around that? One rather dubious astronomer in the Woodstock NY areahas actually suggested that the waste could be rocketed into the sun! Factoring in the energy torocket millions of tons of waste into the sun, given Earth's 7.1 mile/second escape velocity, andwe're talking real fossil fuels!

The Nuclear Information and Resource Service estimates that 1500 - 2000 nukes ($6 - $10billion a pop) replacing coal plants could theoretically cut carbon 20 percent, but by precludingrenewables, would increase carbon. Easily extractable uranium would soon be depleted, forcingmining of lower grade ore, and even higher emissions. If one reactor were built bi-weekly (theycurrently take 6-10 years) it would take 60 years to build 1500 reactors. So much for a "nearterm" solution!

The waste would require many huge waste dumps, to be guarded in virtual perpetuity. Bycontrast, Con-Ed (!) just broke ground on a 20 Megawatt solar farm in N.J. that will be on line byspring.


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It is disingenuous to pit nuclear against coal, (or shale gas hydrofracking). All these obsoletetechnologies are polluting, deadly, greed driven, and limited by the same thermodynamicrestraints.

Scientific American (Jan. 2008 cover article) showed our energy economy could become largely

solar by 2050. Obstacles are political, not technological. Enough solar hits the U.S. in 1/2 hour tomeet our energy needs for a year. Any civilization that squanders savings while discardingincome, is doomed to extinction.

Conservation, like the "Passiv Haus" (Habitat for Humanity is building such a house in NorthernVermont), eliminates seven times as much carbon per dollar as nuclear. Wind about twice asmuch. These are conservative estimates. Just one major accident or terrorist attack would dwarfany nuclear greenhouse mitigation.

The energy elites who helped funded the Republican and teabag election victories are droolingover full on nuclear, "clean" coal, and hydrofracking. If you care about sustainability, just say

"know".

- anon126214Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power ProsNuclear Power InformationNuclear Power Jobs

28it is extraordinary that people are claiming only 30 people died because of Chernobyl. Thefallout contaminated huge areas, across Russia and Europe, and the medium-term and long-term

consequences will have killed thousands and certainly caused major health problems and birthdisabilities for thousands.

The 'reduction' of risks of nuclear really clouds (i use the word advisably) a decent debate of theissue - it is a bit like saying that 'the management of the nuclear waste is no problem.' There maybe arguments for and against, but let's not underestimate what they are.

- anon82456Editor's reply: The World Health Organization has revised their estimate since this article wasfirst published; they now report that 50 people have died as a direct result of Chernobyl. It'simportant to remember, however, that many more people may have shorter life spans as a result

of the accident, but, as time passes, these become much more difficult to connect to it directly.26this was just the most interesting article i have ever read.- anon81237Ads by GoogleNuclear Fuel RecyclingNuclear WorkFusion Nuclear
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Nuclear ShieldingChina First Nuclear

25thanks for the great info.- anon81002

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24The data given in this article is not reliable. whilst I support nuclear power, the suggestion thathydroelectric kills 885 per KWh is wildly inaccurate. The international energy authority keystatistics for 2007 show a total electrical generation worldwide of 19771 TWh of which 15.6%was hydroelectric. Simple math based on this articles fatality figures give 19771 x 0.156 x 885 =

2729584 deaths in 2007 alone! If we are to argue successfully in favor of nuclear power, wemust ensure our data and arguments are factually accurate so as not to expose ourselves toridicule by anti nuclear protesters.- anon80400Editor's reply: The figure of 885 deaths per TWh is taken from a study that covers the years19691996. This is an average over time. Although the number seems high, the fatality rateworks out to about 0.10 per TWh, which is quite low in comparison to other technologies.22Nuclear power is the future of generating power for us. It is great: no more burning fossil fuels,and releasing loads of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Sure there is the odd spillage every 20 years, but there are more deaths through burning coalalone in three years then there were in the chernobyl accident. Nuclear power is the future.

- anon6942421Also, the operators at Chernobyl were running experiments, testing the limits of the plant. Whenthey pushed it too far, there was no containment structure to stop the meltdown.- anon69287Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power Pros

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20but nuclear fission doesn't create any Co2.- trelaAds by GoogleWorld Nuclear IndustryNuclear Weapons
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19This was really helpful. amazing facts about nuclear power!

- anon6639018I think that it is very cool to learn about nuclear power plants, because it is the future of the earth.- anon63585Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power ProsNuclear Power InformationNuclear Power Jobs

17

This web site was very helpful, thanks.- anon6236911Nuclear fuel which when used is stored and sent as waste. Yet we figured out how to reuse thiswaste and our country did not want to do that, so the French decided to take our idea and havebeen doing it for years.- anon4968210In reality, nuclear fuel produces far less carbon dioxide than the power plants we mainly use atthe moment. Nuclear energy is tried, tested and broadly safe. How many incidents can you thinkof like Chernobyl? Yes it happened, down to human error. Definitely has a future.

- anon47771Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power ProsNuclear Power InformationNuclear Power Jobs

9Half a million killed by Chernobyl is nonsense. The real problem is people who make suchstatements and then fill up their tanks with toxic gasoline and pollute the guy behind them on theroad without think twice about what they are doing.

Bring on nuclear power. The air will be cleaner and fewer people will be dying from airpollution.

- anon431038doesn't the waste stay forever on the earth?- anon42880Ads by Google
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Sun NuclearNuclear SubsidiesNuclear TechnologyQinshan NuclearNuclear Electricity

7You forget though the half a million people that died of cancer resulting from the fall outresulting from the Chernobyl incident.- anon35958Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power ProsNuclear Power InformationNuclear Power Jobs

6

It explained that Chernobyl was caused due to inadequate safety measures. This is unlikely tohappen again, given the amount of planning and design being put into newer plants.- anon312294Nuclear does have a future, anon21623. There is actually a large amount of available materials,which is constantly renewed by the nuclear decay process. Though radiation poisoning can be anissue, this risk is actually very small and applies to only a few people who are closely associatedwith handling and disposal. As for CO2, the amount produced by nuclear plants is nothingcompared to that produced by using fossil fuels to produce energy. And the Chernobyl incident isnot as bad as people make it out to be. Only 30 people died! More people die in traffic accidentson a regular basis, but nobody has recently suggested that we abolish the use of vehicles!

- anon250723Nuclear has no future, It is unsustainable, Poisonous, and creates huge amounts of Co2 pollution.Chernobyl was absolutely devastating and it could easily happen again.- anon21623Nuclear PowerNuclear Power GenerationNuclear Power ProsNuclear Power InformationNuclear Power Jobs

2

interesting... government isn't posting this in ads?- sunnysunsun
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Tube AlloysandChalk River Laboratories,[13][14]the project designed and built the first atomicbombs. The scientific research was directed by AmericanphysicistJ. Robert Oppenheimerandthe overall project was under the authority of GeneralLeslie Groves, of theU.S. Army Corps ofEngineers. The Hiroshima bomb, agun-typebomb called "Little Boy," was made withuranium-235, a rareisotopeof uranium extracted in giant factories inOak Ridge, Tennessee. The atomic

bomb was first tested atTrinity Site, on July 16, 1945, nearAlamogordo, New Mexico. The testweapon, "the gadget," and the Nagasaki bomb, "Fat Man," were bothimplosion-typedevicesmade primarily ofplutonium-239, asynthetic elementcreated innuclear reactorsatHanford,Washington.[15]Preliminary research began in 1939, originally because of fear thatNaziGermanywoulddevelop atomic weapons first. By early 1945, the defeat of Germany causedattention to turn to possible use against the Japanese

Choice of targets

A map showing mission runs of August 6 and August 9, with Hiroshima, Nagasaki, andKokura(the

original target for August 9) displayed. Click to enlarge.

On May 1011, 1945, the Target Committee atLos Alamos, led byJ. Robert Oppenheimer,recommendedKyoto,Niigata,Hiroshima,Yokohama, and the arsenal atKokuraas possibletargets. The target selection was subject to the following criteria:

The target was larger than three miles in diameter and was an important target in a large urbanarea.

The blast would create effective damage. The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945. "Any small and strictly military objective

should be located in a much larger area subject to blast damage in order to avoid undue risks of

the weapon being lost due to bad placing of the bomb."[16]
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ia.org/wiki/Kokurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niigata_%28city%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_atomic_bomb_projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_gadgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennesseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Groveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_Alloys


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These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forceagreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made.Hiroshima was described as "an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle ofan urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the citycould be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing

effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a goodincendiarytarget."[16]The goal of the weapon was to convince Japan to surrenderunconditionally in accordance with the terms of thePotsdam Declaration. The Target Committeestated that "It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of greatimportance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japanand (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to beinternationally recognized when publicity on it is released. Kyoto had the advantage of being animportant center for military industry, as well an intellectual center and hence better able toappreciate the significance of the weapon. TheEmperor's palacein Tokyo has a greater famethan any other target but is of least strategic value."[16]

During World War II,Edwin O. Reischauerwas the Japan expert for theU.S. Army IntelligenceService, in which role he is incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing ofKyoto.[17]In hisautobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted the validity of this claim:

"...the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction isHenry L. Stimson, the

Secretary of Warat the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon

there several decades earlier.

The Potsdam ultimatum

On July 26, Truman and other Allied leaders issued thePotsdam Declarationoutlining terms of

surrender for Japan. It was presented as anultimatumand stated that without a surrender, theAllies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanesearmed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". The atomicbomb was not mentioned in the communique. On July 28, Japanese papers reported that thedeclaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. That afternoon, Prime MinisterKantaro Suzukideclared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than arehash (yakinaoshi) of theCairo Declarationand that the government intended to ignore it(mokusatsu, lit. "kill by silence").[19]The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreignpapers as a clear rejection of the declaration.EmperorHirohito, who was waiting for a Sovietreply to noncommittal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the governmentposition.[20]On July 31, he made clear to his advisorKichi Kidothat theImperial Regalia of

Japanhad to be defended at all costs.[21]

In early July, on his way to Potsdam, Truman had re-examined the decision to use the bomb. Inthe end, Truman made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. His stated intention inordering the bombings was to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destructionand instilling fear of further destruction in sufficient strength to cause Japan to surrende
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uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantaro_Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimatumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_%28United_States_Army%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-targetcommittee-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_note-targetcommittee-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device


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Hiroshima

Hiroshima during World War II

TheEnola Gayand its crew, who dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb on Hiroshima

A replica of theLittle Boyatomic bomb

At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of some industrial and military significance. Anumber of military camps were located nearby, including the headquarters of the Fifth Divisionand Field MarshalShunroku Hata's 2nd General Army Headquarters, which commanded thedefense of all of southern Japan. Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for theJapanese military. The city was a communications center, a storage point, and an assembly areafor troops. It was one of several Japanese cities left deliberately untouched by Americanbombing, allowing a pristine environment to measure the damage caused by the atomicbomb.[23][24]

The center of the city contained severalreinforced concretebuildings and lighter structures.Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small wooden workshops setamong Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. Thehouses were constructed of wood with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were alsobuilt around wood frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage.

The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war, but prior tothe atomic bombing the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation
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ordered by the Japanese government. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately340,000350,000.[1]Because official documents were burned, the exact population is uncertain

The bombing

Seizo Yamada's ground level photo taken from approximately 7 km northeast of Hiroshima.

The "Little Boy" mushroom cloud as seen from Enola Gay.
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TheHiroshima Genbaku Domeafter the bombing.

For the composition of the USAAF mission, see509th Operations Group#Components.

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6, with Kokuraand Nagasaki being alternative targets. August 6 was chosen because clouds had previouslyobscured the target. The393d Bombardment SquadronB-29Enola Gay, piloted and commandedby509th Composite Groupcommander ColonelPaul Tibbets, was launched from North Fieldairbase onTinianin theWest Pacific, about six hours flight time from Japan. TheEnola Gay(named after Colonel Tibbets' mother) was accompanied by two other B-29s.The Great Artiste,

commanded byMajor Charles W. Sweeney, carried instrumentation; and a then-namelessaircraft later calledNecessary Evil(the photography aircraft) was commanded by CaptainGeorge Marquardt.[25]

After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately toIwo Jimawhere they rendezvousedat 2,440 meters (8,010 ft) and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in clearvisibility at 9,855 meters (32,333 ft). During the journey, Navy CaptainWilliam Parsonshadarmed the bomb, which had been left unarmed to minimize the risks during takeoff. His assistant,2nd Lt.Morris Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the targetarea.[26]
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The dark portions of the garments this victim wore during the flash caused burns on their skin.[27]

About an hour before the bombing, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of someAmerican aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. An alert was given and radiobroadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. At nearly 08:00, the radar operatorin Hiroshima determined that the number of planes coming in was very smallprobably notmore than threeand the air raid alert was lifted. To conserve fuel and aircraft, the Japanese haddecided not to intercept small formations. The normal radio broadcast warning was given to thepeople that it might be advisable to go to air-raid shelters ifB-29swere actually sighted.However a reconnaissance mission was assumed because at 07.31 the first B29 to fly overHiroshima at 32,000 feet (9,800 m) had been the weather observation aircraft Straight Flush thatsent a morse code message to theEnola Gay indicating that the weather was good over theprimary target and because it then turned out to sea the 'all clear' was sounded in the city. At08.09 Colonel Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier.[28]

The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and thegravity bombknown as "LittleBoy", agun-type fission weaponwith 60 kilograms (130 lb) ofuranium-235, took 43 seconds tofall from the aircraft flying at 31,060 feet (9,470 m)[29]to the predetermined detonation heightabout 1,900 feet (580 m) above the city. TheEnola Gay had traveled 11.5 miles away before itfelt the shock waves from the blast.[30]

Due tocrosswind, it missed theaiming point, theAioi Bridge, by almost 800 feet (240 m) anddetonated directly overShima Surgical Clinic.[31]It created a blast equivalent to about 13kilotons of TNT(54 TJ). (The U-235 weapon wasconsidered very inefficient, with only 1.38%of its material fissioning.)[32]The radius of total destruction was about one mile (1.6 km), withresulting fires across 4.4 square miles (11 km2).[33]Americans estimated that 4.7 square miles (12

km2) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildingswere destroyed and another 67% damaged.[34]

70,00080,000 people, or some 30%[35]of the population of Hiroshima were killed immediately,and another 70,000 injured.[36]Over 90% of the doctors and 93% of the nurses in Hiroshimawere killed or injuredmost had been in the downtown area which received the greatestdamage.[37]
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Although the U.S. had previously dropped leaflets warning civilians of air raids on 35 Japanesecities, including Hiroshima and Nagasaki,[38]the residents of Hiroshima were given no notice ofthe atomic bomb

Japanese realization of the bombing

Hiroshima before the bombing. Hiroshima after the bombing.

The Tokyo control operator ofthe Broadcasting Corporation of Japannoticed that the Hiroshimastation had gone off the air. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line,but it too had failed.[42]About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized thatthe main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima. From some small railwaystops within 16 kilometers (10 mi) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible

explosion in Hiroshima. All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the ImperialJapanese Army General Staff.

Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The completesilence from that city puzzled the men at headquarters; they knew that no large enemy raid hadoccurred and that no sizeable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officerof the Japanese General Staff was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey thedamage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was generally felt atheadquarters that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor.

The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three

hours, while still nearly 100 miles (160 km) from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloudof smoke from the bomb. In the bright afternoon, the remains of Hiroshima were burning. Theirplane soon reached the city, around which they circled in disbelief. A great scar on the land stillburning and covered by a heavy cloud of smoke was all that was left. They landed south of thecity, and the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, immediately began to organize reliefmeasures.
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By August 8, 1945, newspapers in the U.S. were reporting that broadcasts from Radio Tokyo haddescribed the destruction observed in Hiroshima. "Practically all living things, human andanimal, were literally seared to death," Japanese radio announcers said in a broadcast received byAllied sources.

Post-attack casualties

A victim with severe burns.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy the immediateeffectsof the blast killedapproximately 70,000 people in Hiroshima.[44]Estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 fromburns, radiation and related disease, the effects of which were aggravated by lack of medicalresources, range from 90,000 to 166,000.[1][45]Some estimates state up to 200,000 had died by1950, due to cancer and other long-term effects.[2][7][46]Another study states that from 1950 to1990, roughly 9% of the cancer and leukemia deaths among bomb survivors was due to radiationfrom the bombs, the statistical excess being estimated to 89 leukemia and 339 solid cancers.[47]At least eleven knownprisoners of wardied from the bombing.[48]

Survival of some structures

Small-scale recreation of the Nakajima area around ground zero.

Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructedbecause of theearthquakedanger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though
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The Japanese government still did not react to thePotsdam Declaration. EmperorHirohito, thegovernment, and the war council were considering four conditions for surrender: the preservationof thekokutai(Imperial institution and nationalpolity), assumption by the Imperial Headquartersof responsibility for disarmament and demobilization, no occupation of theJapanese HomeIslands, Korea, orFormosa, and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese

government.

[57]

The Soviet Foreign MinisterVyacheslav Molotovhad informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union'sunilateral abrogation of theSovietJapanese Neutrality Pacton April 5. At two minutes pastmidnight on August 9,Tokyo time, Soviet infantry, armor, and air forces had launched theManchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. Four hours later, word reached Tokyo that theSovietUnionhad declared war on Japan. The senior leadership of theJapanese Armybeganpreparations to imposemartial lawon the nation, with the support of Minister of WarKorechikaAnami, in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace.

Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Colonel Tibbets as

commander of the509th Composite Groupon Tinian. Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura,the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five day period of bad weather forecast tobegin on August 10.[58]Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31,F-32, and F-33 on their exteriors. On August 8, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian byMaj. Charles Sweeney usingBockscaras the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testingthe components and F-31 was designated for the August 9 mission

Nagasaki

I realize the tragic significance of the atomic bomb... It is an awful responsibility which hascome to us... We thank God that it has come to us, instead of to our enemies; and we pray that

He may guide us to use it in His ways and for His purposes.

President Harry Truman, August 9, 1945

Nagasaki during World War II

TheBockscarand its crew, who dropped the "Fat Man" atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
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At 11:01, a last minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowedBockscar's bombardier,CaptainKermit Beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. The "Fat Man" weapon,containing a core of ~6.4 kg (14.1 lbs.) ofplutonium-239, was dropped over the city's industrialvalley. It exploded 43 seconds later at 469 meters (1,540 ft) above the ground exactly halfwaybetween the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami

Ordnance Works (Torpedo Works) in the north. This was nearly 3 kilometers (2 mi) northwest ofthe planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to theUrakami Valleyand a major portion of thecity was protected by the intervening hills.[65]The resulting explosion had a blast yieldequivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT (88 TJ). The explosion generated heat estimated at 3,900degrees Celsius (4,200 K, 7,000 F) and winds that were estimated at 1005 km/h (624 mph).

Casualty estimates for immediate deaths range from 40,000 to 75,000. Total deaths by the end of1945 may have reached 80,000.[ At least eight knownPOWsdied from the bombing and asmany as 13 POWs may have died:

One British Commonwealth citizen died in the bombing.

Seven Dutch POWs (two names known) died in the bombing. At least two POWs reportedly died postwar from cancer thought to have been caused by

the atomic bomb.

A photograph ofSumiteru Taniguchi's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marinephotographer.

The radius of total destruction was about a mile (12 km), followed by fires across the northernportion of the city to two miles (3 km) south of the bomb.

One American POW,Joe Kieyoomia, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived,reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his c

Benefits of Nuclear Power and Atomic Bombing

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